addi proach, it had received every tional ftrength the moft able engineers could poffibly fuggeft to render it impregnable. In addition to all this, the French had furnished it with every neceffary means for defence, and had added fome new works. This was now the only strong place remaining in Italy, in which the French republicans had a garrifon. The French having evacuated the citadal of Mondovi by night, retreated to Vico and Ormica, purfued by general Bellegarde. The ftrong fortress of Coni, one of the ftrongeft in Europe, and the only one which remained in poffeffion of the French, in Italy, furrendered to the Auftrian arms, on the third of December. The garrifon, to the number of three thou fand, were made prifoners of war, and conducted to the imperial ftates. The trenches before Coni were opened, on the twenty-fixth of No vember, from which time to its fürrender the fiege was conducted by prince Lichtenftein. On the eleventh of November, the city of Ancona capitulated. It was befieged not only by Auftrians and Ruffians, but alfo by English and Turks. The traits to which the garrifon and inhabitants, the latter, to the number of twenty-four thoufand, were driven, by the fiege of this place, which was begun to be bombarded on the third of September, are scarcely to be conceived, and do not admit of defcription. Its obftinate defence must be confidered as the natural confequence of its having been the place of refuge reforted to by a number of traitors to their country. The garrifon, confifting of Jews and the jacobins of Lombardy, were made prifoners of war. The republican commander, Garnier, who, it feems, muft have been exchanged as a prifoner of war, obtained the condition of furrendering to the Auftrians only; a circumftance of great moment to him, as the befieging army confifted of troops of different nations. In the garrifon was found a confiderable quan tity of artillery and warlike ftores. The important pofts of Foffano and Savigliano, after having been taken by the French republicans, were at length re-taken by the Auftians, under general Melas. The fituation of the Auftrians had, before that event, been daily improving in other parts of Italy. They had, among other advantages, obtained poffeffion of the important pofts in the valley of Stura. Mondovi, Ceva, and Serravalle, had been furrendered to the Auftrians; and there remained, in all Italy, only Genoa and its fmall territory, in the poffeffion of the French, at the clofe of the year 1799. A statement may be expected of the lofs fuftained, on both fides, in this eventful and bloody campaign, It is not pretended, on this fubject, to prefent an arithmetical certainty, which no perfon could obtain; not even thofe at the head of armies, The lofs of the allies, in killed and wounded, has been ftated, by the most competent judges, at thirty thoufand killed and wounded, and ten thoufand in prifoners: that of the French, in the first refpećt, at forty-five thoufand, and at thirty five thoufand in the fecond. In this campaign, the road to victory was opened by general Kray, at the battles of Legnago and Magnan: and it was purfued with decifion, energy, and advantage, by field-marthal Suwarrow. ftamped upon it the double influence He of of his own energetic character, and the fincere views of his fovereign, which pointed directly to their cbject. It is, at leaft, doubtful whether a general, more dependent on the Aulic council of Vienna, would have dared to undertake, or would even had permiflion to accomplish fo much. It is not probub that Auftrian prudence would have allowed him to march to Turin, before Mantua had been reduced; and to befiege or blockade thofe two places, at the fame time, with thofe of Alexandria and Tortona. As he had, fortunately, a glorious and fuccefsful predeceffor in general Kray, fo had no inglorious or unfuccefsful fucceffor in general Melas. And the merit of all three was proved and illuftrated by the talents of fuch antagonist commanders as general Moreau and general Macdonald. On a general review of the campaign, it is evident, that the advantage, on the whole, was pretty equally balanced. The Auftrians, at the clofe of the year, and alfo of the campaign, occupied all the paffes in the mountains, which feparate France from Italy. The expulfion of the French from this laft country was a great atchieve ment; the importance of which is not to be measured by its diminifhing the fources, and contracting the boundaries of the French domination, but by the opening of the ports of Italy to navigation, commerce, and the