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saw him rise, in possession of the hearing of that ear. In
this gentleman's case, all the efforts of many other
aurists had completely failed.

not even ask that any one shall believe as we do upon
our word, but would recommend all who feel an in-
terest in the matter to inquire and judge for them-
selves. Let the case stand unjudged for any thing
that we have to say about it; but let us also lay before
our readers a brief view of the evidence on which we
have formed the opinion which induces us now to
retract what we consider an injurious statement.
Ilaving twice before acted on mere authority, and
been led thereby to bandy our readers backwards and
forwards between two opposite conclusions, we feel it
to be necessary that a third view of the case should
appear to have been adopted on a reasonably large basis
Let us first explain that the deafness of the class
of persons called deaf-mutes has hitherto been quite
incurable. With respect to certain modifications of
deafness produced by cold, and other similarly acci-
dental means, there has long been a medical practice
attended with some measure of success: for example,
in London there is an institution called the Royal
Dispensary for Diseases of the Ear, where, since its
commencement in 1816, according to a statement by
its surgeon Mr Curtis, twelve thousand cases have
been cured or relieved. But for that complete deaf-
ness which is born with a human being, and prevents
the future acquirement of speech, there is acknow-
ledgedly no cure whatever upon the medical books.
This is fully owned by one of the first writers and
practitioners of the day on aural surgery, Dr Wilhelm
Kramer of Berlin, who, in a work on the subject, of
which an English translation appeared in 1837, says,
"There are convincing proofs of the entire failure of
all remedial attempts hitherto made for the restora-
tion of hearing in deaf-mutes. * *The deaf-dumb,
whether they be completely deaf, or merely dull of
hearing, are incurable."+

*

has been at school. They have no occasion now to
speak loud to her, as she seems to understand quite
well what is said, even when her back is turned. **
I found Muir's parents at home, but she herself was at
her work in the cotton-mill. I put many questions to
the parents, which they answered very satisfactorily.
They stated that the surprising effects produced by
Dr Turnbull had not abated in the least degree, but,
on the contrary, were rather increased. She hears
whatever is said to her, though she may be in another
room with the door shut."

Mr Charles Hope, who lately retired from the
situation of President of the Court of Session, was
induced by a friend to resort to Dr Turnbull last
April, on account of impaired hearing. To quote a
letter to ourselves, which the ex-president has placed
at our disposal-" Before putting myself under Dr
Turnbull's care, I thought it right to inform him that
I had just entered my 79th year, on which he at once
candidly said that he would not undertake to cure me,
but that perhaps he might do me some good, if I
would allow him to examine my ears, which of course
I did. He told me it was impossible that I could
hear well, for my ears were as dry as the mahogany
table we were sitting at, as there was a total want of
the secretion of wax. That, he said, he certainly could
restore. Accordingly, after two or three applications,
the wax began to appear, and at the end of ten or
twelve days became copious; and I certainly found
very considerable improvement in my hearing, which
was sensible to my family and my colleagues. The
secretion of wax continues, and my ears are now in
their natural healthy state, subject only to the effects
of old age, which generally blunts all the senses.
In short, Dr Turnbull did me all the good
he ever pretended he could do to my hearing, and
that benefit continues."

* * *

Three deaf-mute children, from ten to eleven years
of age, who had been for some years receiving their
education in the Day School for the Deaf and Dumb
in Edinburgh, attended Dr Turnbull in April last,
and had their hearing established. Mr Drysdale, the
deaf-mute master of the school, has given distinct tes-
timony to this fact in a document which we have
perused; and, at a private personal interview, when
we asked categorically if these children formerly did
not hear and now do so, he answered as emphatically
that such really was the case. We saw the three
children more than once, and found them able to hear
very slight noises at the distance of several yards, and
to pronounce words after any one speaking to them,
these persons, it is important to remark, being sta-
tioned behind their backs. Their pronunciation, it
may be noticed, was imperfect, and sometimes the
sound uttered by them was very unlike the original;
but there could be no doubt of the existence, in all the
three, of both the power of hearing and of speaking.

The condemnation thus pronounced will appear a very distressing one, when it is known that, in civilised communities, one person in about every sixteen hundred is a deaf-mute. It affords, by the way, a curious additional illustration of what we lately explained under the title of "The Regularity of Irregular Things," that, in each of six European statesFrance, Spain, Italy, Austria, Russia, and Prussiathe proportion given by statistics is exactly 1 to every 1585 of the population. The whole number in Great Britain alone is 12,394, and in France, 20,189. We must the more deplore the despair of medical science on this subject, when we consider what a serious drawback deaf-muteness must in every case form to the pleasures of life, and what an insurmountable obstruction it must be to nearly every effort of industry and a legitimate ambition. Even the partial deafness of elderly persons and others is an evil to themselves of a magnitude of which it cannot be supposed that those who enjoy full powers of hearing are able to form an idea. Without further preface, we shall proceed to give an outline of the evidence on which we conclude that Dr Turnbull cures congenital and other extreme cases of deafness.

