formed of his refusal, but not of his repentance; and sent orders for the whole clan to be slain. So Captain Campbell and a troop of soldiers went to the vale of Glencoe, pretending a friendly visit, and were hospitably entertained for a fortnight without suspicion; but at last arose in the dead of night and began the horrible butchery. They spared neither man, woman, nor child. Thirty-eight persons were slaughtered; others fled half-naked to the hills, and perished in the snow. Their houses were burned down; their cattle and goods stolen away; and all that remained in the morning was a horrid waste, "black with fire, and red with blood."

37. William's chief desire was to humble the power of France; and by this the nation was plunged into very great expenses, and burdened with a debt which it has never since been able to pay. At the close of his reign this National Debt amounted to £11,000,000. (It is now (1869) nearly £800,000,000.) The French King, on the other hand, wished to replace James on the throne of England, and prepared a great fleet to invade our shores. He was defeated, however, off Cape La Hogue (1692), and his plans fell to the ground. Many battles were fought on the Continent by William, but at length peace was made by the Treaty of Ryswick (1697).

38. In 1701 was passed the Act of Settlement, which provided that none but Protestants should in future sit on the throne of England; that in case neither William nor Anne, who should succeed, had children, the Princess Sophia of Hanover should be heir to the throne; and that new Parliaments should be chosen at least once in three years.

In the spring of the next year, as William was residing at Hampton Court, he fell from his horse and broke his collar-bone; and his health being delicate, he did not survive the shock, but died at Kensington (1702).

e. In this reign Peter the Great of Russia worked as a ship-carpenter at Deptford. Toleration Act passed for the relief of Dissenters in 1689. Bank of England founded, 1691. Chelsea Hospital was finished; and Greenwich Palace benevolently given up by the King and Queen for the old sailors.

ANNE.

A.D. 1702 to A.D. 1714.-12 years.

39. Anne was the second daughter of James II., and sister of the late Queen Mary II. Her husband was Prince George of Denmark, who, however, took no part in the government.

40. During nearly the whole of her reign war was waged with France, and many were the victories gained by the English under the famous Duke of Marlborough; who, for his services, was rewarded with a splendid palace and estate in Oxfordshire, named Blenheim, from a great battle which he won. In 1704 Gibraltar was captured from Spain by Admiral Rooke and Sir Cloudesley Shovel-an important possession to the English, as it forms a key to the Mediterranean.

41. In 1707 England and Scotland were really united-Scotland sending sixteen Peers and forty-five Commoners to Parliament, but retaining her own laws and religion. After this she began to increase rapidly in wealth and importance.

42. In 1713 the war with France ended in the Treaty of Utrecht, by which England gained Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia; and was allowed to retain Gibraltar and Minorca, taken from Spain. The Duke of Marlborough, on returning home, fell into disgrace, by taking bribes from a Jew who supplied the army with bread. He therefore lost the command of the army, and retired to Blenheim House.

43. Anne died of apoplexy, aged forty-nine; having by her amiable disposition and virtue won the title of "the good Queen Anne." She had nineteen children, who all died in childhood.

f. In 1703 Eddystone Lighthouse was swept away by a storm; and its architect, Winstanley, perished with it. St. Paul's Cathedral was finished in 1708, having cost nearly a million of money. Steam-engines invented by Newcomen. Many elegant writers lived during this reign, amongst whom were Addison, Steele, Gay, and Swift.

g. The most important change in the Constitution during the Stuart period was the fixing of a limit to the royal power, and the acknowledgment of the claims of the subject, by the Bill of Rights, on the accession of William III. The charters of liberty granted by sovereigns centuries past had been grossly violated, even by those who had granted them. The Tudors had exercised a power almost despotic. But after the invention of printing arose a freedom of thought and a love of liberty, which the Stuarts strove in vain to crush. In the inglorious effort Charles I. lost his head, and James II. his crown. Thus it became evident that only whilst the rights of the people were protected would the stability of the throne be secured. By the Bill of Rights the power of King, Lords, and Commons was more evenly balanced; a salutary restraint was exercised upon each Estate by the others; the varied interests of our population were more firmly represented, and the general well-being of all classes promoted.

h. The country was still to a great extent uncultivated, and consisted chiefly of marsh-land and forest. The morals of the people were very bad; drunkenness fearfully common, and the prisons always full of criminals. Arts, manufactures, and mining had made but little progress. Communication between distant parts was very difficult, from the want of good

roads. When it was made known that the "Flying Coach" would leave Oxford at six in the morning and reach London at seven the same evening, it was thought a difficult and dangerous undertaking: and a journey from London to York in winter took six days.

i. The population of England was five millions and a half; of London, half a million. Next to London, Bristol was the chief sea-port. Liverpool was but a very small place, without harbour or quay. Some of our largest manufacturing towns, such as Manchester, Leeds, and Sheffield, had but a few thousand inhabitants.

k. Towards the close of the period learning made great progress, and the English language was written in the most elegant style by Addison. Steele, and others. Milton was the greatest poet. He was Latin secretary to Cromwell.

BEN JONSON-dramatic poet-died 1637.

JEREMY TAYLOR-Bishop of Down and Connor--wrote Holy Living, Holy Dying, and other works--died 1667.

JOHN MILTON-great poet-Cromwell's Latin secretary-wrote Paradise Lost, and other poems, though quite blind-died 1674.