water-carriage of troops and military flores,' and the clafticity that it must give to the minds of the Italians, and other nations. On the other hand, the French kept poffeffion of the whole left bank of the Rhine, from its fource to where it falls through different channels into the ocean; and, at either extremity of this natural line of defence, a fortrefs of equal ftrength, though of oppofite na tures, the moraffes, lakes, and canals of Holland, and the mountains of Switzerland. Thefe two countries formed two great baftions for the defence of the eastern frontier of France: the Rhine was extended between them as a curtain. Of Switzerland, it is very probable that the allies might have obtained poffeflion, if the archduke had remained with his great force to cooperate with Suwarrow, who counted on his co-operation. And although a French army might have over-run a part of the empire and hereditary dominions, for a time, they could not have kept permanent or long poffeffion, under the debility of dilatation, and the general hoftility of the countries invaded on the one hand; and a mighty combined army in poffeffion of fuch a garrifon as the Alps, fupported by fuch a granary as Italy, and the country of the Grifons on the other. While thefe operations were going on at land, a Ruffian fquadron, of four fhips of the line and fome frigates, under the command of admiral Mackaroff, leaving Sheerness, about the middle of May, failed for the Mediterranean, where he cooperated, in the efforts above related, with the allies. The ports, on the fhores of Holland, France, and Spain, were blocked up by the fleets of the English. Yet the French fleet, infulting, as it were, their vaft naval fuperiority, and all their combinations, after having efcaped from Breft, where it had been long confined, paffed the fraits of Gibraltar, touched at Toulon, threw fome reinforcements and and provifions into Genoa, fhewed itlelf, for fome little time, on the coafts of Tufcany, and had again the good fortune to return by the fame road, and, on the twenty-firft of July, to enter fafely into the port of Breft, taking with it the Spanish fleet, which had joined it off Cadiz, the whole amounting to forty-feven fail of the line. This expedition had an impofing and promifing af pect; and no doubt was entertained in France, but it would end in fome atchievement splendid and decifive. The general mortification was in proportion to the general expectation. And the expenditure of fo many millions on fo vain and fruitless a fhew afforded a new proof of the extravagance and folly of the directory. С НА Р. his army, which, being thirty thoufand ftrong, was equal, in numbers, to that of the allies. This battle, or courfe of battles, terminated to the advantage of marthal Suwarrow. General Macdonald, after lofing more than a third of his army, returned to the fame fpots to which he had fet out. The lofs of the allies, in killed and wounded, was little lefs than that of the enemy. Marthal Suwarrow haftened back, marching his army towards Alexandria, to go to meet Moreau, who had pafled the Appenines, raifed the blockade of Tortona, and forced general Bellegarde to retreat behind the Bormida. Moreau, on the approach of the Ruffian commander, retired to Genoa. formably to the capitulation, the garrifon, two thousand seven hundred men, was conducted, on the twenty-fecond, to the frontiers of France, after laying down its arms on the glacis, and giving its parole not to ferve, till exchanged, against the emperor ofGermany and hisallies. About the end of June, the junction of general Bellegarde's corps, the co-operation of general Haddick, in the valley of Aouft and the Novarefe, and the arrival of a fresh body of eleven thoufand Ruffians on the Brenta, put marfhal Suwarrow in a state to oppofe ninety thoufand men to the fixty thousand of the French, who were, exclufive of the garrifons of Mantua, Tortona, and Alexandria, garrifons which amounted fcarcely to fifteen thou fand men. The advantage, which marhal Suwarrow fought now to derive from his fucceffes, was re of reconquering Tufeany, and taking the three ftrong places juft mentioned. It had been with extreme reluctance that the fubjects of the grand duke of Tufcany, attached to their fovereign, and his mild and equitable adminiftration, fubmitted to the French yoke. As foon as Macdonald had removed himfelt from the Appenines, many thoufands of the inhabitants of the province of Arezzo, encouraged and directed by Mr. Windham, the en An event, highly advantageous to the allies, which happened at the fame