It is a common allegation respecting Dr Turnbull's cures, that, on the most favourable construction, they are little more than momentary; and we are bound to observe that we have heard of persons of impaired hearing relapsing after a time from the improved condition into which he had brought them. But what is to be said of Mr Hope, who has continued well for six or seven months; of the three children of the Edinburgh Day-School for the Deaf and Dumb, who have maintained recovered hearing for an equal time; and of Jane Wilkie and Margaret Muir, who are better now than ever, after nearly a twelvemonth? By these cases, not to speak of others of more recent date, the so-far permanence of the remedy seems to us fully established.

As born deafness was never cured before, it may be worth while to give a few particulars with respect to the sensations of the patients on their first becoming possessed of the heretofore deficient sense. Miss Walker states, in a letter before us, that she at first experienced considerable annoyance from the noise of vehicles in the street. On attending church, the singing gave her new and exquisite pleasure, though she had previously enjoyed music in the manner peculiar to some deaf persons, through the effect of vibration on the general frame. Another cured patient, who, like Miss Walker, had previously acquired considerable knowledge of written language, has drawn up a paper to enforce a hypothesis which has occurred to his mind, that sound and language are connected. A girl, residing at Glasgow, who was cured in May, has since acquired the sense of smell: when she discovered it, she held out a rose to her mother, and said her nose had spoken. A married woman, residing in Edinburgh, on getting home from the first experiment with recovered hearing, heard her children crying, but was not for some time aware that the sound had any connexion with their suffering. It would be obviously of importance to have a fair opportunity of observing the effect of the sudden acquirement of the sense of hearing on some person capable of recording his gradual perceptions of the connexion of sound with the circumstances causing it.

Dr Turnbull was in Aberdeen during September
and October last, in consequence of an invitation from
Dr Jack, Principal of King's College. He was there
successful in a number of very interesting cases. A girl
named Mary Moir, from Waterside of Thornton, near
Lawrencekirk-born deaf and dumb-was enabled to
hear perfectly in a few minutes. Two young persons,
Margaret and Robert Stirling, of Aberdeen, deaf from
birth, were also completely cured. Sophia Robertson,
of the Deaf and Dumb Institution of Aberdeen, and
John Scott, from Dufftown (a lad of twenty-four),
were other cases of complete cure. Dr Keith, surgeon
During his recent brief residence in Edinburgh, Dr to the Infirmary, and Mr George Rainy, surgeon to
Turnbull effected the entire cure of Miss Catherine the Ophthalmic and Auric Institution, both of Aber-
Walker, of Kelso, a young lady known to various deen, certify these cures in documents before us.
friends of our own as having been deaf and dumb The former gentleman says, in a letter to Dr Turn-
during her whole life up to that period, and who had bull, "After repeated examinations of many of the
accordingly received her education in the institution objects of your care previously to any thing being
for deaf-mutes in Edinburgh. We saw this young done, I satisfied myself that they were both deaf
person, first a week, and next time about a month, and dumb. I have witnessed the application of your
after her cure, and found that she heard as well as any remedy to the ears, and bear testimony to their
ordinary person. At the time when we saw her last, having, in my own presence, obtained the sense of
she was beginning to use her voice to some little pur-hearing; and by my own tuition, in a few minutes
pose, insomuch that her friends forbade her to speak afterwards, acquired the power of speech." The
to them on her fingers, alleging that they could under- case of Sophia Robertson is certified by Mr M. R.
stand what she said.
Burns, the master of the Deaf and Dumb Institu-
tion, an individual of whose moral worth we happen
to have personal knowledge. "Sophia," he says, "lost
her hearing from a fever. She could hear the clock
striking when standing by it. But since she has been
under your care she can hear a bell rung three pairs
of stairs up, and easily the ringing of the church bells.
In my own experience it is not less effectual, though
less rapid. I feel my hearing progressing." Dr
Fleming, professor of natural philosophy, and Dr
William Gregory, professor of chemistry, have like-
wise given favourable testimony, the latter gentleman
saying, amongst other things, with regard to the three
Edinburgh children above mentioned, "The doubts
which have been expressed (obviously without expe-
rimental grounds) of the permanence of your cures,
must be in a great measure dissipated by the state of
these individuals, six months after treatment."

Robert Kerse, a boy of ten years of age, grandson
of Sir Thomas M. Brisbane's fisherman at Mackers-
toun, had been to a great extent deaf from infancy,
with a discharge of matter from his ears and frequent
ear-ache. He came to Dr Turnbull on the 10th No-
vember, and went home on the 16th, quite cured. Sir
Thomas, in a communication with which we have been
favoured by him, says, "The day after the boy's
return, I directed that he should be brought to me,
in order that I might examine him. In the hall of
entry, I have a sidereal clock, from which I gradually
withdrew him till the distance was 24 feet, when he
still heard its beats, but not farther: in fact, I could
not well hear it myself at 27 feet." Sir Thomas like-
wise induced Mr Main, the provost of Kelso, and Mr
Armstrong, the county officer of Roxburghshire, to
send their sons to Dr Turnbull, who was successful
with them both, one being a case of congenital deaf-
ness. This eminent person, the President of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh, has, both in writing and by oral
communication, expressed to us his full conviction of
the power of Dr Turnbull to effect extraordinary
cures in this class of diseases.

