t it they have preferved the appearance of good faith, when they have been fpreading their fnares? How have they been able fo eafily to affright us with vain fears? How have they been able to circulate fuch unfounded reports, fuch fini fter predictions, fuch denunciations, as ridiculous as impudent, and render themselves the echoes of them to the French government? How is it we have not foreseen the difaftrous effects which muft neceffarily be produced by the fufpicions with which they have furrounded a rifing administration? How is it that it has not been felt that the infinuations of a violent and unruly patriotifm may deftroy the confidence and esteem which the chief magif trates of two friendly and indepen dent nations ought reciprocally to poffefs? How is it they have not felt, that to annihilate the credit of the Batavians, already fo much im paired by the fhocks infeparable from a great revolution, was ferving the most ardent wishes of the Britifh minifter; and that, from the day on which its credit, the very principle of its existence, ftrength, and power, fhould be deftroyed; the republic would prefent nothing to its 'allies but fætid marthes, and to Europe the dreadful fpectacle of a nation cruelly difappointed in its hopes, and writhing in the convul fions of a horrible agony? Yes, it is to the infernal fyftem of informers to the odious profcription of whatever is good, honeft, and upright, to that perfidious art of altering and corrupting every thing, that crafty England owes its fucceffes, republics their loffes, republicans their misfortunes, and Batavians that want of regard and deference, that offenfive behaviour, which has fo often occafioned their deep regret, and been the fubject of their complaints. The Batavian government is fo intimately perfuaded of having pointed out the fource of all its evils, that it is convinced of the neceffity of a prompt and efficacious remedy. It is time to prove to England and to Europe that the French republic is too generous, too magnanimous, to adopt a system of making republics tributary; on the contrary, it acknowledges that it wifhes, in its full extent, the equality of the people; and, rich in its own refources, it only defires friends, powerful and faithful friends. The Batavian government, confiding in the purity of its intentions, neither has nor can have any fecrets which it wishes to conceal from the French directory. It knows that by fate the two nations are inevitably united with each other; that they must triumph or perifh together; destroy the fame enemies, or be deftroyed by them; that they muft infpire refpect for republics by a manly energy, and the example of their internal happiness; that they must fupprefs factions; and that in the bloody conteft of republicanism againft royalty, it is necessary that republicans fhould unite to prudence and prodigies of valour the courage to make every facrifice. The Batavian nation will not be behind in this perilous ftruggle. During the ftorms which have preceded the establishment of its conftitution, it has learnt to diftinguish its real friends from its vile feducers. It will honour the one, and punish the difturbers of its repofe, whatever difguife they may affume. Fatigued with the long commotions which have fkaken its credit and annihilated its commerce, it feels that it Linnig included. Hence the line extends by Hoffern and Kylenfdalen, Papelernod, Lutersfort, Rodenbergh, Haverfloo, Anderfcheid, Kaldekuchen, Vampach, Herrigen, and Großberg, including the town of Venloo and its territory. And if, notwithstanding the mediation of his imperial majefty, the German empire fhall refuse to confent to the above-mentioned boundary. line of the republic, his imperial majefty hereby formally engages to furnifi to the empire no more than his contingent, which fhall not be employed in any fortified place, or it fhall be confidered as a rupture of the peace and friendship which is restored between his majesty and the republic. 2. His imperial majefty will employ his good offices in the negociation of the peace of the empire to obtain-ift. That the navigation of the Rhine from Huningen to the territory of Holland, fhall be free both to the French republic and the ftates of the empire, on the right bank. 2d. That the poffeffors of territory near the mouth of the Mofelle fhall never, and on no pretence, attempt to interrupt the free navigation and paffage of thips and other veffels from the Moselle into the Rhine. 3d. The French republic fhall have the free navigation of the Meufe, and the tolls and other impofts from Venloo to Holland shall be abolified. 3. His imperial majefty renounces for himfelf and his fucceffors the fovereignty and poffeffion of the county of Falkenftein and its dependencies. 4. The countries which his imperial majefty takes poffeffion of, in confequence of the 6th article of the public définitive treaty this day 1 figned, fhall be confidered as an indemnification for the territory given up by the 7th article of the public treaty, and the foregoing article. This renunciation fhall only be in force when the troops of his imperial majefty fhall have taken poffeffion of the countries ceded by the faid articles. 5. The French republic will employ its influence that his imperial majefty fhall receive the archbifhopric of Saltzburg, and that part of the circle of Bavaria which lies between the archbishopric of Saltzburg, the river Inn, Salza and Tyrol, including the town of Wafferburg on the right bank of the Inn, with an arrondissement of 3000 toifes. 6. His imperial majesty, at the conclufion of the peace with the empire, will give up the French to republic the fovereignty and poffef fion of the Frickthal, and all the. territory belonging to the houfe of Auftria on the left bank of the Rhine, between Zurgach and Basle, provided his majefty, at the conclufion of the faid peace, receives a proportionate indemnification. The French republic, in confequence of particular arrangements to be made, shall unite the above-mentioned territory with the Helvetic republic, without farther interference on the part of his imperial majesty or the empire. 