1728, 1745, 1747, 12mo; Louvain, 1751, 12mo, with his treatise De Lue Venerea;" in English, 1735; in French, Rennes, 1738, 12mo; also in Arabic; and on which Van Swieten wrote his excellent commentary, 5 vols. 4to. 4. "Index plantarum quæ in horto academico LugdunoBatavo reperiuntur," Leyden, 1710, 1718, 8vo. A new edition, enlarged, and with thirty figures of plants rather indifferently executed, and an account of the directors of the garden, from its origin to the time of Boerhaave, was published under the title of "Index alter, &c." Leyden, 1720, 4to; 1727, 2 vols. 4to. 5. "Libellus de materia medica et remediorum formulis," London, 1718, 8vo; Leyden, 1719, 1727, 1740, 8vo; Paris, 1720, 1745, 12mo; Francfort, 1720; in French by Lamettrie, 1739, 1756, 12mo. This has sometimes been mistaken for a work "De viribus medicamentorum," improperly attributed to Boerhaave. 6. "Epistolæ ad Ruischium clarissimum, pro sententia Malpighiana de glandulis," Amst. 1722. 7. "Atrocis nec descripti prius morbi historia, secundùm medica artis leges conscripta," Leyden, 1724, 8vo. 8. "Atrocis, rarissimique morbi historia altera," Leyden, 1728, 8vo. 9. "Elementa Chemiæ quæ anniversario labore docuit in publicis, privatisque scholis," Paris, 1724, 2 vols. 8vo; Leyden, 1732, 4to; Paris, 1733 and 1753, 2 vols. 4to. with the author's "Opuscula," and translated into French aud English, the latter by Shaw and Chambers, 1727, 4to; and again by Dallowe, 1735, 4to.

Among the works attributed to him, without sufficient authority, or proceeding from his school, being compilations by his students from his lectures, are: 1. "Tractatus de Peste," published with other treatises respecting the plague at Marseilles. Boerhaave was himself infected at that melancholy period, and in this lays down a mode of ⚫cure. 2. "Consultationes medicæ, sive sylloge epistolarum cum responsis," Hague, 1743, often reprinted, and translated into English, Lond. 1745, 8vo. 3. Prælectiones publicæ de morbis oculorum," dictated by Boerhaave in 1708, Gottingen, 1746, 8vo. Haller published two editions; one in 1750, from a bad transcript; the other from a more correct one by Heister, Venice, 1748, 8vo. 4. "Introductio in praxin clinicam," Leyden, 1740, 8vo. 5. "Praxis medica," London, 1716, 12mo. 6. "De viribus medicamentorum," collected from his lectures in 1711, 1712, Paris, 1723, Svo, &c. 7. "Experimenta

et institutiones chemicæ," Paris, 1728, 2 vols. 8vỡ. 8. "Methodus discendi Medicinam," Amst. 1726, 1734, 8vo; Lond. 1744, the best edition by Haller, Amst. 1751, 2 vols. 4to, under the title of " Hermanni Boerhaave, viri summi, suique præceptoris, methodus studii medici emendata et accessionibus locupletata." 9. "Historia plantarum quæ in horto academico Lugd. Batav. crescunt," Leyden, 1717, 2 vols. 12mo (under the name of Rome), Lond. 1731, 1738. 10. "Prælectiones de calculo," Lond. 1748, 4to. 13. "Prælectiones academicæ de morbis Nervorum," Leyden, 1761, 2 vols. 8vo; Francfort, 1762. This was edited by James van Eeems, from various manuscript copies of Boerhaave's lectures. In fact, all the works enumerated in this list were produced in the same manner, some in his lifetime, but mostly after his death. Such was the very extensive reputation of Boerhaave, that to be his pupil was in some degree accounted a qualification for future honours and practice, and every pupil was glad to bring away as much as he could in manuscript, to testify his diligence. The booksellers, very naturally desirous of profiting by the popularity of our author, employed many of these pupils in collating different transcripts, and publishing what was conceived to be the best text. In this way, doubtless, his reputation might occasionally suffer by the incorrectness or misapprehension of these transcribers; yet even Haller and other eminent physicians were glad to avail themselves of such assistance, to extend the Boerhaavian school, and promote the salutary revolution in medical science which this illustrious writer had begun. The celebrated medical school of Edinburgh was the first branch from it which introduced Boerhaave to this country, all the original founders and professors of that school having been his pupils.

