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whilst he resided at Rome, that he persuaded Louis XIV. to recall him. On his return, he applied himselfe assiduously to engraving, and was appointed engraver to the king, from whom he received liberal encouragementai In 1681, he was named counsellor of the royal academy: and died at Paris in 1703. He had been married, but left no leftmo male issue behind him. b9993/9 120m 911 916 ouids ́ Mr. S Mr. Strutt considers Gerard Audran as the greatest engrayer, without any exception, that sever existed in the historical line, an opinion, which, he thinks, a careful examination of "The Battles of Alexander" alone, will justify. His great excellency, above that of any other engraver, was, that though he drew admirably himself yet he contracted no manner of his own; but transcribed on copper simply, with great truth and spirit, the styles of the master, whose pictures he copied. On viewing his prints, we lose sight of the engraver, and naturally say, lit is Le Brun, it is Poussin, &c. "This sublime (artist," says the Abbe Fontenai, borrowing chiefly from M. Basan, far from conceiving that a servile arrangement of strokes, and the too frequently cold and affected clearness of the graver, were the great essentials of historical engravings gave worth to his works by a bold mixture of free hatch ings and dots, placed together apparently without ordery but with an inimitable degree of taste; and has left to pos terity most admirable examples of the style in which grand compositions ought to be treated. His greatest works, which have not a very flattering appearance to the ignorant eye, are the admiration of true connoisseurs, and persons of real taste. He acquired the most, profounds knowledge of the art by the constant attention and study which he bestowed upon the science of design, and the frequent use he made of painting from nature. He always knew how to penetrate into the genius of the painters hel copied from: and often improved upon, and sometimes even surpassed him." Mr. Strutt has given a list of bisw principal engravings divided into four classes, to whichis we refer the reader, ad is zinamisqs bogisido of adrow AUDRAN (BENOIT or BENOIST), was the secondssonw of Germain Audran, and was born at Lyons in 1661, whereu he learned the first principles of design and engraving,of under the instruction of his father. But soon after going to Paris, his uncle Gerard took him under his tuition, cando Benoit so greatly profited by his instructions, that thoughs

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he never equalled the sublime style of his tutor, yet he acquired, and deservedly, great reputation, His manner was founded upon the bold, clear style of his uncle. His outlines were firm and determined; his drawing correct; the heads of his figures are in general very expressive; and the other extremities well marked. He was honoured with the appellation of the king's engraver, and received the royal pension. He was made an academician, and admitted into the council in 1715. He died unmarried at

Louzouer, where he had an estate, in 1721. -19 AUDRAN (JOHN), the third son of Germain Audran, was also born at Lyons, in 1667, and after having received instructions from his father, went to Paris, to study the Lart of engraving under his uncle Gerard. At the age of twenty years, the genius of this great artist began to display itself in a surprising manner: and his future success was such, that in 1707, he obtained the title of engraver to the king, and had a pension allowed him by his majesty, with apartments in the Gobelins; and the following year he was made a member of the royal academy. He was eighty years of age before he quitted the graver; and near ninety in 1756, when he died at his apartments, assigned him by the king. He left three sons behind him, soner of whom, Benoit, was also an engraver, and died in 1735, but very inferior to his uncle of the same name.

The most masterly and best prints of John Audran äre sthose, in Mr. Strutt's opinion, which are not so pleasing to the eye at first sight. In these the etching constitutes a great part; and he has finished them in a bold, rough style. The scientific hand of the master appears in theth on examination. The drawing of the human figure, where it is shewn, is correct. The heads are expressive, and finely finished; the other extremities well marked! He has not, however, equalled his uncle. He wants that harmony in the effect; his lights are too much and too equally covered; and there is not sufficient difference between the style in which he has engraved his back grounds and his Adraperies.This observation refers to a fiue print by hini, of “ Athaliah,” and to such as he engraved in that style.

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AUDRAN (Louis), the last son of Germain Audran, was born at Lyons in 1670; from whence he went to Paris, after the exainple of his brothers, to complete his stuđiês in the school of his uncle Gerard. He died suddenly at Paris, in 17.12, aged 42, before he had produced any great

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number of prints by his own hand; but, it is presumed, he assisted his brothers in their more extensive works. Benedict Audran, the son of John, was also an engraver of some note, and died in 1772. 15 ford grey; guilera AVELLANEDA (ALPHONSUS FERNANDES DE), ad Spanish writer, and a native of Tordesillas, is principally known as the author of the "Continuation, or second part of the history of Don Quixote," which was published under the title "La Segunda Parte del Ingenioso Hidalgo D. Quixote de la Mancha," 1614, 8vo. This, without being absolutely contemptible, is still very inferior to Cervantes's admirable production. It was afterwards translated, or rather imitated and new-modelled by Le Sage, and from this edition, an English translation was published about fifty or sixty years ago, in 2 vols. 8vo, but from the English work no proper judgment can be formed of the original. A more recent translation, which we have not seen, appeared in 1807. Pope has versified a tale from it in his Essay on Criticism.amapper

