With regard to the direction of this corps, and its combined operations with the Pruffian troops, the emperor of Ruffia was to arrange thefe with the king of Pruffia, and the arrangement to be made was to be communicated to his Britannic majefty, in order that, by fuch a concert between the high allies, the military operations against the enemy might be made with the greater fuccefs, and that the object propofed might be the more eafily afcertained. His Britannic majef ty, on his part, engaged to furnish pecuniary fuccours: 225,000l. fterling, for the firft and most urgent expenses; of which 75,000l. was to be paid as foon as the troops fhould have paffed the Ruffian frontier; and that the other two inoieties, of a like fum each, fhould be paid at the expiration of two fucceffive periods, of three months each, thereafter. He agreed allo to furnish to the Ruffian emperor a fubfidy of 75,000l. per month, to be computed from the day on which the corps of troops, above-mentioned, fhould pafs the Ruffian frontiers. This fubfidy was to be paid at the commencement of each month, and, being deftined for the appointments and maintenance of the troops, it was to be continued during the fpace of twelve months, unlefs peace fhould be made fooner, Within that space of time, the contracting parties were to come to an understanding, whether, in cafe the war fhould not be terminated, the fubfidy above-mentioned fhould be continued. The contracting parties engaged not to make either peace or armiftice without including each other but if, through any unforefeen events, his Britannic majefty fhould be under the neceffity of

terminating the war, and thereby of difcontinuing the fubfidy, before the expiration of the twelve months above ftipulated, he engaged, in that cafe, to pay three months advance of the fubfidy agreed on, reckoning from the day on which the information fhould be received by the general commanding the Ruffian troops. In like manner, if any aggreffion on Ruffia fhould take place, by which the emperor fhould be obliged to recall his army into his own dominions, the fubfidy fhould, in fuch cafe, be paid up only to the day on which the army fhould re-enter the territory of Ruffia. This treaty was to be confidered as provifional and its execution not to take place until the king of Pruflia fhould be determined to turn his forces against the common enemy. But, in cafe of his not doing fo, the contracting parties referved to themselves the right and the power to take, for the good of their affairs, and the fuccefs of the falutary end they might have in view, other meatures analogous to the times and circumftances, and to agree then on those which, in fuch a cafe, they fhould judge to be moft neceflary. The emperor of all the Ruffias, nevertheless, in order to give a ftill more ftriking proof of his fincere difpofitions, and of his defire to be, as much as poffible, ufeful to his allies, promifed, even during the courfe of the negociation with his Pruffian majesty and before its termination, to put the corps of forty-five thousand men on fuch a footing that they might be immediately employed wherever, according to a previous concert amongst the allies, the uti lity of the common caufe might require.

The

The zeal of the emperor Paul, in the common caufe of crowned heads, was alfo manifefted in a declaration of war against Spain, in a manifefto, dated the fifteenth of July, 1799; in which, as well as in the manifefto to the German empire, the mind and views of the emperor, at that time, appear to be difplayed unequivocally and with fincerity. "Among the fmall number of European powers (faid be) who, in external appearance, feemed to be attached to the French monarchy, but who, in reality, are only repreffed by the dread of thofe rulers whom God hath abandoned, zone has more evidently betrayed that dread, or that pufillanimous fubmiffion, than Spain: not, indeed, by affording them, hitherto, any effectual fuccours or co-operation, but by the actual preparations which he is now making. Fruitlefs have been all our efforts, and they were as forcible as it was poffible to make, to reconduct that power into the true path of honour and glory, and to unite with us. We declare war against the king of Spain; and we confequently give orders for fequeftrating and confifcating all the Spanish merchant-fhips which are at prefent in our ports; and we likewife charge all our commanders, both by fea and land, to treat as enemies the fubjects of his Spanish majefty, wherever they may meet with them." His imperial majefty, in the fame temper and tone, laid an embargo on the Hamburgh fhips in the Ruffian ports; and, in a menacing attitude, attempted to draw off not only that fmall, yet important, republic, but Sweden, Denmark, and even Pruffia, from their fyftem of neutrality to the fide of coalition.

While his Ruffian majefty exerted his whole authority and influence to rouze a general attack on the French republic, he received into his friendship and protection thofe who had fuffered from its tyranny and oppreffion. To Lewis XVIII. as he was called by his adherents and his court, he gave an asylum in the capital of Courland. He received a number of emigrant French nobles into his military fervice: and, above all, he extended his protection and munificent patronage to the difperfed and ejected knights of Malta. The grand bailiff, the grand crofs, and other diftinguifhed members of this order, affembled at St. Petersburgh, in October, 1798, elected the emperor grand mafter of their order. His majefly, who is faid to have folicited, accepted this dignity, and exercifed its prerogatives, in conferring, with great pomp and folemnity, the order itfelf, as well as its different degrees, titles, and of fices, on various perfons of diftinction. Count Litta, envoy-extraordinary from the pope, and the prince Serra Capriola, envoy from Naples, were honoured with the grand crofs. A new inftitution, under the name of a grand priory, was established at Petersburgh, in favour of the knights of Malta, and endowed with an annual revenue of 216,000 rubles. This was to ferve as a refidence and rallying place for all the knights. The motives, affigned by his imperial majefty for this act of munificence, were a regard to the common caufe of Chriftianity and Christendom, to which the illuftrious knights of Malta had been fo eminently fubfervient, to preferve that order, and to enable them to recover the pof

