marshal Suwarrow, and with the inconvenience which thence refulted to Mallena, he was delivered from all apprehenfion of an eruption beyond the Rhine, on the part of the French, and refolved to carry the war again into the canton of Zurich, with the intention of making a diverfion, at leaft, in favour of the Ruffian general, and thus to enable him either to derive advantage from his first fucceffes, or to fecure his retreat into the Grifon country. This diverfion, however, fo much wished for by Suwarrow, and rendered neceflary by circumflances, was refolved on too late. The field-marshal was already in the valley of the Rhine, and Maffena already returned with his troops into the canton of Zurich.

The Ruffian army, under prince Korfakow, after the retreat from Zurich, took a pofition extending from Eglifau to Conftance. On the fixth of October, the French, in force, came to reconnoitre, and retired in the evening; but, as fuppofed, not far, and therefore an immediate attack was expected. General Korfakow the next morning croffed the Rhine, to feek the enemy, and found him ftrongly pofted. Notwithstanding fuch a fituation, the general of the Ruffians attacked him immediately, with the greatest intrepidity, and with fixed bayonets. The French fled to the woods, by which their right was covered, and endeavoured to take a fresh pofition, from which they were likewife driven, as they were from a third, which was nearly more unfortunate than the two others.

Two of their battalions had thrown down their arms, and were on the point of furrendering, when their cavalry,

and a large body of infantry, headed by Maffena, in perfon, came up and faved them. It being no longer prudent to continue the engagement 'against a force now become greatly fuperior, and which might be ftill farther reinforced, general Korfakow withdrew his corps, and arrived in his camp at fix in the evening. At the fame time, the French attacked the town of Conftance, where the prince of Condé was stationed with his troops, amounting to 4 or 5,000. The prince being too weak in numbers to oppofe the enemy, and defend the town, after fome unfuccefsful efforts, was obliged to retreat; and finding the town in poffeffion of the enemy, and no other, means of bringing off his troops, was forced up the meafure of fighting his way through the fireets; in the execution of which defperate meafure, his corps difplayed the greatest gallantry, particularly the grenadiers of Bourbon. The prince

encamped on the other fide of the lake, and on the ninth fixed his head-quarters at Stachingen, near Stock-ach. It may be expected, that fomething fhall be faid with regard to the lofs of men, on both fides, in Switzerland, from the twenty-fifth of September to the ninth of October. According to the moft ingenious and accurate computation, it appears, that the void occafioned in the ranks of the allies, in the course of three weeks, was about 15,000 men; and that the lofs of the French, in the fame period, did not exceed 9,000.

The pofition taken by the two Ruffian armies, behind the lake of Conftance, obliged prince Charles to put his troops in motion. He reinforced generals Lineken, Ant

emberg

emberg, and Jellacheik, in the Voralberg, and the the country of the Grifons. Several companies of chaffeurs were formed of the inhabitants of that district, and many more of thofe of the Tyrol. Thefe meafures, together with the fealon, put the Grifon country out of danger, and enabled prince Charles to employ his forces in Franconia and Suabia, till he should receive the new regiments, which were haftening to him, out of Auftria and Bohemia. After refting his army two or three days in the environs of Thur, marthal Suwarrow proceeded on his route to operate with the other Ruffian army on the banks of the lake of Conftance: a junction which he had hoped to form on the Reufs. On the thirteenth, he arrived at Fieldkirk, and on the fixteenth at Lindau, where he was joined, on the eighteenth, by general Korfakow's corps, which had re-afcended the Rhine, and been fucceeded on that river by the army of the archduke. The two Ruffian armies, united, formed one of about 25,000 effective men, the remains of 70, nominally, who, in the course of the campaign, had been fent into Italy and Switzerland, but who, in fact, amounted to no more than 50,000 in the field. Marshall Suwarrow, and general Korfakow, had nearly the fame number of men under their command: and the former, during more than fix months of the most active and eventful campaign, loft no greater number in killed, and not near fo many prifoners, as general Korfakow loft in the pace of fifteen days. The first has enjoyed the honour of victory; the fecond has fuffered the difgrace of defeat. VOL. XLI.

Such is the difference refulting from the choice of generals, and fuch the importance of that choice!