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fer qtesi, HAVENPACE, a Spaniard by birth, but ranks among the Arabian writers and philosophers of the twelfth century, wrote a commentary upon Euclid, and philosophical and theological epistles. He was intimately conversant with the Peripatetic philosophy, and applied it to the illustration of the Islamic system of theology, and to the explanation of the Koran. On this account, he was sus pected of heresy, and thrown into prison at Cordubasco He is said to have been poisoned at Fez, in the year 1137, or according to others, in 1129. His works were translated into Latin, and were well known to Thomas Aquinas, and the old schoolmen.iog werb sdT LAVENTIN (JOHN), author of the Annals of Bavaria, was born of mean parentage, in 1466, at Abensperg in the country just named. He studied first at Ingolstadt, and afterwards in the university of Paris. In 1503, he privately taught eloquence and poetry at Vienna; and in 1507, publicly taught Greek at Cracow in Poland. In 1509, he read lectures on some of Cicero's pieces at Ingolstadt, and in 1512, was appointed to be preceptor to prince Lewis and prince Ernest, sons of Albert the Wise, duke of Bavaria He also travelled with the latter of those two princes. After this he undertook to write the "Annals of Bavaria,"

1 Strutt's Dict. Moreri, Dict. Historique. 1900 bob H Jamed aknu aid to out & sdt ni Gent. Mag. 1 1807, p. 146.

* Antonio Bibl. Hisp.-Warton's Essay on Pope. Gen. Dict,-Brucker.

being encouraged by the dukes of that name, who settled a pension upon him, and gave him hopes that they would defray the charges of the book. This work, which gained its author great reputation, was first published in 1554, by Jerome Zieglerus, professor of poetry in the university of Ingolstadt, but, as he acknowledges in the preface, he retrenched the invectives against the clergy, and several stories which had no relation to the history of Bavaria. The protestants, however, after long search, found an uncastrated manuscript of Aventin's Annals, which was published at Basil in 1580, by Nicholas Cisner.

In 1529, he was forcibly taken out of his sister's house at Abensperg, and hurried to a gaol; the true cause of which violence was never known: but it would probably have been carried to a much greater length, had not the duke of Bavaria interposed, and taken this learned man into his protection. In his 64th year he made an imprudent marriage, which disturbed his latter days. He died in 1534, aged 68, leaving one daughter, who was then but two months old. It was supposed, from the inquiries made by the Jesuits, that he was a Lutheran in sentiment; and the adherents to the church of Rome make use of this argument to weaken the force of his testimony against the conduct of the popes, and the vicious lives of the priests; for the Annals of Aventin have been often quoted by protestants, to prove the disorders of the Romish church.

The principal editions of his works are, 1. "Annalium libri vii. ad annum usque 1533, cum notis Gundlingii," Leipsic, 1710, fol. 2. Chronica Bavaria," Nuremberg, 1522, fol. 3. "Henrici IV. vita, epistolæ," &c. Augsburgh, 1518, 4to. 4. "Chronicon, sive Annales Schirenses," Bipont. 1600, 4to. 5. "Liber de causis miseriarum, cum chronicis Turcicis," Loniceri, 1578, 4to. 6. "Antiquitates Danicæ," Hafniæ, 1642, 4to. ther work is attributed to him by Gesner, relative to the manner of counting on the fingers, under the title "Numerandi per digitos manusque veterum consuetudines,”

1532.1

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AVENZOAR (ABU MERWAN ABDALMALEK EBN Zoar), an eminent Arabian physician, flourished about the end of the eleventh or the beginning of the twelfth century. He was of noble descent, and born at Seville, the capital

1 Gen. Dict.Moreri.Saxii Onomasticon.

of Andalusia, where he exercised his profession with great reputation. His grandfather and father were both physicians. The large estate he inherited from his ancestors rendered it unnecessary for him to practise for gain, and he therefore took no fees from the poor, or from artificers, though he refused not the presents of princes and great men. His liberality extended even to his enemies; for which reason he used to say, that they hated him not for any fault of his, but rather out of envy. Dr. Freind thinks that he lived to the age of 135, that he began to practise at 40; or, as others say, at 20, and had the advantage of a longer experience than almost any one ever had, as he enjoyed perfect health to his last hour. He left a son, known also by the name of Ebn Zohr, who followed his father's profession, was in great favour with Al-Mansor emperor of Morocco, and wrote several treatises of physic -Avenzoar was contemporary with Averroes, who, according to Leo Africanus, heard the lectures of the former, and learned physic of him. Avenzoar, however, is reckoned by the generality of writers an empiric, although Dr. Freind observes that this character suits him less than any of the Arabians. He wrote a book on the "Method of preparing Medicines," which is much esteemed. It was 16 19.00000 translated into Hebrew in the year 1280, and thence into Latin by Paravicius, and printed at Venice in 1490, fol. and again in 15630 sd 10 nebo song

AVERANI (JOSEPH) was born at Florence the 19th of March 1662, the youngest of the three sons of John Francis Averani. Benedict, the eldest, made himself famous for his eloquence and the thorough knowledge he had of the Greek and Roman classics; while Nicholas, the other brother, so greatly excelled in jurisprudence and all kinds of mathematical learning, as to be reckoned among the foremost in those studies. Joseph received the first rudiments of learning from his father, after which he was put under the tuition of Vincent Glarea, a jesuit, who then gave public lectures on rhetoric at Florence, with whom he made uncommon progress. He was taught Greek by Antonius Maria Salvini, and advanced so rapidly in his studies, that, in a short time, whether he wrote in Italian, or Latin, or Greek, he shewed an intimate acquaintance with the ancient writers. Young as he was, however, he did not con"Gen. Dict. Freind's Hist. of Physic. Haller Bibl. Med. VOL. III.

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