are Arc. 'ApioTоléμтos (above, p. 77, footnote 3), and Mnvoléμews IG. 2. 2825.

These names are most common, as already remarked by FickBechtel, 142, in Asia Minor and the islands, including Cyprus. Yet they are not so rare in continental Greece as those in -xapis.

"Apтes or "Aртаuis (West Greek, except Cretan), originally an -stem,1 follows the -s, -idos type in Attic-Ionic, Thessalian, Boeotian ('Apráμidos IG. 7. 546), and Cretan. But the inflection "Apтaμis, Αρτάμιτος (or in later times the hybrid 'Αρτέμιτος), after the analogy οἱ χάρις, χάριτος, occurs frequently in various West Greek dialects and probably belongs to all except Cretan. Thus Argol. 'Apráμтos, 'ApтáшTI, IG. 4, 770, 914, etc. (9 times), Corcyr. 'Apтáμiri SGDI. 3211, Apollon. Αρτάμιτι, Αρτέμιτι ibid. 3221, 3222, Meg. 'Αρτάμιτι IG. 7. 44, Rhod. 'Aρráμтos, 'Aртáμтi IG. 12. 1. 787, 814, etc. (11) times), Αρτέμιτος, Αρτέμιτι ibid. 24, 823, 834, Ther. Αρτάμιτος, 'Aртáμт IG. 12. 3. 373, 381, 1326, 1327, 'Apтáтоs Syme ibid. 2, 'AρTéμITI Anaphe ibid. 268, Cnid. 'Apтáμiтos SGDI. 3502, 3512, late Lac. and Mess. 'Apтéμiтos, 'Apтéμitɩ IG. 5. 1. 351, etc., 1374, etc., Aetol. Αρτέμιτος, Αρτέμιτι IG. 9. 1. 413, 414, 421, Αρτέμιτι in Zante IG. 9. 1. 600, Phoc. 'Apréμiti SGDI. 1513, Delph. 'ApráμitoS SGDI. 2501, 12, ’Apréμɩti ibid. 2642. 46. Note also Arc. 'ApтáμTOS IG. 5. 2. 399, 403 (Lusoi), 'Apréтos ibid. 522; Pamphyl. 'ApréμELTOS (Lancoronski 2, No. 11). In Cretan, which regularly has "Apteμis, 'Apréμidos, the single occurrence of 'Apтéri, SGDI. 5145, is probably from the Doric κοινή.

Δέραμις, dat. Δεράμιτι occurs in a Cretan inscription of Lato, SGDI. IV. p. 1041, τᾶι Αθηναίαι τᾶι Δεράμιτι καὶ τᾶι Ελευθυίαι.

Proper names in -s, -Tos are very common in the papyri (Mayser 273), but are foreign, mostly Egyptian, and are not included in the Word-List. Afifevirus (gen. sg.) in a Pamphylian inscription, Lancoronski 1, No. 74, also has the appearance of a foreign name.

GENITIVE IN -KTOS

The neuter yaλa, yáλaktos, with Lat. lac. lactis, represents an inherited extension of a guttural root seen in Hom. yλáyos and the Hesychian glosses γλακκόν, γλακῶνες.2

1 Preserved (or restored) in the rare datives Arg. 'Apráμ IG. 4. 513, 577, and Arc. *Αρτέμι IG. 5. 2. 397, 402, 409.

2 Cf. Walde, Lat. Et. Wtb2. s.v. lac, with references.

Besides the half-dozen neuter compounds οἰνόγαλα, οξύγαλα, etc. there are a few adjective forms, as ὁμογάλακτες Arist. +, ἀγάλακτες Call. Apoll. 52 (å priv.), Suid. (à cop.). The grammarians also give ápriɣáλağ and veoyáλaş (Hdn. 1. 352. 15-Choerob. 1. 339. 6).1