The father-in-law of one of the individuals now
addressing the public has been deaf in his left ear for
fifty-four years, in consequence of a cold from sleeping
in a damp bed. We saw this gentleman sit down in
Dr Turnbull's room with his left ear utterly deaf, and,
in five minutes, after a process which will be after
wards described, and the application of a liquid, we

*The Present State of Aural Surgery, &c. By John Harrison
Curtis, Esq. London: Churchill. 1841.
+ Kramer on the Nature and Treatment of Diseases of the Ear,
translated by J. R. Bennet, M.D London: Longmans and Co.

Dr Turnbull was in Glasgow at the beginning of the bypast year, and in public administered to various deaf and dumb persons. Happening to be acquainted with a gentleman who had taken an interest in what was then done, we wrote to him, making particular inquiry into the condition of two young persons whom we understood to have received decided and permanent benefit. These were deaf-mutes, named Jane Wilkie and Margaret Muir, the one being about eight years of age, the other about nineteen. Our friend answered (Dec. 2) as follows:-"I called for both the girls to-day, and had the good luck to find Wilkie at home. Her mother states freely that she hears quite as well as the other children, and is at a school conducted by a female, who seems to be bringing her on very well, if I may judge from a specimen of her reading I witnessed to-day. Her articulation was very perfect, considering the short time that she

We proceed to report what has been stated to us, and what we have witnessed, respecting the expedients used by Dr Turnbull for the cure of deafness. In the course of general practice in 1834, he had two patients afflicted with tie-doloureux, extending along the temples and forehead, and producing partial blindness in one eye of each patient. By the application of veratria for about four weeks, the tic was removed, and at the same time the sight restored. This latter circumstance struck his mind forcibly, and he thought it might be well to try the effect of some of the new alkaloids upon eye-diseases. Obtaining permission to experiment in St Giles's Workhouse, he found a patient in an old paralytic woman who wanted seeing and hearing on one side. With a view to the cure of the eye only, the forehead of this woman was rubbed daily for four days with an extract of capsicum, when her vision became completely restored; and next day-a result which had not been in the faintest degree surmised-she also regained her hearing! He tried many similar experiments, but in no other case met with such very extraordinary results. His attention was now, however, powerfully attracted to eardiseases. Before adverting to his further progress in that walk, we inay mention that he succeeded in establishing with the profession generally the powerful effects of veratria in the cure of tic-doloureux, rheumatism, gout, and all other forms of neuralgic disease.

Experiment in time showed that, in cases of deafness arising from low nervous energy, a class to which nearly all the cases of the deaf-dumb belong, the organ may be more or less successfully treated by applying to it a weak alkaloid. This he rubs gently upon the tympanum by means of an instrument tipped with shammy leather, and generally in ten minutes the effects are manifest.

But the greater number of diseases of the ear arise from cold, producing acute and chronic inflammation, and diminishing or altogether obstructing the flow of wax, whereby the tympanum and other parts of the outer ear, from being exposed to the air, are thickened, and so deprived of sensibility. Cold also produces inflammation and consequent accumulation of mucus in the passage called the Eustachian tube, which communicates between the internal ear and the back of the mouth. Finding cured persons relapse in consequence of the defect of wax, Dr Turnbull was prompted to use his ingenuity in endeavouring to discover a means of sustaining that secretion. He reflected that the application of the mouth of the child to its mother's breast, by removing the pressure of the atmosphere, causes the milk immediately to flow, and he conceived that a similar result might follow with respect to the wax of the ear, if he could by any means remove the pressure of the atmosphere from the external parts. For this purpose, he at first used

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of water, carrying nothing but my double-barrelled
gun."
After wandering long in vain for water, Mr Grey
then wished to return to his men, but the native said
that he had lost the way back. After a short time, Mr
Grey became convinced that the man only wished him
to desert the rest. Kaiber durst not go alone; and
he knew that Mr Grey would never leave his com-
panions willingly. Hence the pretence of straying. |
Convinced of this, Mr Grey sat down to reflect on his
position. "The native sat opposite to me on the
ground, his keen savage eye watching the expression
of my countenance, as each thought flitted across it.
I saw that he was trying to read my feelings; and he
at length thus broke the silence :-

down by Mr Grey, exclusive of the Gascoyne, on his last
journey. To rivers he properly paid peculiar atten-
tion, well aware of their importance both as landmarks
and seats of colonisation. Mr Grey has performed the
difficult functions of pilot to all future investigators of
the west and north-west coasts of Australia, over a
large portion of their extent. And, in laying down
his volumes, to which valuable general remarks on
Australia and its people are appended, we feel it but
just to him to say, that, as regards the qualities of
intelligence, presence of mind, patience, courage, and
enterprise, he has earned a fair claim to take rank
among the Cooks, Parks, and Clappertons of his native
country.

