would then be leaft prepared for making opposition. At one o'clock, the troops moved from the trenches, crofled the rocky bed of the Cavery, under an extremely heavy fire, paffed the glacis and ditch, and afcended the breaches in the fauffe-brdye and rampart of the fort, furmounting, in the moft gallant manner, every obftacle in their way, and were completely fuccefsful. nently diftinguished from all the families, or dynafties, that have ever appeared, in fuch quick fucceflion, in Hindoftan, by a more extenfive adoption, cultivation, and application, of European arts and arms, than had been known béfore in the dominions of any native power in Afia. Thofe who are fond of parallels between illuftrious characters, may find many points of refemblance between Tippoo, the fon of Hyder, and Hannibal, the fon of Hamilear; both, at once fubtle and falfe, yet brave; both, ftudious of the know Refiftance continued to be made, from the palace of Tippoo, for fome time after all firing had ceafed from the works. Two of his fons were there, who, however, on the aflu-ledge of their times; both trained up rance of fafety, furrendered to the troops furrounding them; and guards were placed, for the protection of the family, moft of whom were in the palace. It was foon after reported, that Tippoo Sultaun had fallen. Several other chiefs were alfo flain. Measures were immediately adopted, to ftop the confufion, at firft unavoidable, in a crowded city taken by affault. The princes were removed to camp. Immediately, fearch was made for the fultaun's body, which, after much difficulty, was found, late in the evening, at one of the gates, under a heap of flain, and foon after placed in the palace. The corpfe was, the next day, recognized by his family, and interred, with all the honours due to his rank, in the maufoleum of his father. Thus, after a fhort, but brilliant career, fell the houfe, or dynafty, of Hyder. It was noble, in proportion to the lownefs of its origin (for Hyder Naig was at first only n private in the Myforean fervice), fplendid in its progrefs, and not inglorious in its fall. It is emi by their fathers in hoftility to the firft power of the age; both exciting the vengeance of all nations against that power; and, in this career, taking a wider range than that which ufually bounded the views of even ambitious and conquering princes: Hannibal, extending his intrigues from the Pillars of Hercules to the Red Sea; Tippco Saib, from the nations to the caft of Caucafas, not only to Conftantinople, and other feats of power on the Mediterranean, but even to Paris. It would feem that indignation and refentment, against overbearing power and ambition, is, in the loftieft minds, the livelieft paffion. It was, probably, by fuch feelings, more than a calm confideration of the general welfare of the United Provinces, and of Europe, that the great king William III.. was animated to fuch myincible and heroic oppofition to the ambition of Louis XIV: of France. It is unneceflary to obferve, that, notwithstanding all these refemblances, there was no comparifon between the abilities of Tippoo, who was guided more by paffion than found judgement, judgement, and the renowned Carthaginian. On the reduction of Seringapatam, and the excition of Tippoo, lord Mornington refolved to make fach arrangements as might eftablith the British influence and authority in the fubdued country.Commiffioners, appointed on the part of the company, and alfo in kehalf of the nizam, on the twentyfourth of June, promulgated a fcheme of partition and fettlement. The capital, with its fortrefs, and the island in which it is fituated, with fome extenfive diftricts, including Mangalore, and a very confiderable extent of fea-coafi, were allotted to the English. A confiderable portion was affigned to the nizam. And a feparate territory was fubjected to the fway of the Mihiffour Maha - Rajah Kifhennai Wuddiar, a defcendant of the ancient rajahs of Myfore, whofe throne had been feized by HyderAli. The clevation of this prince, to the mufnud, took place in due form on the thirtieth of June, a day which the fuperftition of the brachmans had felccted as the moft aufpicious for that purpofe. The fons of Tippoo were taken into the protection, that is, the cuftody, as well as care of the English. But the hoftile defigns and movements of Zemaun Shah, against our fettlements in India, would not have been difcontinued, in confequence of the fall of Tippoo Sultaun, if they had not been repreffed by formidable military preparations, which he did not choose to encoun- · ter. In 1796, he had advanced, with a large army, againit our fettlements, as far as Lahore, when he was called back, by a rebellion, headed by his brother, who, in the absence of Zemaun, grasped at the reins of government. The fatisfaction which a native of Britain derives from a review of this profperous ftate of our affairs in India, hoftile combinations and defigns confounded, territory extended, and revenue increafed, is not, in the liberal and ingenuous mind, altogether unmixed with a painful recollection of the blood they cof, though that of an enemy, and of a princely family overthrown and reduced to a flate of dependence on their enemies. Confiderations of political expediencey do not in every breaft, and at all times, fuperfede moral fentiment. if thofe confiderations alone were of weight, ftill the refentment, jealoufy, and new hoftile combinations, which are fo frequently excited by conquefts, might, perhaps, be deemed worthy of calculation, As a pleafing contraft to advantages gained by force, we thall conclude our chapter, on British India, for 1799, by an account of profperity arifing from a plan con ceived in a fpirit of moderation, juftice, patriotit, and, indeed, univerfal philanthropy. But The prince of Wales's ifland, in the entrance of the flraits of Malacca, is happily fituated for the facilitation and convenience of trade with China, and other places to the eastward of China. It is of no inconfiderable extent, being thirty miles in length, and, on an average, about ten or twelve in breadth. The climate is mild and falubrious; and both climate and foil fitted not only for the production of provifions, but alio of pepper, nutmegs, and other fpices. It is within ten days failing of Madras: to which place, from Ceylon, a veffel cannot work up, against the north-eaft monfoon, in less than fix or feven weeks. The prince of Wales's ifland was acquired, by the government of Bengal, as Pennfylvania was by