league of Turin, in which the enemy had two thoufand five hundred, under general Fiorella, who, refufing at firft to furrender the city, retired into the citadel; from whence he threw into the city fome balls and fhells. But having been given to understand, that if the firing was continued no capitulation would be allowed him, he readily confented to a convention, by which he engaged to fire no more on the town, as the allies did not fire on the citadel from that quarter. The four battalions, which had been left at Milan, with general Latterman, not being fufficient to undertake the fiege of the caftle, marfiral Suwar row commiffioned general count Hohenzollern to go and lay fiege to the caftle of Milan, and gave him fix battalions more for that purpose. On the night, between the twentieth and twenty-firft, the count opened the trenches against the castle of Milan, and, on the twenty-third, the commandant, being fummoned a fecond time, confented to capitulate. The principal conditions were, that the garrifon, confifting of two thoufand two hundred men, fhould return to France, but should not ferve for a year against the two emperors. It was at this time much regretted, that this garrifon, as well as that of Pefchiera and fome others, had not been made prifoners of war, instead of returning to France, where they were made ufe of to maintain the directorial defpotifm, to act against the royalifts of Britanny, and to enable the French rulers to fend troops to the armies, which they would otherwife have been obliged to keep in the interior of France. But the allied generals were defireus of converting be

fieging into difpofeable corps as foon as poffible. The capture of the caftle of Milan did not coft the Auftrians fifty men. The maga zines, which were found here, and at Brefcia, Cremona, Pefchiera, and other places were immenfe, and abundantly fupplied the allied armies. The fpoils of Italy, at leaft thofe of the foil, paft, in part from the hands of the French, into thofe of the imperialists. The citadel of Ferrara alfo was taken by capitula tion: on the twenty-fourth, the garrifon, confifting of one thoufand five hundred and twenty-five men, were fent to France, under the engagement not to ferve for fix months against the allies. Two days after wards, the left wing of the Auftrians extended itself ftill farther. Four companies of Auftrian infantry, having embarked, on the twenty-fourth, at the mouth of the Po, took poffeffion, without obftacle, of Porto Digoro, and, on the twenty-fixth, of Porto primero, where they difembarked, and from whence, fupported by three hundred infurgents of the country, they marched against Ravenna, into the port of which an Auftrian flotilla, had just entered at the fame time. The French and the Italian patriots fhut its gates; but one of them was foon forced, and the garrifon obliged to fly by another towards Lucca. The caps ture of Ferrara and Ravenna com pleted the establishment of the Auf. trians on the Lower Po, gave fupport to their left, and rendered their maritime communications, and the arrival of their tranfports, more easy and more fecure. Thus the Auftrians, confined and threatened as they had been at the end of March, on the line of the Adige, had, in

two

two months, carried their right to the frontiers of France, and their left to the Adriatic fea.

It has already been feen that, at the opening of the campaign, the French were mafters of only a part of the provinces, and of the capital of the kingdom of Naples. Since that time, general Macdonald had been prevented from extending their conquefts by the gradual diminution of his army, which, for fome months, had received no reinforcements, by the armed loyalifts, under cardinal Ruffo, and other inferior leaders; by threats of defcent from the English, Ruffians, and Turks, who cruized on the coafts of both feas; and laftly by the difaftrous news which he received from Upper Italy. He had been obliged to content himself with fecuring the fubmiffion of the capital, with putting the coafts in a state of defence, and completing the reduction of the two provinces of Abruzza and Capi'ana, and of the two principalities; which reduction he had not been able to effect but by burning feveral towns and villages, and putting to the fword fome thoufands of peafants. Such was the fituation of Macdonald, when he received, from the directory, an order to evacuate the kingdom of Naples and join Moreau. According to his inftructions, he depofited all power in the hands of the patriots; leaving, for their fupport, republican corps, raised in the country, and the garrilons of St. Elme, of Capua, and Gaeta, which could eafily communicate and assist one another. Setting out, with all the reft of his troops, he traverfed, in clofe columus, the Romish ftate, of which feveral parts were but imperfectly