JOHN BUNYAN-a tinker of Bedford, a soldier, and afterwards a Baptist preacher -wrote The Pilgrim's Progress during an imprisonment of twelve years-died 1688.

RICHARD BAXTER-a Presbyterian minister-wrote The Saint's Rest, and many other works-died 1691.

JOHN DRYDEN-poet-wrote plays and poems, and translated Virgil—died 1700. JOHN LOCKE―mental philosopher-wrote An Essay on the Human Understanding, &c.-died 1704.

CHIEF ARTISTS.

PAINTERS.-Rubens (1557-1640); Vandyke (1599-1640); Sir Peter Lely (1617–1680). ARCHITECTS.-Inigo Jones (1572–1652); Sir Christopher Wren (1632–1723).

1. Name the James I. reign? from Henry VII.

QUESTIONS ON THE STUART PERIOD.

Sovereigns of the period. Give dates. How long did
Give dates. Whose son was he? Trace his descent
Whom did he marry?

2. What was the first great work of his reign? By whom was it done? What did James resolve to establish? Who were disappointed? How did they endeavour to take revenge? What was the conspiracy called? Give an account of the preparations they made. How was the plot discovered? What became of the conspirators? What severe laws were now made against the Romanists?

3. Who was James's wise and faithful adviser? What was James's conduct after Lord Cecil's death? How did he excite the jealousy of the nobility? Over whom did he try to extend his power? Who seconded his efforts? How? How did the Parliament act? What was James's next course? What followed? What caused his death?

a. What discovery was made about this time? By whom? By whom was horse-racing established? Where?

4. Who succeeded? How long did he reign? Give dates. Whose son was he? Whom did he marry? Of what did his reign chiefly consist? How did this struggle end?

5. What siege took place early in this reign? Where is Rochelle ? Whose stronghold was it? By whom were they besieged? Who tried to raise the siege? With what success? What happened to the Duke of Buckingham?

6. What Bill did the King sign in 1628? What was the Petition of Right? Did he keep this law? Who complained? What followed?

7. How long was it before he called another Parliament? How did he then govern the country? Whom did he place at the head of State affairs? Who was over the Church? What was Laud? Who then began to suffer? What did they suffer?

8. What did Charles try to force upon the Scotch? How did he enforce obedience? What was the consequence? What Church was established in Scotland? What became of the King's troops?

9. What act caused the greatest discontent? What was the ship-money? Was it resisted? What were the first acts of the Long Parliament? What occurred in Ireland in 1641 ?

10. Into what two great parties was the population divided? Which party sided with the King? Of whom was the Parliament chiefly composed? Whom did Charles order to be arrested? Was the order obeyed? What rash act followed? What effect had it on the people of London? Whither did the King flee? What did the Commons demand? What was his answer?

11. What now began? Who were in favour of the King? Where did he set up his standard? With how many men? Who sided with the Parliament? Who commanded the army of the Parliament? How long did the Civil War last? How many battles were fought? Who was at first victorious? At what two great battles was he defeated? By whom chiefly? Whither did he flee? and thence? What offer did the Scottish army make him? With what result?

What was the wish of the

12. How was Parliament now divided? Presbyterians respecting Charles? and of the Independents? Who was

chief of these? What was now done with the King? By whose order? Where was he afterwards confined?

13. What did the Parliament now fear? and suspect? Who else feared the same? How did the Scots act? Who was defeated? What did Cromwell do on his return to London? Who were forbidden to enter the House? Who were allowed to enter? What then took place in the House?

14. What court was formed for the trial of the King? Of what was he accused? How long did the trial last? How did it end? Where was he beheaded? Give an account of the execution. What family did he leave? What became of Elizabeth?

b. What two painters lived in this reign?

What two manufactures were introduced? How were letters sent? Whence was brought the art of nail-making? By whom? What beverage began to be used? What instrument was invented?

15. How long did the Commonwealth last? Give dates. How did the Commons act after the death of Charles? Who acknowledged young Charles as King? Where was he crowned? What did he sign? Who fought the Battle of Dunbar? Who won? What did the young Charles then do? What was his success? What did he do after his defeat at Worcester? Relato his adventure in the oak. With whom did he afterwards take refuge? To what country did he at last escape?

16. What great naval victory was gained in 1652? Where? By whom?

17. Relate Cromwell's extraordinary conduct with the Parliament. What new Parliament was then formed? Did it last long? What

followed?

What

18. What now was Cromwell's position? How did he act? attempt failed? Why? What was the consequence? Was he happy? Why not? What book was now published? How did it affect him? What was the consequence? At what age did he die? What family did he leave? Who was made Protector? Did he long keep the office? How did he act?

19. What was now the state of the country? What was feared? Who brought an army to London? Whence did he come? What did he propose? When did the new Parliament meet? What was at once done? On what day did young Charles enter London?

c. What sect arose about this time?

Who was their leader? Name two possessions gained. From whom? Give dates.

20. Who succeeded? How long did he reign? Give dates. How was he received in London? Of what were the people weary? What moral change came over the nation?

21. What happened in London in 1665? How many died? How did the rich act? Describe the state of the city? What sounds mingled with the wail of the sufferers? What was written on many dwellings? How were the dead buried?

22. What occurred in 1666? When did the fire break out? What part of London was destroyed? How many streets? houses? churches? How far off might the light be seen? What good was done by the fire? 23. What persecution commenced with Charles's reign? What Act was passed? What were its effects? What famous character was imprisoned under this Act? Where? How long? What book did ho