The feminine vúč, vuкtós, with Lat. nox, noctis, Goth. nahts, Skt. naktam adv. ‘by night,' etc., represents an IE. noqut- (beside noqutireflected by other cognates). The t is presumably the same as in feminine abstracts like Skt. stut- 'praise,' Gk. dais, etc. But the evidence of cognate forms without t is meager.2

T

In ἄναξ (Fάναξ), ἄνακτος, the r is added to the guttural root which appears as a root noun in "Avakes, name of the Dioscuri (cf. Favákwv, Favákoι(v) IG. 4. 564, 566), and from which the feminine ǎvaσσa (*ȧvak-a) is formed. The word is confined to poetical use in Attic-Ionic, and in most other dialects never appears in inscriptions. But in Cyprus it remained in common use, as an official title, as shown by its occurrence in several Cyprian inscriptions (Fáva§ Hoffmann, Gr. Dial. 1. Nos. 69, 134, 144), and by the statements of Harpocration, s.v., Isocrates 203D, and Eustathius to Il. 13. 582. It is possible that it survived in some other parts of Greek territory, though specific evidence of this is lacking. In any case the word, owing to its use in Homer and in the other poets, remained familiar to educated Greeks, and it was resurrected in Byzantine times as an addition to the numerous honorific titles (e.g., CIG. 8672 A, of the emperor Theophilus), and also in some compounds.

Compounds, exclusive of proper names, are few and mostly poetical or Byzantine. Thus áσrvávaέ Aesch. Supp. 1019, inπιávaž Aesch. Pers. 997, iμvoávaoσa Bacch. 11. 1, waσiávaέ oracular verse in Phlegon, Müller, frag. hist. gr. 3. 603, àμpiávaктes nickname of the dithyrambic poets, Schol. Ar. Nub. 595, and Byz. wavтávaž, πAVTάνασσα, αὐτάναξ, τετράναξ, προφητάναξ.

5

1 The nom.sg. masc. fem. -yaλag is appropriately constructed to nom. pl. -уáλаKTES (cf. áva‡, &vaKTES), but very likely fictitious.

Cf. Boisacq, Dict. étym. de la langue grecque, s.v., and Walde, Lat. Et. Wtb.2 s.v., nox, with literature cited.

Cf. especially Fraenkel, Nom. ag. 1. 95 ff.

4 Cf. my suggestion of the possible influence of ἄνασσα upon the rise of βασίλισσα, Class. Phil. 9. 373, where reference might have been made to the persistence of the Ionic compound xapŵvat (see below).

* The poems of Theodorus Prodromus have αὐτάναξ (1. 16), τετράναξ (1. 17), warrávaž (2. 620). Cf. also Sophocles and Du Cange.

But xeɩpôvaş 'artisan,' occurs not only in poetry (Soph. fr. 760, Eur. fr. 795), but also in Ionic prose, as Hdt. 1. 93, 2. 141, Hipp. 1. 113 Kühl., etc., and again in late writers, as Plutarch, Aelian, Lucian, and is in current literary use today. Cf. also xeɩpwvažia Hdt. 2. 167, xepwváciov Arist. Oec. 2. 1346a and frequently in Egyptian papyri, e.g., pap. Tebt. 2. 287 passim. Plainly xeupŵvak was a prose word in Ionic, whence it passed into the κown.1

The occurrence of οἰκῶναξ as a definition in Hesychius (ἐστᾶχος· oikovρós, oikŵvaş) suggests that this also was a good prose word.

It is in the formation of personal names that avag plays its principal rôle in Greek, for it is one of the popular name-words. Names in -avaέ or -avaσoa have their center of productivity in the East and are comparatively infrequent in continental Greece. In Ionic there are about 35, of which 15 are as yet quotable in Ionic only; in Rhodian (Carpathus and Telos included), 25; from other Doric islands (Cos, Nisyrus, Anaphe, Thera, Melos), 9; from Lesbos, 6; from Cyprus, 4.