Thy lips gave forth the witching sound
That bade my heart so wildly bound;
I gazed on thee-the tongue could tell
Nought that the bosom felt so well.

I gaze again-a subtle flame,
Like lightning, shoots through all my frame:
What late I saw no more appears,
And tinkling noises fill my ears.

Cold sweat bursts forth as sight grows dim,
And trickles down each quivering limb;
Blanches my cheek and fails my breath-
I sink awhile in seeming death.

The fine fragment on the rose may be compared with a specimen of Anacreon's panegyrics on the same delicious flower. The respective translators are Fawkes and Broome :

ON THE ROSE.

"Would Jove appoint some flower to reign
In matchless beauty on the plain,
The rose (mankind will all agree),
The rose the queen of flowers should be→→
The pride of plants, the grace of bowers,
The blush of meads, the eye of flowers:
Its beauties charm the gods above;
Its fragrance is the breath of love;
Its foliage wantons in the air,
Luxuriant, like the flowing hair;
It shines in blooming splendour gay,
While zephyrs on its bosom play."
The last four lines are but a sorry transfusion of the
Sapphic spirit. Dr Broome, though not faultless, is
more uniformly elegant:

'Mr Grey, to-day we can walk, and may yet not
LIFE AND POETRY OF SAPPHO.
die, but drink water; to-morrow you and I will be
two dead men, if we walk not now, for we shall then THE Greek poetess Sappho was a native of Mitylene,
be weak and unable. The others sit down too much; the capital of Lesbos, a city noted as the birthplace of
they are weak, and cannot walk; if we remain with several distinguished persons. She is believed to have
them, we shall all die; but we two are still strong; lived about the year 600 B.C. Her parentage is
let us walk. There lies the sea; to that the streams wrapt in obscurity; but it is curious to remark,
run; it is long since we have crossed a river; go that as seven towns contended for the honour of
quickly, and before the next sun gets up, we shall having given Homer birth, so eight individuals have
cross another running water. He paused for a mi- been represented as the father of Sappho. She mar-
nute, looking steadfastly at me, and then added-ried one Cercolas, a wealthy inhabitant of Andros;
You must leave the others, for I know not where and by him had a daughter, whom she named, after
they are, and we shall die in trying to find them.' her mother, Cleis. These few statements nearly ex-
haust our materials for her biography. It would seem
that her husband died while she was still young, and
that her subsequent life was not such as would now
be thought a virtuous one. The story of her attach-
ment to Phaon is, however, rejected by judicious
critics. It was not the poetess, but another female of
the same name, and likewise a native of Lesbos, that
flung herself from the steep of Leucate, and thus ter-
minated together her sufferings and her life. There is
more probability, and almost as much romance, in the
tradition that she was beloved, though his passion was
unreciprocated, by the contemporary lyrist Alcæus.
By an amiable tendency of our nature, we are apt
to think that every lady who writes admired verses
must needs be a beauty. Antiquity, however, has left
no very flattering mention of Sappho. Ovid, who,
however, confounds her with her namesake, makes her
describe her person thus :--

ON THE SAME,

"Lovely smiling rose, how sweet

All objects where thy beauties meet!
Aurora, with a blushing ray
And rosy fingers, spreads the day.
The Graces more enchanting show
When rosy blushes paint their snow;
And every pleased beholder seeks
The rose in Cytherca's cheeks.

When pain afflicts, or sickness grieves,
Its juice the drooping heart relieves;
And, after death, its odours shed
A pleasing fragrance o'er the dead;
And when its withering charms decay,
And sinking, fading, die away,
Triumphant o'er the rage of time,

I now knew that he was playing me false, and that
he had purposely led me astray. He was too great a
coward to move on alone for fear of other natives; and,
dreading to lose his life by thirst, he had hit upon this
expedient of inducing me to abandon the others, and
to proceed with him. 'Do you see the sun, Kaiber,
and where it now stands? I replied to him. Yes,
was his answer. Then, if you have not led me to
the party before that sun falls behind the hills, I will
shoot you; as it begins to sink you die.' I said these
words, looking at him steadily in the face, and with
the full intention of putting my threat into execution.
He saw this, and yet strove to appear unconcerned,
and with a forced laugh said-You play: from day-
light until now you and I have walked; we have
wasted our strength now in looking for water for the
others. But a short time, and we shall be dead; and
you say, search for men whom I cannot find; you tell
me look, and I know not where to look.' I now lost
all patience with him, and replied-Kaiber, deceive
as you will, you cannot deceive me; follow back our
tracks instantly to the point from whence we started;
if you do not find them, as the sun falls you die.' 'I
am wearied,' answered he; for three days I have not
either eaten or drank; far have we wandered since
we left them, and very distant from us are they now
sitting.' could bear this no longer; and, starting
up, said-You deceive: the sun falls! just now
spoke-Koolyum-nganga dabbut-garrum wangaga?
Again he forced a laugh, and said-Surely you play. if she made so modest an estimate of her own attrac- Sappho's banquet. The allegory is a pretty one, and
I answered shortly-Did I ever tell you a lie, Kaiber?tions. She must have been at least a pretty brunette.