William Penn, in regular and voluntary ceffion from the king of Cudda, in 1785. The importance of this place, in our poffeffion, has been illuftrated, by the protection which it has afforded to the trade carried on by the merchants in all our different prefidencies in India. From the commencement of the prefent war, few fhips to China, from Bombay, Madras, or Bengal, but have touched at Prince of Wales's ifland, for intelligence; and several have been chaced in by French privateers, into whofe hands they muft inevitably have fallen, if they had not been fo near a British port. Malacca affords no protection whatever to trade, as all the merchant-fhips lie nearly two miles off from the garrifon, and are, confequently, expofed to be cut away from their anchors by the enemy's cruizers. On this account, prince of Wales's ifland has, fince the commencement of the war, been the rendezvous for all the Bombay, Madras, and Bengal fhips trading to China and the eastern iflands, and alfo for the company's fhips going from thofe iflands to China. It is, unquestionably, the beft harbour in India, for veffels of every kind, being, at all feafons of the year, fafe, and eafy of accefs. Since this port was first established, a vessel has never yet been known to drive or drag her anchors. Here, alfo, the whole navy of England could be fupplied with mafts and fpars of all fizes. Admiral Rainier, about two years ago, put three lower mafts, of the wood of this ifland, in the Suffolk, the only feventy-four, it is prefumed, in the British navy, that has lower mafts of a fingle fpar; and they have ftood fo well, for four monfoons, that all the men of war, in those quarters, come here to take them in. The ifland is alfo fo favourably fituated for a naval port, that a fhip difabled in action, on any part of the coaft, during the fouth - weft monfoon, can run here with a fair wind, where he can eafily be refitted; and ftill the fame wind will enable her to cross the bay, and join the fleet or fquadron, if ftationed on any part of the coaft to the north of Ceylon. And for winter-quarters, during the northcaft monfoon, when the fleet cannot longer remain on the coaft, this place holds out many advantages, which give it a decided preference above all others; the climate being extremely favourable to the_fick, and the price of all kinds of provifions extremely reasonable. Here the principal part of what is underftood by the Malay 'trade, now centres. Since the fettlement formed on this ifland, the price of opium has rifen, in Bengal, from two hundred and fifty rupees, per cheft, to feven hundred and eight hundred; and at the fales in November, 1799, • Admiral Penn, who, in conjunction with Venables, had conquered the inland of Jamaica, obtained a promifed grant of Pennfylvania, after the expulfion of the Dutch and Swedes, from Charles II. On the admiral's death, his fon, the celebrated quaker, after much folicitation at court, obtained the performance of it. But, inftead of immediately taking advantage of his patent, he purchased the lands, conveyed in his grant, from the Indians; judging the original property and eldest right to be veited in them. it fold as high as eight hundred and fixty rupees per cheft. This is accounted for by the advanced prices which merchants can afford to give at this mart. The Malay traders, who were formerly fupplied with opium from Bencoolen, Batavia, and a few hips fitted out from Bengal, come now to this place in their own veffels, which they navigate with fpeed and fafety. At Prince of Wales's inland, they not only buy their opium and piecegoods at a lower price, but find a ready market for all the different articles of traffic manufactured, or produced by the earth, in their own countries. The pepper-plantations on this ifland, in the year 1799, produced nine thousand picoles. And there are now twenty thoufand nutmeg trees on the ifland, belonging to the company, and to individuals, though by far the greater number to the latter. The plants look as healthy, and are as ftrong, as any at either Amboy na or Banda. From its pofition, and other natural ad vantages, it promifes, in time, to be one of the chief emporiums of India, and to compenfate to Great Britain for any ceffions that may be made, in that country, for the invaluable bleffing of peace, to France or Holland. On the whole, the fettlement on Prince of Wales's ifland is a ftriking and pleafing proof, how much the profperity of a maritime and commercial nation, by other means than thofe of war, may be happily improved and extended. VOL. XLI. [F] CHAP. CHAP. V. Determination of the Porte to repel the Invafion of Egypt.-Leller from the Grand Seignior to Tippoo Sultaun, on that. Subject.—Tippoo's Answer.— A new Sect of Iflaumitifh Socinians.-Account, by Tippoo Sultaun, of the Christian Domination in India.-Complaints against the English.-Confederacy for exterminating the Chriflian Infidels from India.- Reflections. Hypocritical Conduct of the French towards the Turks. Refentment and fpirited Conduct of the Porte.-Alliance between the Porte and Ruffia. -Change in the Turkish Minifiry.-Memorial of the Porte to all foreign Minifters.-Turkifn Manifefto, addreffed to the British Minifier at Confantinople.-Character of the Turks.-Military Preparations of the Porte. Councils and Views of the Ruffians.—Character and political Conduct of the Ruffian Emperor, Paul.-Treaty between Great Britain and Ruffia.Ruffian Declaration of War against Spain.-The Emperor of Ruffia elected, by the difperfed Knights, Grand Mafter of Malta.-His Munificence to that Order.--New Eftablishment for its Maintenance, at St. Peterf burgh.-A combined Ruffian and Turkish Fleet fails through the Dardanels into the Mediterranean.—And reduces the Venetian Islands on the Western Coast of Turkey in Europe.-IIumane and liberal Conduct of the Conquerors of thefe to their Prifoners of War, HE fympathies and antipathies. the fame effects on the minds of the republic. The grand feignior, in princes against the enemies of Tippoo, endeavoured to unite them in oppofition to the enemies of all fovereigns and religion. The grand feignior, in a letter, dated the twenty-third of Septem-ber, 1798, to Tippoo Sultaun, acquainted him of the invafion of the venerated land of Egypt, by the devoted French, notwithstanding the obfervance of long fubfifting friendship on the part of the Sublime Porte; the ambitious views of that irreligious and turbulent peo ple in Hindoftan; and the deter mination of the Porte to employ the |