feffions

twelve ships of the line and fixteen frigates, befides galleys, gun-boats, and tranfports, with twelve thoufand men, failed through the Dardanelles into the Mediterranean. Their firft operation was an attack on the newly-created French departments in the Agean and Adriatic Seas. Cerigo, the ancient Cytherea, an ifland belonging to the Venetians, but ceded to the French by the treaty of Campo- Formio, was taken, after a flight refiftance, on the twelfth of October. Zante and Cephalonia were abandoned by the French on the nineteenth of that month. And from thence, on the fifth of November, they proceeded to blockade the canal of the ifland of Corfu; in the town and fortrefs of which ifland, the works of which, conftructed by the celebrated general Schulenberg, had been kept in excellent order by the Venetians, and lately strengthened by the French, there was a confiderable garrison, and ample stores and provifions. This place was taken, by the united Turkish and Ruffian forces, on the first of March. The town and forts of Corfu, with the artillery, ammunition, ftores, provifions, and all other public effects, were given up to the allied troops. The French garrifon were to be conveyed to Toulon, in veffels furnished by the combined fquadron, and at the expense of the faid fquadron, on their word of honour, not to bear arms, for eighteen months, against his majefty the grand feignior, his majesty the emperor of all the Ruffias, or againft their allies, the king of England, the king of the two Sicilies, and the prefent allies of the two empires. The French general, with the principal officers, and their fa

5

milies, had it in their option, to go either to Toulon or to Ancona. The commanders of the allied fquadron declared, that every individual, of whatever religion or nation, as well as all the inhabitants of the town and ifland of Corfu, fhould be refpected in their perfons and property; that they fhould not be profecuted, molested, or purfued, on account of the political opinions which they might have held, or for their actions, or for the employments which they might have filled under the French government, up to the date of the capitulation. If any of them chofe to depart with all their property, they might do so. The fick, who could not accompany the garrison, were to be treated in the fame manner as the Turks and Ruffians, at the expense of the faid powers, and, alfo, when cured, to be fent to Toulon. The French general was permitted to leave, at Corfu, an officer, with a fum of fix thousand livres, to be expended for the comfort and benefit of his countrymen; and alfo the neceflary number of officers of health, to pre pare drugs, and take care of the fick. The garrifon, the officers, and thofe employed in a civil or military capacity, were to receive, as well on fhore as on board the veffels, the fame number of rations that were allowed to them, according to their rank, in conformity to the French laws, until their debarkation at Toulon or Ancona. The hips of war and tranfports, which fhould be employed in conveying the French either to Toulon or Ancona, were not to make any prizes, either in going or returning; and the commiffary-general engaged, in the name of the French government, to cause the faid veffels to be

refpected

relpected by the French fhips and veffels, and to guarantee their return to Corfu, in like manner as the Turkish and Ruffian admirals refpectively promifed, in the name of their courts, to caufe all the French, comprised in the prefent capitulation, to be conveyed to the destination agreed on. The French general and his ftaff were to have a Ruffian guard of honour, until their embarkation. The French garrifon marched out of all the pofts which they had occupied, with all military honours, at the time and place agreed on, the officers, civil and military, retaining their arms: on which the town and fortrefs of Corfu paffed, of course, into the poffeffion of the allied forces.

In this capitulation, there was nothing of that Afiatic barbarity which the friends of the French revolution affected to apprehend, from the acceffion to the coalition of Turks and Ruffians. It is not poffible that any convention could have been made on fairer terms, with greater regard to juftice, humanity, and the niceft fenfe of honour. In perusing this capitulation, we entertain a momentary wonder, that the horrors of mutual war fhould at all exift between nations capable of thinking and acting fo generoufly as well as juftly: undoubtedly, they would much feldomer take place, were princes and politicians governed in their councils by fimilar fentiments. The wifdom of the capitulation was equal to its humanity. Its modera tion and juftice ftood in direct oppofition and contraft with the domineering and rapacious paffions of the republic, which obliged the conquered states to pafs under the VOL. XLI.

yoke and to wear the chains impofed by the conquerors.

The union of Ruffia with Turkey increafed the power of the latter, not only by an acceffion of force, but much more by re-animating the courage, and infifing new energy into the Ottoman councils and nation. The appearance of the combined Turkish and Ruffian fleet and land - forces, on the western coaft of Turkey in Europe, gave force and effect to ftrict orders, from Conftantinople, to all, the agents of the Turkish government in that quarter, to use the most vigorous means for quashing the intrigues of the French, and repreffing all tendency to rebellion." The bafhaw of Janina, who had fhewn fome fymptoms of difregard to the firmans of the Porte, on fundry occafions, and who had begun, as was believed, to liften to certain overtures from the French, took a decided and active part on the fide of that government which it was his duty to fupport. With the perfidious cunning of a barbarian, he drew the French generals, Rofa and Salcette (though the former, it is faid, had taken for a wife one of his daughters), into a conference with fome of his emiffaries, who pretended a difpofition, on the part of the bafhaw, to go over to the French; during which, they were arrested, with certain other inferior officers who attended them, and kept in confinement. The French, in the different pofts formerly held by the Venetians, which they occupied on the coaft of Dalmatia, were either killed, in cafes of the leaft refiftance, or taken prifoners. This was a more important advantage than the reduction of the [G]

inlands;