"To me what nature has in charms denied,

Is well by wit's more lasting charms supplied.
Though short my stature, yet my name extends
To heaven itself, and earth's remotest ends.
Brown as I am, an Ethiopian dame
Inspired young Perseus with a generous flame.
If to no charms thou wilt thy heart resign,
But such as merit, such as equal thine;
By none, alas! by none thou canst be moved--
Phaon alone by Phaon must be loved."
Pope's version.

The poetess perhaps practised a pardonable artifice,

Of the writings of Sappho, the only productions of
a female pen before the Christian era of which any
trace remains, there are only a few fragments and one
entire ode preserved. The complete ode is addressed
to Venus-that most engaging of the classic deities,
and the object of so much adoration on the part of
both Grecian and Roman poets. In the present com-
position, which we give in the version of Mr Elton, the
fair lyrist seeks aid in captivating some youth beloved
by herself, and alludes to a previous interference of
the same kind in her behalf. It is to be observed,
Grecian imagination with Venus:
that the sparrow was one of the birds associated in

I now speak the truth.' He seemed, when he saw
that I was so determined, to feel a little uncomfort-
able, and, shifting his position, moved rather farther
from me; this motion on his part induced me to con-
ceive that he intended to run away, in which case I
could never again have hoped to rejoin the party; I
therefore instantly cocked the remaining barrel of my
gun, and presented it at him, telling him, that if he
ever moved from me farther than a certain tree which
I pointed out, I would forthwith shoot him, instead
of waiting until sunset, as I had originally intended.
The decided manner in which I announced this to my
friend Kaiber, had the desired effect. He made a few
protestations as to the folly of my conduct; lamented
most loudly that his mother, and the Dandalup (a
river of his own land), were so far removed from him;
asserted vehemently that the natives of these parts
were bandy-legged, rough-tongued beings; that they
ate earth, and drank no water; and winding up
with a fervent wish that he might catch one of them
wandering any where between Pinjarup and Mandu-
rup, in which case he would spear his heart, his kid-
ney, and his liver-he sulkily resumed his route, and
led me straight back to the party in about an hour."

Notwithstanding all their sufferings, the whole of
Mr Grey's party stood out the journey, and reached
Perth on the 21st of April. "The governor could
scarcely credit his sight, when he beheld the miserable
object that stood before him; but in this as in all other
instances in which I have known him, the goodness of
his heart shone conspicuous; not only was every
kindness shown me, but immediate steps were taken
to forward assistance to those who were still in the
bush. Having thus far performed my duty, I retired
to press a bed once more, having for nearly three con-
secutive months slept in the open air, on the ground,
just at the spot where my day's hardship had termi-
nated. So changed was I, that those of my friends,
who had heard of my arrival and were coming to con-
gratulate me, passed me in the street, whilst others to
whom I went up, and held out my hand, drew back
in horror, and said, 'I beg your pardon, who are you?"
A party was sent out in search of the section of the
expedition left behind with Mr Walker the surgeon,
and at last all were brought in safely, with the excep-
tion of one individual, Mr Frederick Smith. He died
by the way, overcome with fatigue and inanition.

The results of these two expeditions are most important, as has been said, even if we look only to the discovery of the rivers Glenelg and Gascoyne. Not fewer than nine other streams of smaller size were also noted

HYMN TO VENUS.

"Venus! immortal child of Jove!
Who sitt'st on painted throne above;
Weaver of wiles-oh! let not Love
Inflict this torturing flame.
But haste; if once my passion's cry
Drew thee to listen, hasten nigh;
From golden palaces on high

Thy harness'd chariot came.
O'er shadowy earth, before my sight,
Thy dainty sparrows wheel'd their flight;
Their balanced wings, in ether's light,
Were quivering to and fro.
The birds flew back: thou, blessed queen!
Didst smile with heavenly brow serene,
And ask, what grief the cause had been
That summon'd thee below.
What most I wish'd, with doating mind;
Whom most, seductive, I would bind
In amorous nets; and, Who, unkind,
My Sapplio, wrongs thee now?
The fugitive shall turn pursuer;
The vainly woo'd shall prove the wooer ;
The cold shall kneel to his undoer,
Though she disdain his vow.'
Come then now! Come once again!
Ease my bosom of its pain;
Let me all my wish obtain;

Fight my battles thou!"

A brief production of Sappho, descriptive of the symptoms of violent passion, is well known through a highly musical version, beginning "Blest as the immortal gods is he." This poem is, unfortunately, not entire. What remains of it has been transmitted by Longinus, in his treatise on the Sublime. The reader is to suppose the ode the performance of a lover seated beside his mistress. On the present occasion we present a new translation:

TO A MAIDEN.

Blest as the gods, methinks, is he,
Whoe'er the youth, that sits by thee;
Those melting words that hears thee say,
And lists thy laugh so light and gay.

It keeps the fragrance of its prime."

