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in front. The whole fecond line, including the village, was carried. The French cavalry killed many with their fabres, and drove many into the sea. The reft made their escape to the redoubt, which formed the centre of the fecond pofition. This fecond pofition was very ftrong, the redoubt being flanked by a ditch of communication, which fecured the peninfula on the right, as far as the fea. Another ditch of the like kind stretched along on the left, to a fmall diftance from the redoubt. The remaining space was occupied by the enemy ftationed on the fand-hills and in the batteries. In this pofition the enemy had from 8,000 to 9,000 men.

While the French troops halted to take breath, the general-in-chief ordered fome pieces of artillery to be planted in the village, and along the fhore, on the left. A fire was opened on the redoubt, and the right of the Turks. The French cavalry, on the right of their line attacked the enemy's left, which it repeatedly charged with great impetuofity, cutting down, or driving into the fea, all who came in their way. But they could not penetrate beyond the redoubt without being put between its fire and that of the gun-boats. Hurried by their bravery into this terrible defile, they fell back at each charge, and the Turks made a ftand with fresh forces on the dead bodies of their companions. A reinforcement was fent of infantry. The Turks at this inftant made a fally. The heads of the hoftile columns fought body to body. The Turks endeavoured, by their fuperiority of bodily ftrength, to wreft the bayonets from the French; they flung their mufkets behind them, and fought with their

fabres and piflols: for every Turk carries a mufket, two piftols in his girdle, and a fabre. A French regiment at length reached the entrenchment: but the fire from the redoubt, which every where flanked the entrenchments, where the enemy again retired, checked the columns. The Turks, notwithstanding the dreadful fire from the vil lage, darted from their entrenchments, to cut off the heads of the dead and wounded, that they might receive the rewards which the Turkish government beftows for the encouragement of this barbarous cuftom. Another corps of the French was fent to advance, for the fupport of their friends, on the Turks. They leaped on the parapet, and were foon within the redoubt. Another party of the French rufhed forward upon the Turks at the charging ftép. General Murat, who commanded the advanced guard of the French, and who followed and fupported every movement of his countrymen, and whofe coolnefs on this day could be equalled only by his military talents and virtues, feized the moment. when the redoubt was attacked, to order a corps of infantry to charge, and reverfe all the Turkish pofitions, as far as the ditch of the fort of Aboukir. This movement was executed with fo much impetuofity, and fo opportunely, that, at the moment the redoubt was forced, this column had already reached its destination, and entirely cut off the retreat of the Turks to the fort of Aboukir. Confufed and terrified, they now found every where only the bayonet and death. The cavalry cut them down with their fabres. They believed that they had now no refourfe left but to fly

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to the fea; into which fix or feven thoufand precipitated themfelves in total defpair. Muftapha Bafhaw, commander-in-chief, as above mentioned, of the Turkish army, was taken, with about 200 Turks: 2000 men lay on the field of battle. All the tents, the equipage, and 20 pieces of cannon, (two of which were English, having been prefented by the court of London to the grand feignior), fell into the hands of the French. The English gunboats faved themfelves by flight. It was computed, that about 10,000 Turks were drowned. The fort of Aboukir ceafed to fire: the garrison was ftruck with terror.

A flag of truce was foon followed by the furrender of the fort of Aboukir. Buonaparte, foreseeing the certainty of this, retired, even before it took place, to Alexandria. At this place he iffued the following declarations, which it may not be improper here to record: whether Buonaparte fincerely believed what he gave out, or meant, by affecting to believe it, to practife on the fentiments and paffions of his adherents, and thereby render them more docile and paffive inftruments of his future fchemes of operation and ambition. Scarcely any thing that is done or faid by fuch a man, is unworthy of a place in the record of the times; and it would be wholly unworthy of a British chronicler, whofe countrymen oppofe, with fo great fuccefs, fuch a front, to all that can poffibly be oppofed to them, to conceal or fhade the egregious merit of fo illuftrious an adverfary.

The first of these declarations is

dated, Army of the East, general orders, July 27.

"The general-in-chief, wifhing to give a mark of his approbation to the brigade of cavalry of general Murat, which covered itself with glory at the battle of Aboukir, orders the commandant of artillery to fend to the brigade the two English pieces of cannon, which had been fent by the court of London, as a prefent to Conftantinople, and which were taken in that battle.