fubdued; left there his heavy bag gage, and with a reinforcement of all the troops in that state, except. ing fome fmall garrifons which he left at Rome, Civita Vecchia, Viterbo, Pegia, Ronciglione, and Ancona, he haftened towards Tufcany, the capital of which he reached on the twenty-fourth of May. He found there the divifion of general Gauthier, and established a communication with that of general Montrichard, which was opposed to general Klenau, in the country of Bologna, and in Romagna. The union of all thefe troops, compofed of French, Italians, and Poles, formed an army of about twenty-five thoufand men. With this force, Macdonald had to join Moreau, who was at one hundred and fifty miles diftant, and to overcome the multiplied obftacles, prefented both by the-nature of the country and the enemy. To effect an union with his colleague, he had two roads, on dif ferent fides of the Appenines: the one goes along the Riviera di Po nente and is known under the name of the Corniche: but it could not admit of the paflage of artillery or even of baggage. The fecond road was that between the Appenines and the Po, across the duchies of Modena, Parma, and Placentia. This was the road chofen by the two republican generals, who already had a free and fpeedy intercourfe with one another by the Riviera di Levante, and began to concert their plans and measures. Although Macdonald had resolved to advance between the Appenines and the Po, it was, nevertheless, neceflary that he fhould be master of the road by the Corniche, for it was by this that he was to preserve

his intercourfe with Moreau, and, by toads branching off from this, that he could penetrate into the plain acrofs the mountains. Macdonald, on the twenty-fixth, affembling his troops, on the frontiers of fufcany, proceeded on his march, diflodging the imperialifts from feveral important pofts as he advanced, particularly that of Pontremoli, and, on the thirtieth, had his head-quarters at Lucca. Meanwhile, Moreau advanced half way to meet his colleague; and, leaving only his left wing in the pofition of Coni, arrived with his right across the maritime Alps at Savona, occupying with his centre the upper valley of the Tanaro. Pufhing on a divifion ftill farther, he occupied, with confiderable force, the defile of the Bochetta, and other paffes of the Appenines. All preparatory meafures being taken, Macdonald put his army in motion on the eighth of June, marching himself with the centre toward Modena, and the other divifions taking the road to Fornovio and Rheggio,

As long as marshal Suwarrow had no enemy but Moreau, he could, with the forces he had, continue the war, and even act offenfively against the army of the enemy. But he had foreseen that, when Macdonald fhould come to throw his weight into the fcales, his fituation would be much altered. He had, therefore, beforehand, asked for reinforcements, both at Petersburgh and Vienna. The first of these courts, detached to his affiftance eleven thousand men, of the forty-five thoufand, which it had deftined to act in Switzerland. The fecond, attributing lefs importance to the conqueft of Switzerland than of Italy, ordered general Bellegarde, VOL. XLI:

with a part of his army, to reinforce marshal Suwarrow, wherever he fhould be required to do fo. This occafion was now come, and, confequently, as has been mentioned in the preceeding chapter, general Bellegarde, quitting that country, at the end of May, with about fourteen thoufand men, arrived at Milan on the fourth of June. He was then fent to, by Pavia, to conduct the blockade of Alexandria. This reinforce. ment, with fome free corps, from the hereditary ftatés, enabled the fieldmarthal to unite about forty thoufand fighting men to oppofe the two French generals. Macdonald, after two actions with the imperialists, on the tenth and the twelfth, in one of which he himself was pretty feverely wounded, advanced, on the thirteenth, towards Rheggio, entered Parma on the fourteenth, from which the duke and all his family fled on his approach, and on the fifteenth arrived at Placentia. Marshal Suwarrow, leaving Wuckaffowich, with a corps of obfervation, in the province of Mondovi, and general Kaim with the brigade of Lufignan, to cover, on the fide of France, the fiege of Turin, fet out from the city, on the tenth, with the principal part of his army, amounting to from twenty-five to thirty thousand, and placed his headquarters, the fame day, at Afti, from which they were transferred, on the twelfth, to Acqui. On the fifteenth, he fet out with a little more than twenty thousand men, of whom two-thirds were Ruffians. A dreadful battle enfued, which was interrupted only by the night, on the feventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth, on both fides of the Trebbia. Macdonald, though wounded, followed and directed [U]

his

his army, which, being thirty thoufand ftrong, was equal, in numbers, to that of the allies. This battle, or courfe of battles, terminated to the advantage of marthal Suwarrow. General Macdonald, after lofing more than a third of his army, returned to the fame fpots to which he had fet out. The lofs of the allies, in killed and wounded, was little lefs than that of the enemy. Marthal Suwarrow haftened back, marching his army towards Alexandria, to go to meet Moreau, who had palled the Appenines, raifed the blockade of Tortona, and forced general Bellegarde to retreat behind the Bormida. Moreau, on the approach of the Ruffian commander, retired to Genoa.