The following versions, the last excepted, which is by Elton, have also been executed by Mr Fawkes. The first fragment consists of a complaint occasioned by the neglect of some love assignation. We have slightly altered one line.

"The Pleiads now no more are seen,
Nor shines the silver moon serene,
In dark and dismal clouds o'ercast;
The love-appointed hour is past:
Midnight usurps her sable throne,
And yet, alas! I am alone."

In the next fragment we cite, Venus is invited to

a favourite with the ancients :

"Venus, queen of smiles and love!
Quit, oh! quit the skies above;
To my lowly roof descend,
At the mirthful feast attend;
Iland the golden goblet round,
With delicious nectar crown'd:
None but joyous friends you'll see,
Friends of Venus and of me."

The following lines seem designed to rebuke the insolence of some one who valued more highly the gifts of fortune than those of nature. Sappho was neither singular nor mistaken in her presentiment of literary immortality.

"Whene'er the Fates resume thy breath,
No bright reversion shalt thou gain;
Unnoticed thou shalt sink in death,

Nor e'en thy memory remain;

For thy rude hand ne'er pluck'd the lovely rose
Which on the mountain of Pieria blows.

To Pluto's mansions shalt thou go,

The stern, inexorable king,

Among the ignoble shades below,

A vain, ignoble thing;

While honour'd Sappho's muse-embellish'd name,

Shall flourish in eternity of fame."

In the first of the two epigrams that conclude these
selections, there is allusion to the ancient custom,
mentioned even by Homer, of cutting off the hair in
honour of the dead, and in token of sorrow for their
loss. It is forced and far-fetched to refer this prac-
tice to its supposed aptness for representing the sepa-
ration of these from the living. Tearing the hair,
during a paroxysm of grief, is the result of a natural
impulse. Clipping it was a ceremony founded on this
observed and felt tendency-an artificial extension,
or rather imitation, of an act dictated by instinct.
"The much-loved Timar lodges in this tomb,
By death insatiate ravish'd in her bloom;
Ere yet a bride, the beauteous maid was led
To dreary coasts and Pluto's mournful bed.
Her loved companions pay the rites of woe,
All, all, alas! the living can bestow:

From their fair heads the graceful curls they shear,
Place on her tomb, and drop the tender tear."
The next epigram invites remark on a curious
peculiarity of ancient sepulture.

"This oar, and net, and fisher's wicker'd snare,
Themiscus placed above his buried son:
Memorials of the lot of life he bare-
The hard and needy life of Pelagon."

Early epitaphs very frequently consisted of hieroglyphics. Sepulchral inscriptions were indeed forbidden by the Spartan lawgiver Lycurgus. The deceased was marked out by the delineation on his

CHAMBERS'S EDINBURGH JOURNAL.

VERSES WRITTEN IN NOVEMBER.

[The following poem is the humble attempt of a self-taught genius of the parish of Levern, in Renfrewshire. It seems to have the merit of describing very faithfully the peculiar features of the season in Scotland. The notes were taken down by the clergyman of the parish from the mouth of the author.]

Verse 1. In this month, the shilfa, yellow-hammer, sparrow, linnet, &c., congregate, and resort to the stack or farm-yard. Now the merlin and sparrow-hawk make their most successful

2. Now also the oak, ash, elm, plane-tree, and thorn, lose their
foliage, under the combined attacks of frost and the wind.
5. It is in this month that the woodcock returns to the country;
or, if earlier, a severe winter may be expected. It has often been

remarked that, after a strong north east wind, the woodcock is

found in his usual haunts, namely, thickets of birch and hazel,
or in the cover of low marshy grounds. This bird offers the best
possible chance to the fowler, as it never rises till the bush or
tree in which it is concealed is stirred by the sportsman or scented
by his dog.

6. The mavis (Anglice, thrush) is known to be among the latest

singing birds we have, also the earliest. Its song continues nine
7. It is well known that the fox is enticed to the farm-steading
by the crowing of the cock. He comes on cautiously, and can
wind a dog at a great distance. He manages to capture the oldest
hares in daylight, and when they are on the alert. I observed a
fox one morning, about three o'clock, clap down in a furrow near
a hare's footpath; he watched till she passed along, and then
caught her with ease, and made off with her to his den. It is
generally about the hour of cock-crowing that the rangers stop up

the foxes' holes for the day's hunt.

MANAGEMENT OF FOWLS.
[From the "Gardener's Chronicle."]
WE insert the following remarks of a subscriber on rear-
ing fowls, though not strictly belonging to our subject,
as they may be serviceable to many of our readers who
keep poultry. The first portion is translated from a French
work on Agriculture, and the latter are the result of our
correspondent's own experience.

