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The festival of St Philip and St James was observed A.D. 730. See note on the Collect. The Second Lesson appointed in 1549 was Acts 8 to v. 13. This was omitted in 1552, and no Second Lesson was appointed till 1662. The First Lesson was appointed in 1559.

Invention of the Cross. Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, was converted to the Christian faith A.D. 311. Fifteen years afterwards she visited the scenes of our Lord's life; and anxious to recover the cross on which He had suffered, she caused excavations to be made on the site of the sepulchre. Three crosses with the Title were dug up. Our Lord's cross is said to have singled itself out from the other two by its wonder-working power. Helena sent a part of the cross to Constantinople, left a part at Jerusalem, and carried the rest with her to Rome, where she deposited it in her Church of the Holy Cross of Jerusalem.

St John the Evangelist is said to have been apprehended at Ephesus and sent prisoner to Rome A.D. 95. Being accused before the Emperor Domitian, he was sentenced to be thrown into a caldron of boiling oil, which sentence was executed before the city gate, called Porta Latina. The Apostle came out unhurt; and the Emperor, attributing his escape to magic, banished him to the Isle of Patmos. Dunstan, Archbishop, born A.D. 924, was devoted by his parents to the Church while still a child. He subsequently embraced the monastic life, and soon became Abbot of Glastonbury. He was thence elevated by king Edgar to the sees of Worcester, London, and Canterbury, in succession. Dunstan was a warm advocate of the monastic clergy. He was well skilled in the liberal arts, and, among other accomplishments, was a skilful worker in metals. He died A.D. 988.

Nothing is known of the life of Augustine, Archbishop, before he became Abbot of the monastery of St Andrew in Rome. In A.D. 596 he left Rome, with forty companions, to preach the Gospel in England. He landed in the Isle of Thanet A.D. 597, and soon converted Ethelbert, king of Kent, and many of his subjects. Augustine went after this to France for Episcopal consecration, and, on his return to England, fixed his see at Canterbury, where he built a Cathedral. He died A.D. 604. Bede, Presbyter, for his piety and learning surnamed the Venerable, was born, A.D. 673, at Jarrow in Northumberland. He was ordained Deacon A.D. 691, and Priest A.D. 703. He is the author of a most valuable Ecclesiastical history of England and of several other learned works. He is said to have died A.D. 735, while dictating the concluding words of a translation of St John's Gospel.

The days of the Invention of the Cross, St John Port. Lat., Dunstan and Augustine, were noted in the reformed Calendar in 1561. Bede's name was added in 1662, when the designations were affixed to the others.

Nicomede, Priest and Martyr, was a Priest in Rome about A.D. 90. He is said to have been a disciple of St Peter. In the reign of Domitian he was beaten to death. He is commemorated in the Sacramentary of Gregory the Great.

Boniface, Bishop and Martyr, the Apostle of Germany, as he is called, was born in Devonshire about A. D. 680. His English name was Winfrid. He embraced the monastic life. From his youth he was actuated by a desire to preach the Gospel to the heathen; and, having with difficulty obtained the permission of his abbot, he went to Friesland, A.D. 716, but was obliged to return. He afterwards went again, with authority from Pope Gregory II., preached with great success, and founded several bishoprics. Having thus established the Church in Germany, he set out to preach to the savage inhabitants of East Friesland, where, after having made many converts, he was massacred near Utrecht by a band of enraged pagans, A.D. 755. "His dying finished what his life began."

The festival of St Barnabas is noted by Bede and in calendars of the 8th century. See note on Collect. The Second Lesson was appointed in 1549, the First in 1559. St Alban, Martyr, the Proto-martyr of Britain, was a native of the city of Verulamium, the ruins of which still exist near the town of St Albans. He was converted to Christianity by one Amphibalus, a priest of Caerleon, whom he sheltered during the Dioclesian persecution. The date of his martyrdom is variously given from A.D. 286 to A.D. 305.

Edward, King of West Saxons, whose death is commemorated on March 18th, was first buried at Wareham. After three years, A.D. 982, his body was translated to Shaftesbury and there interred with great pomp. This translation is here commemorated.

The institution of the festival of St John Baptist is as old as the 4th or 5th century. See note on the Collect. The proper Lessons were appointed in 1549.

The festival of St Peter, Apostle and Martyr, dates from the 4th century. See note on Collect. The Second Lesson was appointed in 1549, the First in 1559. The names of Nicomede, Boniface, and Edward, were placed in the reformed calendar in 1561. St Alban's name, and all the designations, were added in 1662.