time with the victories of the Trebbia, completed their triumph, and juftified the hazardous and fin-duced to two principal objects, that gular plan for the campaign, adopted by the chief commander. The ne-, ceflary preparations retarded the opening of the trenches, before Turin, till the twolf, when they were boldly opened at dice hundred paces difiant the covered way. The prior batteries were difinounted; the barracks, maga zines, and a great number of buildings, including general Fiorella's own houfe, were fet on fire; water had penetrated into the calemates, which had been neglected: and anti-repub-voy from England, took up arms in lican difpofitions were manifefied by favour of their fovereign, and foon a part of the garrifon, which was com- amounted to twenty-five thoufand pofed wholly of Swifs and Piedmon-men. At the fame time, a Cifaltefe. All thefe circumftances determined the commandant to capitulate. The capitulation was figued, on the twentieth, at eleven o'clock at night, and the imperialifts were put in poffeffion of the gates. Con pine general, Lahooze, commanding, for France, a corps of Italians, in the march of Ancona, together with his troops, deferted the caufe of the republic, and embraced that of the allies. Uniting with his own different different bands of infurgents, he reduced, under the power of the allies, the province which he had, till then, defended against them, and proceeded to inveft the capital on the fide towards the fea, blockaded, as already mentioned, by a fleet, Turkifh and Ruffian. In thefe circumftances, Macdonald loft no time in contriving his retreat from Tufcany. The troops could retreat by the Reviera di Levante; but, there was no other means of faving the artillery, the baggage, and the numerous chefts filled with the fpoil of Italy, than to fend them by fea; a refource which the continual cruizing of fome English men of war, on the coafts of Tufcany, rendered extremely hazardous. But, as it was the only refource which re, 'mained, Macdonald sent all the artillery, baggage, and republican property, which he could collect, to be tranfported to Leghorn. Only a fmall part of this could be embarked on board an American veffel, in which many officers of the ftaff, took their paffage, as well as the civil agents of the republic. The veffel fet fail on the ninth, and fell, almoft in going out of port, into the hands of the English. On the fame day, the allies made a more important acquifition, which was that of Urbino, the garrifon of which, after fuftaining a fire of fome hours, capitulated, and obtained permiffion to return into France, on condition of not ferving, for fix months, against the allies. The preparations of the French for retreat, in all parts of Tufcany, encouraged more and more the infurrection of the inhabitants. Thofe of Florence broke out on the fifth of July, cut down the trees of liberty, and deftroyed all the other marks of their fubjec tion. The republican garrifon withdrew into the forts, which it quitted the next morning, in order to retreat towards Leghorn. This place it alfo evacuated on capitulation. After the evacuation of Florence, the infurgents of Arezzo, fupported by the imperalifts, and joined on the road by almost all the inhabitants of the country, marched to-wards the coaft, approached in large bodies the places which the French ftill occupied, and prepared to drive them thence by main force. This was unneceffary; for Macdonald, whofe retreat, by the Corniche, was by this time rendered fafe, and in a good meature already effected, gave orders, on the feventeenth, for the evacuation, not only of Leghorn, on conditions, but the whole of Tufcany. While the allies were employed in the deliverance of Tufcany, and thereby precluding the French troops, which fill poffeffed, in the territory of the church of Rome, Civita Vecchia, Perugia, Ancona, and Fano, from all poffibility of retreat, Macdonald, towards the end of July, accomplished that of his own army, reduced now to about 13 or 14,000 men; and, in the environs of Genoa, joined Moreau, in which it was loft. By their re-union, general Moreau had a difpofable force of 40 or 50,000 men, who were fpread from the eastern extremity of the ftate of Genoa, as far as Coni, and occupied, in that line, all the defiles of the Appenines. After the evacuation of Naples, by Macdonald, cardinal Ruffo, at the head of the royalift army, confifting of more than 20,000 men, and fome hundreds of Ruffians, having defeated the republican levies of men, which were oppofed to him, marched a{U 2] gainst |