Pip, to which pullets are particularly subject, is shown
by their neither eating nor drinking, and when on open-
ing the beak is found on the tongue a small white blister.
This evil arises from want of clean water, or from drink-
ing dirty water in hot weather. The cure is very easy.
With a needle or pin (query, rather your nail?), remove
the white blister, and wash the tongue with vinegar a
little warm. Then keep the pullet for two or three
days in a coop, supplied with clean water, in which is
steeped melon or cucumber seeds, or some juice of leeks.
Then for two or three days put a little sugar-candy in
the water; and for food, soaked barley or bran. Some
cure this complaint by infusing garlic in the water.
Flux, or scouring, is cured by giving fowls pills of hard

I

DINBURGA

CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, EDITORS OF "CHAMBERS'S INFORMATION FOR THE PEOPLE,"
"CHAMBERS'S EDUCATIONAL COURSE," &c.

NUMBER 520.

A FEW WEEKS ON THE CONTINENT.
BADEN-BADEN.

SATURDAY, JANUARY 15, 1842.

or eight individuals; and the usual consequence is, that
the family, if not great wasters, are punished on cold
meat, or those horrible things called hashes, for days
afterwards. Now, I consider it a great deal more
sensible for the French-and you now find French
cookery in all continental inns-to dress just so much
of every dish as will have the chance of being eaten,
leaving nothing worth mentioning for future showing
up. The English, however, will learn all this by and
by, and when they do, the expense of respectable
living among them will be materially lessened.

PRICE THREE HALFPENCE

bathing, plenty of time remains for exhilarating exercise, and for this every accommodation is afforded. The chief scene of resort is within the woody grounds lying on the opposite bank of the small river Oes, to which there is access by two bridges. Here are laid out some charming walks; and, besides houses of refreshment, we find beneath the leafy trees rows of open booths or bazaars, at which are spread out every kind of useful and fancy article that can be required by visiters. The Germans are celebrated for some sorts of jewellery and toys-among other things, cut pebble boxes and cups, any one of which is sold for the tenth part of the sum it would cost in cutting in England. A stone snuff-box, for instance, set in pinchbeck, may be had for something less than sixpence. As we lounged about on the sunny forenoon, criticising the merits of this arborial fair, one stall in particular attracted the ladies with all the force of a magnet. It was a large table covered promiscuously with rings, brooches, crucifixes, and fifty other brilliant gold-like trinkets, which, pick and choose as you like, were but three kreutzers, or a penny a piece. I think we patronised the keeper to the extent of half a florin, for which a whole toilet of jewellery was carried off.

I know of only one substantial reason why the con-
tinental table-d'hôte system could not be expected to
succeed very well on this side the channel; and that
is the universally spread feeling of aristocracy. Every
man of us is afraid of losing caste by mingling with
his fellow-mortals, or, at all events, of being some
way encroached upon or annoyed by those who are a
shade lower in station. This species of terror, it has
been observed, haunts the English abroad as well as
at home; and though many would be glad to enter
into easy conversation with countrymen, they lack
the confidence to do so, either from a fear of appearing
intrusive, or that habitual shyness which the state of
our manners tends to foster. While at Baden-Baden,
we had the satisfaction of observing less stiffness of
forms than at any place we had previously seen; all,
whoever they were, mingling easily and courteously in
the general scheme of amusement. The place, indeed,
may be said to be laid out altogether for hilarity and
recreation.

WE are still in that pretty German watering-place,
Baden-Baden, where we resolved to remain for a few
days, to enjoy the novelty of the scene. Our inn, in
which we had got settled, was not, also, without its
peculiar attractions-the Hotel de Russie, a house
of immense size, with excellent accommodations, and
commanding, from the windows behind, the woody
vale of the Oes, with its trimly-kept promenades.
Apropos of hotels-I wonder we don't get up houses
on the continental plan in England; English travellers
seem to like them. With the idea of a large hotel,
one always associates a feeling recollection of an enor-
mously long bill, with its undefinable but pungent ap-
pendix, in the shape of something for servants; which
something is about as much as is paid for the whole
affair of living at a German hotel of the first quality.
Whether it be owing to the comparatively low price of
provisions and drinks, the trifling amount of taxes, the
moderateness of the expectations, the general plan of
economising means, or to all these circumstances com-
bined, that we have to ascribe the humble charges of
the German gastgebers, I cannot exactly tell. I rather
think that most depends on the simple and wholesale
way in which things are managed. Your bedroom
is your sitting apartment as well-that is to say, if
you wish to sit privately within doors--and it is fur
nished accordingly. At Baden-Baden, our two sleep-
ing apartments were furnished with much taste. Beau-
tiful muslin curtains fell, tent-fashion, from the ceiling,
covering each bed; a round table was provided in the
middle of the floor, at which we might eat or write;
and the toilet apparatus in a corner was entirely con-
cealed by muslin drapery hanging in festoons from
the wall, and bearing a considerable resemblance, ex-
teriorly, to a child's cot. Here, as in other large houses,
each floor contained perhaps twenty apartments of
this kind, all entering from a spacious central corri-
dor communicating with the grand staircase. But
the great peculiarity of these houses consists in the
salle. I believe there is not a hof, or hotel, on the con-
tinent without its salle. In the smallest village inns
you find them, the same as in the largest cities; and
all are much alike--a long room, whose entire furni-
ture consists of two rows of rush-bottomed chairs; a
single table, of lesser or greater length, kept constantly
covered, ready for breakfasts, or any meals that may
be demanded, and at which the table-d'hôtes or public
dinners invariably take place daily. The only other
article visible is a stove of tiled porcelain at one ex-
tremity of the apartment, which, during summer, an-
swers as a stand for a bouquet of flowers. No carpet
is on the floor; but the walls are painted or papered
in an elegant style, and the window drapery consists
af festoons of white, or white and crimson calico, inter-
mingled in the first style of upholstery. It would be
worth any working upholsterer's while to go and pick
up the art of curtain-hanging in these countries, for
in that we are far behind. One of the very first things
which strikes a stranger's eye on the continent, is the
tastefully suspended and decorated curtains-all done,
apparently, with the cheapest materials.