Among Athenian names I have noted only, namely 'Aya@avaş, Τιμαναξ, Αμφιάναξ, ̓Αρχιάνασσα, ̓Αστυάναξ, Ηλιάναξ, Πεισιάναξ, 'Epuva. One of these, as we happen to know, is imported, for 'Apxiávaσoa IG. 3. 2095, is named after her grandmother 'Apxiávaσσa 'Hρakλeŵtis IG. 2. 2916 (cf. Kirchner, Att. Prosop. No. 2059). The source of 'Aσrvávat, which occurs also at Hermione, is obvious. On 'Aya¤ávaş, see below, p. 82. Some or all the others may be importations, though we need not assume this without specific evidence.2

From other parts of continental Greece we find about a dozen, as Lac. Πλειστοάναξ, Εὐρυάναξ, Σαράναξ, Corinth. Δαμοδάνασσα, Arg., Troiz., Meg. 'Epuwvak, Epid. 'Apiorávač (see below, p. 82), Hermion. Αστυάναξ, ΕΙ. Λυσιάναξ, Arc. Δημώναξ, Boeot. Ποσιδῶναξ, Delph. Δαμώνασσα (also Τιμῶναξ, but of Cyprian and Cretan descent).

1 Cr. Fraenkel, Nom. ag. 1. 98. But the argument from the "spezifisch ionischen Namen auf -ŵvat" is overstated (see below, p. 81).

2 That a name of non-Attic origin may become a popular Athenian name is well illustrated by Nikávwp, a common Macedonian name which was widely adopted by Athenians in the later period. In Kirchner's Attische Prosopographie there are fifteen entries of Νικάνωρ, but not one of Νικήνωρ, which would of course be the proper Attic form, as it is the Ionic.

Of the variety of types depending upon the character of the stem of the first member and its union with the second, the following is to be noted.

Names with first member ending in t or v, as 'Αρχιάναξ, Αστυάναξ, are constant in this form. The only example of elision is of doubtful authenticity, 'Auμpávaέ Schol. Il. 2. 585, corrected by Dindorf to ̓Αμφιάναξ.

Names with first member ending in e vary between uncontracted and contracted forms. Thus Ion. 'Exeávaş, 'Apxeáva§1, but also Ion. 'Apxîvaş, Rhod. 'Apxývaσoa; Rhod., Lesb. 'Ayeávaş, but also Rhod. 'Ayva, Ion. 'Hyŵva‡; Ion., Rhod. Kλeáva§ (Kλe- from Kλeƒe-), but also Rhod. Kλñvaş. On Acávač, see below, p. 82.

Names with first member ending in o: The original formation is preserved in Cypr. Αριστοάναξ, ΤιμοFάναξ, Corinth. Δαμοδάνασσα. The name of the Spartan king was likewise, without doubt, IIXELσTOFάναξ, in Thucydides Πλειστοάναξ, for which later writers, like Plutarch, substitute IIXelor@vat, conforming to the more familiar contracted type. Similarly the Cypr. 'ApioToFávač appears as Αριστῶναξ in a κοινή inscription of Cyprus, Αρχ. Εφ. 1914. 7. Conversely 'Apıσtoávaέ in a fourth-century Ionic inscription (SGDI. 5601), in contrast to the otherwise uniform Ionic type in -ŵvaέ, is probably due to an archaistic whim.

By the contraction of oa to w, which is the normal result in all dialects, arose the common type in -ŵvak. These names in -ŵva (about 25) are most numerous in Ionic (as are the names in -avaş in general), but they are found also, some in very early inscriptions, in Rhodes, Thera, Athens, Boeotia, Delphi, etc., the most widespread being Ερμώναξ, Τιμῶναξ and Δημώναξ or Δαμώναξ. Some particular names, e.g., 'Epuwvak, may be strictly of Ionic origin, but it is an error to regard the type as specifically Ionic.

1 'Apxaιávaş Strabo 599 is also, in all probability, for 'Apxedva§ (Lobeck, Paralip. 276; Schneider, Callim. 1. 447). For dpxaco- in proper names, though no longer unknown, is still attested only once (Thess. Apxαιoκpáтels) against dozens in 'Apxeor 'Αρχι-; and, moreover, with ἄναξ it would normally give ̓Αρχαιῶναξ ('Αρχαιαναξ, if genuine, would have to be viewed like Tuavaş, etc., discussed below, p. 82).