A few

Marthal Suwarrow, who had his head-quarters at Lindau till the thirtieth, without having had an interview with prince Charles, quitted the banks of the lake of Conftance, with his whole army, and that of the prince of Condé, and marched towards Augfburg, where he arrived on the eighth of November, with all his staff, and fixed his head-quarters. days afterwards, he received orders from Petersburgh, to re-conduct his army into the ftates of his fovereign; and these orders he put in execution about the end of the month. The Ruffian troops traverfed Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate. Fresh orders ftopped them on the frontiers of Bohemia: and marthal Suwarrow placed his head-quarters at Prague, from whence he continued his march towards Ruffia fome time thereafter.

The French, ever fince the retaking of Manheim, by the Auftrians, had kept on the defenfive, guarding, with attention, the left bank of the Rhine. But general Ney, at this time commanding the army of the Rhine, had no fooner learnt the victories of Massena, and the departure of the archduke, than he thought of again refuming the offenfive. His army amounted to about 25,000 men, and fome re inforcements were on their march to join it. On the morning of the fourth of October, the French, fetting off, in force, from Mentz, advanced rapidly on the route towards Frankfort, which they entered, and on which they attempted to levy, as they had done but lately, a fevere contribution.

[T]

But

this

this was redeemed by the magiftrates, at the expenfe of only a few hundreds of louis. Having made themselves mafters of Manheim, between the Maine and the Lahn, they proceeded in their career, and drove the imperial troops from Manheim and Heidelberg, to the Enz. Towards the end of October, the archduke found himself in a fituation attacked in the Palatinate and in Franconia, and threatened in the Grifon country and Suabia: he faw the Ruffians abandoning the theatre of war. The two armies oppofite to him confifted of more than 100,000 men, and he had himself fcarcely 70,000 to line the banks of the Rhine, from its fource as far as Kehl, to defend Suabia, and fupport the armed peafants, who covered Franconia.

In these critical circumftances, the pofts of the archduke were fo well chofen, that on whatever points the enemy might wish to pafs the Rhine, a large body of troops might immediately unite against them. The archduke, who overlooked the whole from his excellent central pofition at Donawee Schwingen, was enabled to fend fome reinforcements to the Neckar, which arrived there on the laft days of October. On the tenth of that month he addreffed a proclamation to the ftates and inhabitants of the German empire, recapitulating the efforts made, and the expenfes incurred by the emperor, for the defence of the former, and renewing his folicitations for

the arming of the contingents, and the payments of the Roman months. It was alfo about this period that the declaration of the emperor of Ruffia to the members of the Germanic empire, (alluded to in our fifth chapter, and to be found among the State Papers in this volume), was prefented to the diet of Ratisbon. * The folicitations of the two emperors had no effect on the principal powers of Germany. Prufia, Saxony, and all the north, perfifted in their nutrality, and in the treaties by which this was guaranteed to them by France. The fouth, more threatened with danger, not being included within the line of demarcation, and in fome. meafure dependent Auftria, made fome efforts. The elector of Bavaria contributed net only his contingent, but all the troops he had in the Palatinate: the duke of Wurtemberg about 2,500: the circle of Suabia refolved on the future armament of 10,000 men. Wurtzburg and Bamberg thought alfo of contributing to the defence of Franconia, and formed fome companies of peafants.

on

The imperialifts and the French, at the end of October, were opposed to each other on the banks of the Maine, the Neckar, the Enz, and the Rhine. The object of the French was to cover the fiege of Philipfburgh, which they bombarded, and hoped to carry, by the weight of their fire: that of the Auftrians was to raise it, and, at all events, to fhelter the duchy of Wurtemberg. The Auftrians, be

ing reinforced on the third and following days of November, compelled them to withdraw into the angle formed by the Neckar and the Rhine, and raise the blockade of Philipfburgh. This fortrefs, ftill refolutely defended by the heroic rhingrave, of Salm, was again attacked and again relieved; and the French, under the command of

Lecourbe, forced to retire to Man heim. The French general proposed an armiftice, which was accepted, on condition that it should be ratified by the archduke, whô, for the best military reasons, refused to do it. The French were there fore obliged to evacuate Manheim and Neckerrau, and completely to re-pass the Rhine.

CHAP