There is yet a third class of writings connected with the name of Boerhaave, in which he acted principally as editor. Among these we may enumerate: 1. The count Marsigli's "Histoire physique de la Mer," Amst. 1725, fol. 2. Vaillant's "Botanicon Parisiense," Leyden, 1727, 4to. 3. Swammerdam's "Historia Insectorum, sive Biblia Naturæ," Amst. 1737, 2 vols. fol. translated into Latin by Gaubius, with a preface by Boerhaave. These, however, are not to be considered as new editions, for they were never published before, and the world was now, for the first time, indebted for them to Boerhaave's zeal for

It was

the promotion of science. Swammerdam's work was purchased and printed entirely at his own expence. not by his talents only, but by his fortune also, that he sought to advance science; and his liberal patronage of Linnæus and Artedi was amply acknowledged by both; but as in his first interview with the former there are some characteristic traits unnoticed by Boerhaave's biographers, we shall in this place extract Stoever's account, from his life of Linnæus.

"Linnæus, when at Leyden, had particularly wished to see and converse with Boerhaave, but in vain. No minister could be more overwhelmed with intreaties and invitations, nor more difficult in granting an audience, than Boerhaave. His menial servants reaped advantages from this circumstance; for them an audience was always a profitable money-job; by the weight of gold it could alone be accomplished. Without a douceur it was hard for any stranger or foreigner to gain admittance. Linnæus was quite unacquainted with this method, and had it not in his power to make presents. Owing to Boerhaave's infinite occupations, and the strict regularity which he observed, ambassadors, princes, and Peter the Great himself, were obliged to wait several hours in his anti-chamber, to obtain an interview. How much more difficult must it have been for the young northern doctor, allowing him his usual spirit of liberality, to aspire at the honour of admittance. Notwithstanding all these obstacles, he obtained it at last. He sent Boerhaave a copy of his newpublished system. Eager to know the author of this work, who had likewise recommended himself by a letter, he appointed Linnæus to meet him on the day before his intended departure, at his villa, at the distance of a quarter of a league from Leyden, and charged Gronovius to give him notice of his intention. This villa contained a botanical garden, and one of the finest collections of exotics. Linnæus punctually attended to the invitation. Boerhaave, who was then sixty-seven years old, received him with gladness, and took him into is garden, for the purpose of judging of his knowledge. He shewed him, as a rarity, the Crategus Aria, and asked him if he had ever seen that tree before, as it had never been described by any botanist. Linnæus answered that he had frequently met with it in Sweden, and that it had been already described by

Vaillant. Struck with the young man's reply, Boerhaave denied the latter part of his assertion, with so much more confidence, as he had himself published Vaillant's work, with notes of his own, and firmly believed that tree had not been described in it. To remove all doubts, and to give all possible sanction to what he advanced, Boerhaave immediately produced the work itself from his library, and to his extreme surprise, found the tree fully described in it, with all its distinctive marks. Admiring the exact and enlarged knowledge of Linnæus in botany, in which he seemed even to excel himself, the venerable old man advised him to remain in Holland, to make a fortune, which could not escape his talents. Linnæus answered that he would fain follow this advice, but his indigence prevented him from staying any longer, and obliged him to set out next day for Amsterdam, on his return to Sweden; but nevertheless this visit to Boerhaave unexpectedly became the source of his fortune and of his eminence."