2 Rhod. 'Ayavaş, if authentic, is due to the analogy of Tuâvak, etc. But it rests upon a doubtful correction of ATANAZTO to 'Ayáva[x]ros, IG. 12. 1. 1212.

'In spite of pŵτos Doг. πpâτos, which most scholars still derive from an assumed *poaros, the evidence seems to me overwhelming that the Doric contraction of oa is not ā, but w, as in Ionic. Cf. Class. Phil. 2. 255 ff.

But in Rhodian beside Δαμῶναξ, Τιμῶναξ, etc., we find more commonly forms in -αναξ, as ̓Αγοραναξ, ̓Αγαθάνασσα, ̓Αρετάνασσα, Αρισταναξ -ασσα, Βουλαναξ, Κλειτάνασσα, Κυδαναξ, Νικαναξ -ασσα, Τιμαναξ -ασσα. If the former represent the normal contraction of oa, as we believe,' the latter must be differently explained. Either we have Τιμ-άναξ with elision after the analogy of Τιμ-αγόρας and others in which the second member began originally with a vowel, or we have Τιμᾶναξ from *Τιμᾶ-Fάναξ like Τιμᾶ-κράτης, etc., that is, Τιμῶναξ: Τιμᾶναξ= Τιμοκράτης : Τιμᾶκράτης. The latter view gains probability from the parallelism in Rhodian, not only of Tupaκράτης, Τιμάπολις with Τιμαναξ, but also of 'Αρισταμένης with Αρισταναξ, and of Βουλακρίνης, Βουλακράτης with Βουλαναξ.2

Αγαθαναξ, Τιμαναξ occur also as names of Athenian citizens, and 'Apiorava at Epidaurus. It is not unlikely that these names were of Rhodian origin. On the other hand, if the first two are of genuine Attic origin, they must be taken as 'Ayal-ávaş, Tıμ-ávač, with elision. Lac. Σα αναξ is not formed like Τιμαναξ, but is probably Σα-Γάναξ from *Zafo-Favač by haplology. So Meister, SGDI. 4526.

Ion. Λεάναξ and Doric Λάνασσα are also not parallel to Τιμαναξ. From *Λafo-faναξ, -ασσα come regularly Ion. Λεῶναξ, Λεώνασσα, and Dor. *Aāwvaσoa, whence, with the further Doric contraction of aw to ā, Λάνασσα. Ion. Λεάναξ, beside Λεώναξ, is probably due to the analogy of 'Apxeávaέ, etc.

A few of the names in -avaσσa occur also as names of islands or districts. So Ευρυάνασσα, Ερμώνασσα (see Word-List).

GENITIVE IN -ρτος

dáμар, dáμаρтоs 'spouse' (cf. Aeol. dóμoрris Hesych.), according to the now prevailing view of this much-discussed word, is a compound

1 Cf. footnote 3, p. 81.

Names of the type Тiμāкpáτns occur most frequently in Rhodes, occasionally in other islands, while in continental Greece examples are extremely rare and are probably importations. So obviously the name of the Athenian Τιμαγένης Τιμαγένου Αχαρνεύς (IG. 2. 955), not even superficially Atticised to Tiμnyévns, though the same person appears in the Delian copy (BCH. 30. 201) as Tiuoyévns Tiμoyévov after the normal Attic type. Similarly, Bouλaxλîs IG. 1. 283. 4, in later times Bovλŋkλîs with Attic (IG. 2. 946. 10). Lac. Tiudževos rests upon an uncertain restoration (SGDI, 4527).

3 Schulze KZ. 28. 281; Brugmann, IF. 28. 294; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1. 78; Wackernagel, Altind. Gram. 2. 186. For other views, cf. Boisacq., Dict. étym. s.v.