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At the head of the wide avenue of trees containing the bazaars, we arrive at the grand promenade or terrace, the upper side of which is lined with a row of elegant buildings, consisting of the Maison de Conver sution, or Conversation House, in the centre, with a restaurant or café on the right, and, on the left a reading-room and theatre. In front, gently sloping towards the lower promenades and the Oes, is a beautiful green lawn, surrounded with rows of chestnuttrees in full leaf; and on the west, beyond the theatre, is the park, a piece of ground on the hillside, laid out in the English style of artificial wilderness and garden. The whole of the promenades and parks are open to the public, and all seem to enjoy them. In the fine forenoons, small parties of ladies and gentlemen may be observed sauntering about under the shade of the trees, or resting themselves on the benches provided for the purpose. But after dinner, when the shadows are lengthening across the lawn, the bustle becomes more dense. The gravelled terrace in front of the restaurant is crowded by hundreds of visiters, seated at small tables, sipping coffee or light Rhenish wines, and sending up clouds of smoke from their highly ornamented German pipes. With many more who are seated beneath the lofty portico of the Maison de Conversation, or straggling in groups in the promenade, they are likewise enjoying the solacement of sweet sounds, from a band of instrumental music stationed in a temple-like summer-house on the lawn. All is gaiety and sociality, seasoned apparently with that childlike good-humour which marks the German character. Pressing unheeded through the busy throng, we ascend the broad steps of the portico, and enter the grand central salle of the Conversation House.

The serious business of the day-constituting the
real or ostensible plea for remaining at the place-is
that of drinking the waters, which commences as
early as five o'clock every morning, and lasts till seven
or eight, after which the fountain-room is compara-
tively deserted, and during the forenoon, all are off on
excursions among the neighbouring hills and valleys,
or lounging in or about the Conversation House, a kind
of prototype of the Kursaal of Wiesbaden. The
springs, thirteen in number, rise in the higher part of
the town, from nooks and crevices of the rocky knoll
which is capped by the New Schloss, and are of a sur-
prising degree of heat. The chief one, called the Ur-
sprung, or original spring, gushes out at a temperature
of 54 degrees Reaumur, or 153 degrees of our Fahren-
heit thermometer, and is therefore too hot to be imme-
diately drunk or bathed in: being conducted from the
old Roman vault in which it rises to a fountain-room
adjacent, it is there distributed gratuitously to all
who are pleased to bring their own drinking vessels,
the greater part, however, escaping in pipes to hotels
or other quarters of the town beneath. The quantity
ejected by the spring is enormous. For two thousand
years, which is as far back as any thing is known of
the place, there have been thrown up, by the Ur-
sprung alone, at the rate of three millions of cubic
inches of water every twenty-four hours, and always,
night or day, of exactly the same steaming heat and
the same taste and composition. According to the
analysis of Dr Kolruter, quoted by Granville, a pint of
water, weighing 7392 grains, contains 23 3-20ths grains
of solid matter, the principal ingredient of which is
common sea-salt, there being not less than sixteen
grains of that substance present. Next in import-
ance are the sulphate, muriate, and carbonate of lime,
which altogether amount to six and a half grains.
The remainder consists of a small portion of magnesia
and traces of iron, with about half a cubic inch of car-
bonic acid gas in addition. The taste is any thing but
agreeable.

In consequence, then, of all the inmates of the house dining together at a set hour, the expense of supplying food must be materially lessened; but a far greater saving is effected by the mode of cooking. I am now quite a convert to the artistic plan of the French cuisine the plan of making much out of little, or of making a little go far. We think it all right and proper in England to set down a joint of ten pounds of roast beef, besides other dishes, to a company of six

The duties of the day being performed, either by drinking two or three tumblers of the water or by

It is dusk. The lamps have just been lit, and our eyes are dazzled with the blaze of gorgeous chandeliers, reflected from mirrors and gilded columns, and the scarcely less brilliant walls and ceiling. The floor, of smooth hard-wood, is a vast open expanse, on which are promenading persons from nearly all quarters of Europe-the young Frenchman, whose mind takes in but two permanent ideas, the cut of his beard and the shape of his trouser-straps; the tall, light-haired Prussian, distinguished by his yellow mustache and the order at his button-hole; the respectable man and wife, who have come up from Brabant on a pretence of seeking health, and are wondering at finding them