"On each cannon there fhall be engraven the names of the three regiments compofing that brigade, as well as the name of general Murat, and that of adjutant-general Roire; there fhall be written round the touch-hole Battle of Aboukir.'

The fecond declaration is dated, general orders, Auguft 1ft, Buonaparte, general-in-chief.

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The name of Aboukir was fatal to all Frenchmen. The 25th of July has rendered it glorious. The victory which the army has gained accelerates its return to Europe.

"We have conquered Mentz, and the limits of the Rhine, by invading a part of Germany. We have now reconquered our establishments in India, and those of our allies, by a fingle operation. We have put into the hands of government the power to force England, notwithstanding its maritime triumphs, to a peace glorious for the republic.

"We have fuffered much: we. have had to fight enemies of every kind: we have them fill to conquer: but, at length, the refult will be worthy of you, and we fhall merit the thanks of our country."

The account we have given of the battle of Aboukir, and the march of the French to that place,

is extracted from the copious Journal of the Proceedings of Buonaparte, published in the name of Berthier, but drawn up, or for the most part we fhould fuppofe dictated, by Buonaparte himself; a fuppofition which derives additional probability from this circumftance, that we meet with many phrafes and modes of expreffion, which appear prominent in the manifeftoes and letters of Buonaparte. The very fhort abridgement or abftract we have given of that Journal, is calculated on fuch a scale as might be intelligible to ordinary readers, not much converfant with military tactics. We prefume that the military reader will derive, from a perufal of that Journal, both amufement and inftruction. Every movement is defcribed with an exactnefs which, to most readers would be dry and tedious. But that Journal feems to have another object, befides that of recording and juftifying the commander-in-chief. Every corps, every individual of every rank that eminently diftinguifhed himself, is mentioned with warm applause; and thus the love of fame. is inflamed by the certainty of juftice being done to merit, by an accurate and faithful record.

In the midst of all Buonaparte's cares and efforts for eftablishing the military power and political authority of the French republic in Egypt, he was not inattentive, but kept a vigilant eye on the great interefts of the republic of letters and fcience: to which univerfal republic. with a just taste of glory, he appears to have been equally anxious to approve his conduct on the whole, as either to the French ration, or the rulers of the French den.ccrecy

While the French generals were bufied in quelling tumults and infurrections, erecting fortifications, and preventing or repelling hoftile invafions, Buonaparte formed a commercial company at Cairo, as well as a library and an inftitution, on the plan of France, for promoting arts, fciences, and philofophy. The learned men, whom he took with him to Egypt, were employed in determining latitudes, examining the ftate, and taking furveys of canals and lakes; in repairing canals; in examining and defcribing plants and animals; in mineralogic refearches; and, what is nearly con-. nected with thefe, chymical experiments; in making obfervations geological, nofological, and meteorological; in drawing plans of towns, edifices, and various monuments of antiquity; in improving agriculture; in erecting a chymical laboratory, founderies, wind-mills, and other useful works. Early in December, 1798, a detachment of 1,500 men, with two pieces of cannon, under the command of general Bon, took poffeffion of Suez. Thither Buonaparte went himself, on the 22d of December, accompanied by feveral officers, and men of feience and learning, and escorted by a corps of cavalry. Having forded the red-fea at low water, he visited the fountains of Mofes, about ten leagues and a half from Suez, in Afia. Five fources contribute to form thefe fountains, which fend up to the top little monticules of fand The water is very good, but fomewhat brackish; you difcover in them the veftiges of a small modern acqueduct, which conducted the water to cifterns on the borders of the fea, from whence it was taken

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to fupply hips. Thefe fountains are at the distance of three quarters of a league from the fea.

In the evening he returned to Suez, but the fea was high. His guide loft him in the marshes, from which he extricated himfelf with difficulty, being up to the middle in

water.

Suez, if its magazines be confidered, appears to have been the entrepot of a very confiderable commerce. Barges only can come into the port; but a point of fand that runs out a league into the fea, and which is uncovered at low water, and near which frigates can lie at anchor, furnished every poffible means for erection of a battery, that might protect the fhipping at anchor, and defend the coaft. At Suez, the Arabs of Top came and folicited the friendship of the French, and obtained it. Here alfo Buonaparte received a deputation of the monks of Mount Sinai. The pious Cenobites brought him the humble offer ing of the fruits of their mountain, and presented to him the charter of toleration given originally, and figned by Mahomet, requesting alfo the protection of the new conquerors: and Mahomet's charter was counter. figned by Buonaparte.