Among the editions of works already published, to which Boerhaave contributed, we have, 1. The writings of Drelincourt, one of his old masters, Amst. 1727, 4to. 2. "Pisonis selectiores observationes," Leyden, 1718, 4to; and "Pisonis de cognoscendis et curandis morbis," &c. Leyden, 1733, 8vo, 1736, 4to. 3. Vesalius's "Anatomical works," 1725, 2 vols. fol. 4. Luisinus's "Tractatus medicus de Lue Venerea, prefixus aphrodisiaco," 2 vols. fol. a collection of the writers on that disorder. 5. "Barth. Eustachii opuscula anatomica," 3d edit. Delft, 1726, 8vo. 6. " Bellini de urinis et pulsibus," Leyden, 1730, 4to. 7. "Prosper Alpinus de presagienda vita et morte," 1733, 4to. 8. Aretæus de causis signisque morborum," Leyd. 1731, 1735. To all these he wrote prefaces, notes, and sometimes lives of the authors. He and Groenvelt had an intention of re-publishing all the most valuable Greek physicians; and he is said to have left, almost ready for the press, the works of Nicander and Etius. When we consider the labour necessary for these undertakings, as well as for Boerhaave's original works, and the vast extent of his practice and correspondence, we may justly consider him as not only one of the most learned medical writers of his time, but as one of the most industrious; nor can we be surprised that Linnæus, then unknown, or any stranger, should find access difficult to one whose time was so valu

able, so well employed, and so liable, from his great celebrity, to be lost in visits of ceremony or curiosity."

BOERHAAVE (ABRAHAM KAAN), professor of medicine in the university of Petersburgh, was born at the Hague in 1715. He was the son of James Kaan, and of Margaret, the daughter of Herman Boerhaave. After receiving a good classical education, he went to Leyden, where, applying to the study of medicine under the celebrated Albinus Gaubius, and other masters, he was admitted to the degree of doctor in 1738. He had before obtained an honorary medal from the university for his discourse "De gaudiis Alchemistarum," though he was more particularly attached to anatomy, which he cultivated with great success. The year following he took the name of his uncle Boerhaave. In 1740 he went to Petersburgh, where his talents soon procured him the situation of professor in medicine in the university there, and of one of the members of the imperial academy. By Portal and Blumenbach he is called archiater, or aulic counsellor, and first physician to the empress, confounding him with his brother Herman Kaan B. who about the same time enjoyed that honour. In the course of a severe and tedious illness, from which he with difficulty recovered, he lost his hearing. This happened 1749. He died in 1753. His works are: "Perspiratio dicta Hippocrati, per universum corpus anatomicè illustrata," Lugd. B. 1738, 12mo; in which he shews there is a constant inhalation or absorption, and an exhalation, or perspiration, carried on, not only on the surface of the body, but in all the principal cavities. "Impetum faciens dictum Hippocrati per corpus consentiens, philologicè et physiologicè illustratum," Lugd. Bat. 1745, 12mo. this he treats of the action of the mind upon the body, by the means of the nerves; of the fabric and motion of the muscles; on the effects of opium, given to a dog, &c. He also gave the anatomy of an elephant, which he had an opportunity of dissecting, and of two monstrous infants, &c.*

In

BOERNER (CHRISTIAN FREDERICK), professor of theology at Leipsic, was born at Dresden, Nov. 6, 1685, stu

1 Life by Dr. Will. Burton, 1746, 8vo, the second and best edition.—Shulden's Oratio Academica in Mem. H. Boerhaave, Leyden, 1738.-Essai sur le caractere, par M. Maty, Cologne, 1747, 8vo.-Chaufepie.-Life by Dr. Johnson, in his Works.-Pulteney's Sketches.-Stoever's Linnæus.-Seward's Anec dotes, vol. II. p. 231.-Haller. Bibl. Med. Pract. Bibl. Anat, Botan. & Chirurg. Saxi Onomasticon.

2 Haller Bibl. Anat.-Rees's Cyclopædia.