The ne

An event, highly advantageous to the allies, which happened at the fame time with the victories of the Trebbia, completed their triumph, and juftified the hazardous and fingular plan for the campaign, adopted by the chief commander. ceffary preparations retarded the opening of the trenches, before Turin, till the twoff, when they were boldly opened at three hundred paces difiant the covered way. The pr batteries were difmounted; th barracks, magazines, and a great number of buildings, including general Fiorella's own houfe, were fet on fire: water had penetrated into the cafemates, which had been neglected: and anti-republican difpofitions were manifefied by a part of the garrifon, which was compofed wholly of Swifs and Piedmontefe. All thefe circumftances determined the commandant to capitulate. The capitulation was figued, on the twentieth, at eleven o'clock at night, and the imperialifts were put in poffeffion of the gates. Con

formably to the capitulation, the garrifon, two thoufand feven hundred men, was conducted, on the twenty-fecond, to the frontiers of France, after laying down its arms on the glacis, and giving its parole not to ferve, till exchanged, against the emperor ofGermany and hisallies.

About the end of June, the junction of general Bellegarde's corps, the co-operation of general Haddick, in the valley of Aouft and the Novarefe, and the arrival of a fresh body of eleven thousand Ruffians on the Brenta, put marfhal Suwarrow in a state to oppofe ninety thoufand men to the fixty thoufand of the French, who were, exclufive of the garrifons of Mantua, Tortona, and Alexandria, garrifons which amounted fcarcely to fifteen thoufand men. The advantage, which marshal Suwarrow fought now to derive from his fucceffes, was reduced to two principal objects, that of reconquering Tufeany, and taking the three ftrong places juft mentioned. It had been with extreme reluctance that the fubjects of the grand duke of Tufcany, attached to their fovereign, and his mild and equitable administration, fubmitted to the French yoke. As foon as Macdonald had removed himfelf from the Appenines, many thoufands of the inhabitants of the province of Arezzo, encouraged and directed by Mr. Windham, the envoy from England, took up arms in favour of their fovereign, and foon amounted to twenty-five thoufand 'men. At the fame time, a Cifalpine general, Lahooze, commanding, for France, a corps of Italians, in the march of Ancona, together with his troops, deferted the caufe of the republic, and embraced that of the allics. Uniting with his own

different

different bands of infurgents, he reduced, under the power of the allies, the province which he had, till then, defended againft them, and proceeded to inveft the capital on the fide towards the fea, blockaded, as already mentioned,by a fleet, Turkifh and Ruffian. In thefe circumftances, Macdonald loft no time in contriving his retreat from Tulcany. The troops could retreat by the Reviera di Levante; but, there was no other means of faving the artillery, the baggage, and the numerous chefts filled with the fpoil of Italy, than to fend them by fea; a refource which the continual cruizing of fome English men of war, on the coafts of Tulcany, rendered extremely hazardous. But, as it was the only refource which re 'mained, Macdonald fent all the artillery, baggage, and republican property, which he could collect, to be tranfported to Leghorn. Only a fmall part of this could be embarked on board an American veffel, in which many officers of the ftaff, took their paffage, as well as the civil agents of the republic. The veffel fet fail on the ninth, and fell, almoft in going out of port, into the hands of the English. On the fame day, the allies made a more important acquifition, which was that of Urbino, the garrifon of which, after fuftaining a fire of fome hours, capitulated, and obtained permiffion to return into France, on condition of not ferving, for fix months, against the allies. The preparations of the French for retreat, in all parts of Tufcany, encouraged more and more the infurrection of the inhabitants. Thofe of Florence broke out on the fifth of July, cut down the trees of liberty, and destroyed all the other marks of their fubjec

tion. The republican garrifon withdrew into the forts, which it quitted the next morning, in order to retreat towards Leghorn. This place it alfo evacuated on capitulation. After the evacuation of Florence, the infurgents of Arezzo, fupported by the imperalifts, and joined on the road by almost all the inhabitants of the country, marched to-wards the coaft, approached in large bodies the places which the French ftill occupied, and prepared to drive them thence by main force. This was unneceffary; for Macdonald, whofe retreat, by the Corniche, was by this time rendered fate, and in a good meafure already effected, gave orders, on the feventeenth, for the evacuation, not only of Legborn, on conditions, but the whole of Tufcany.

While the allies were employed in the deliverance of Tufcany, and thereby precluding the French troops, which ftill poffeffed, in the territory of the church of Rome, Civita Vecchia, Perugia, Ancona, and Fano, from all poffibility of retreat, Macdonald, towards the end of July, accomplished that of his own army, reduced now to about 13 or 14,000 men; and, in the environs of Genoa, joined Moreau, in which it was loft. By their re-union, general Moreau had a difpofable force of 40 or 50,000 men, who were fpread from the eastern extremity of the ftate of Genoa, as far as Coni, and occupied, in that line, all the defiles of the Appenines. After the evacuation of Naples, by Macdonald, cardinal Ruffo, at the head of the royalift army, confifting of more than 20,000 men, and fome hundreds of Rufians, having defeated the republican levies of men, which were oppofed to him, marched a

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gainft