He took a very detailed furvey of the town and adjacent coafts, and ordered the conftruction of certain works for the defence of this important poft. For the encouragement of commerce, he lowered the duties paid to the Bafhaws and Mammalukes, and for carriage of goods established regular caravans from Suez to Cairo and Belbeis. During his ftay of two days at Sucz

there arrived four veffels. He then fet out, and failing along the coaft to the north, he discovered, at the diftance of two leagues and a half from Suez, the remains of the entrance of the canal of Suez; which he purfued the length of four leagues. In four days he arrived at Honareb, where the remains of the canal of Suez are discoverable at its entrance on the cultivated and watered lands of Egypt.

He purfued the line of the canal the length of feveral leagues, and ordered citizen Peyre, an engineer, to go to Suez, and to return with a fufficient efcort, to take a geometrical furvey of the courfe of the canal, by means of which operation was refolved the problem of the existence of one of the greatest and moft ufeful works in the world.

It fhould not be omitted, under the head of Buonaparte's care for the republic of letters, to mention, that he eftablished a newspaper at Cairo, of which Coftaz was the editor, under the title of the Courier of Egypt. He alfo fet feveral of his learned men and philofophers to work upon an almanack, containing, five calendars, the republican calendar, and the calendars of the Romih, Greek, Copht, and Mahometan churches. In tine, it may be obferved of Buonaparte, and it is, perhaps, what moft happily dif tinguifhes his character, that there never was any general, ancient or modern, if we ought not to except Alexander the Great, who fo happily united the progrels of arms with the advancement of science.

CHAP.

CHA P. IV.

Object of the French Expedition to Egypt.-Connection between France and the Sultaun of Myfore, in India.-Letter from Buonaparte to Tippoo Sultaun. -Hoftilities against the British, in India, concerted between the French Government and Tippoo.-Embasy from Tippoo Sultaun to Zemaun Shah, King of Cabul.-The Kingdoms of Candahar and Cabul defcribed.-Curious Inftructions of Tippoo to his Ambaffadors.-Plans for hoftile Co-operation between Tippoo Sultaun and Zemaun Shah, against the English.-Letter from Tippoo to Zemaun.-Zemaun's Anfwer-According with the Wishes of Tippoo.-The Invasion of India concerted between thofe two Princes, prevented by the Vigilance and political Address of the Government of Bombay. -British Army assembled on the Coast of Coromandel.-Letter from Tippoo Sultaun to Lord Mornington.-Junction between the Nizam's Army and that of Madras.-This united Army marches against Seringapatam on one Hand.-While the Malabar Army advances towards it on the other.Engagement between the Malabar Army and that of Tippoo Suliaun.— Junction between the Bombay or Malabar and the main Army.-Tippoo abandons the open Country, and takes Refuge in the Fortress of Sering apatam.-Seringapatam taken by Storm.-Tippoo flain.-Diftinguishing Features of the House of Hyder. Acquifions obtained by the Arts of Peace, contrasted with the Conquests obtained by War.-Profperity of the British Settlement on Prince of Wales's Ifland.—The Magnitude, and the Prospects prefented by its natural Advantages.

HE grand object of the expe

was no other than what was uniformly avowed and declared, to give a blow to the maritime greatnefs and commerce of England: and, among the various meafures purfued or fuggefted for this end, none feemed more effectual to the French, for the execution of their plans, than the formation of alliances with the native powers of India. One of the moft powerful princes of that peninfula, needed not any excitement, but an opportunity only of joining in any confederacy that fhould yield a hope of re

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his ranckling and implacable vengeance against the English. That prince was Tippoo Sultaun,, of whofe proceedings against the British, and habits of connection with France, the readers of our former volumes want not to be informed.

The letter which was fent to Tippoo, by Buonaparte, after he had gained a footing in Egypt, and which has already been incidentally noticed, is as follows: " Buonaparte to the most magnificent Tippoo Sultaun, our greatest friend. You

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