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The feast of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary was first instituted by Pope Urban VI. A.D. 1389 in commemoration of the visit of the Blessed Virgin to her cousin Elizabeth. The institution was confirmed by decree of the Council of Basle, in their 43rd Session, upon July 1, 1441.

Martin, Bishop of Tours (see Nov. 11), died A.D. 397 at Cande, and was there buried. On July 4th, A.D. 473, his remains were translated to a Basilica dedicated in his honour. It is this translation which is commemorated.

Swithun, Bishop, was born early in the ninth century. He was devoted when very young to the monastery at Winchester. He became Bishop of the diocese A.D. 838. He died July 2, A.D. 862, and was buried, in compliance with his own request, outside the church. In A.D. 971 his relics were translated into the cathedral. It is this translation which is commemorated.

Margaret, Virgin and Martyr, is said to have suffered at Antioch in Pisidia, at the close of the 3rd century. Nothing is really known of her. Her festival has been observed universally and from the earliest times. The Greeks commemorate her under the name of Marina, on July 17th.

An office for St Mary Magdalene's Day was appointed in 1549. In 1552 this office was withdrawn and her name left out of the Calendar. In 1561 her name was restored. She is commonly believed to have accompanied St John and the Blessed Virgin to Ephesus, and there to have died. Her remains were translated from Ephesus to Constantinople by the Emperor Leo the Philosopher at the close of the ninth century.

The earliest mention of the feast of St James the Apostle is A.D. 1229. See note on Collect. The Proper Lessons were first appointed in 1559.

St Anne was mother of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and wife of Joachim her father. The appointment of days for the Visitation of B. V. Mary, Martin, Swithun, Margaret and Anne, was made in the reformed Calendar in 1561. The more expanded titles of the commemorations were added in 1662.

Lammas-Day. In the Roman Church this day is known as the feast of St Peter ad vincula, being the commemoration of his imprisonment at Jerusalem and miraculous deliverance as related in the Acts of the Apostles. In the fifth century a church of St Peter ad vincula was dedicated at Rome on this day, which has since been kept as a festival.

The festival of our Lord's Transfiguration in the mount is very ancient. It was observed at Rome in the fifth century, though not ordered to be placed in the calendar before 1455.

Name of Jesus. How the festival originated is not known. The general order for celebrating the feast was not promulgated in the Church of Rome before 1721, and then the day fixed on was the second Sunday after Epiphany.

St Laurence, Martyr, is said to have been by birth a Spaniard. About A.D. 258, he was Archdeacon to Pope Sixtus, whom he attended to his martyrdom. He himself suffered shortly after. He is mentioned in the oldest Roman Calendar, A.D. 354, and in all the Martyrologies. He has been commemorated in the Canon of the Roman Mass since the time of Gregory the Great, A.D. 590.

St Bartholomew's festival is mentioned in a calendar of the eighth century. See note on Collect. The Proper Lessons for the day were first appointed in 1559, the morning Lesson being Ecclus. 25. This was altered in 1662 to Ecclus. 24.

354.

St Augustine, Bishop, was born at Tagaste, an episcopal city of Numidia, A.D. His father, Patricius, was a pagan, but his mother, Monica, was a Christian. He was educated for the profession of rhetoric; and through the interest of some friends, who, like himself, had embraced the Manichean heresy, was appointed professor of rhetoric at Milan, where he arrived A.D. 384. Here he was converted, under the preaching of St Ambrose, who baptized him A.D. 387. He returned to his native place, A.D. 389, and was ordained A.D. 391 by Valerius, Bishop of Hippo. At the request of Valerius, he was made coadjutor Bishop of Hippo, A.D. 395, and succeeded to the sole charge of the see, on the death of Valerius, in the following year. He died at Hippo, A.D. 430. St Augustine was the most profound thinker and the most prolific writer of the fathers of the Western Church. In his "Retractations" he enumerates 93 separate treatises, which he had composed. His festival was observed at Carthage in the sixth century.

A festival in commemoration of the Beheading of St John Baptist was observed in the Western Church before the time of Gregory the Great, A.D. 590. It is marked in Bede's catalogue, and in several ancient Roman Calendars.

The appointment of days for Lammas and Laurence was made in the reformed Calendar in 1552; for the Transfiguration, the Name of Jesus, Augustine, and the Beheading of St John Baptist, in 1561. The more expanded titles of the commemorations were added in 1662.

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