7. The two contracting powers agree, that when, in the enfuing peace with the German empire, the French republic fhall make an acquifition in Germany, his imperial majefty fhall receive an equiva lent: and if his imperial majesty fhall make fuch an acquifition, the French republic fhall in like manner receive an equivalent. 8. The late ftadtholder of Holland, thall receive a territorial indemnification; but neither in the vicinity of the Auftrian poffeffions, nor in the vicinity of the Batavian republic. 8. The prince of Naffau Dietz, ty of peace, or in confequence of the treaty to be concluded with the empire, fhall fuffer any lofs in territory or rights, particularly the electors of Mentz, Treves, and Cologn, the elector palatine of Bavaria, the duke of Wurtemberg and Teck, the margrave of Baden, the duke of Deux Ponts, the landgraves of Heffe Caffel and Darmftadt, the princes of Naffau-Saarbruck, Salm, Koburg, Lowenftein, Weftheim, and Wied-Runckel, and the count de Leyn, fhall receive proportionable indemnifications in Germany, which fhall be fettled by mutual agreement with the French republic. 9. The French republic makes no difficulty to reftore to the king of Pruffia his poffeffions on the left bank of the Rhine. No new acquifition fhall, however, be propofed for the king of Pruffia. This the two contracting powers mutually guarantee. 10. Should the king of Pruffia be willing to cede to the French and Batavian republic fome fmall parts of his territory on the left bank of the Meufe, as Sevenaer, and other poffeffions towards the Yeffel, his imperial majefty will ufe his influence that fuch ceffions fhall be accepted and rendered valid by the empire. 11. His imperial majefty will not object to the manner in which the imperial fiets have been difpofed of by the French republic, in favour of the Ligurian republic. His imperial majefty will ufe his influence, together with the French republic, that the German empire will renounce all feodal fovereignty over the countries which make a part of the Cifalpine and Ligurian republics; as alfo the imperial fiefs, fuch as Laniguiana, and those which lie between Tufcany and the ftates of Parma, the Ligurian and Lucchefe republics, and the late territory of Modena, which fiefs make a part of the Cifalpine republic. 12. His imperial majefty and the French republic will in concert employ their influence, in the courle of concluding the peace of the empire, that fuch princes and states of the empire who, in confequence of the ftipulations of the prefent trea 13. The troops of his imperial majefty, twenty days after the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent treaties, fhall evacuate the towns and fortreffes of Mentz, Ehrenbreittein, Phillipfburg, Manheim Konigstein, Ulm, and Ingolftadt, as alfo the whole territory appertaining to the German empire, to the boundaries of the hereditary ftates. 14. The prefent fecret articles fhall have the fame force as if they were inferted word for word in the public treaty of peace this day figned, and fhall in like manner be ra tified at the fame time by the two contracting powers, which ratifications thall be exchanged in due form at Raftadt. Done and figned at Campo For mio, the 17th of October, 1797; 26th of Vendemaire, in the 6th year of the French republic one and indivisible. (Signed) Buonaparte. Marquis de Gallo, Louis count, Cobenzel, CHAR CHARACTERS. Egyptian Mode of taking Repafis; from Sonnini's Travels in Egypt. THE HEY are feated, with their legs croffed, around a table with one foot, in form of a large circular tea-board, on which dishes are placed, without either table-cloth, plates, knives, or forks. They make with the right hand, the circle of the dishes, from whence they take fucceffively, and according to their tafte, little morfels with their fingers. The left hand, deftined for ablutions, is unclean, and must not touch provifions. They fometimes transfer greafe diftils from each fide of their mouths. The ftomach fends forth frequent fumes, which they lengthen out and render as noify as they can. Ee whofe hunger is fooneft appeafed rifes from table firft. It is not regarded as a want of politeness to remain alone at the board, if your appetite is not perfectly satisfied. Manners and Addrefs of the Emperor Jofeph II.; from Wraxall's Memoirs of the Courts of Berlin, Drefden, &c. external addrefs, Jofeph the what they have taken from one difh Second is not deficient. His man to another, to form a mixture of it; of this they make a large ball, which they convey to a widely extended mouth. The poultry and the boiled meats are divided into pieces, and torn with the hands and nails. The roaft meats are ferved up in little pieces, cut before they are put to the fpit, and no where can you eat better roafted meat than in the countries of Turkey. The table does not afford an opportunity for converfation. They only feat themfelves to eat very rapidly; they make quick difpatch, and fwallow with precipitation. They are not men whom the pleasure of fociety affembles together; they are brutes whom want and voracioufnefs collect around their paflure. The ners are eafy, his converfation lively, voluble, and entertaining; running rapidly from one fubject to another, and difplaying frequently a vaft variety of knowledge. Perhaps he manifefts, too great a confcioufnefs of poffeffing extenfive information; and he may be reproached likewife with frequently anticipating the anfwers of the perfons with whom he converses. A mixture of vanity and of impetuofity conduce to this defect. While he talks, efpecially if eager, he always plays with the money in his pocket. He writes with eafe, perfpicuity, and propriety. I have feen many of his notes, evidently compofed without premedi tation, tation, addreffed to perfons who of a determined duration. Objecenjoyed his confidence, both men tions may be made to this mode of and women. They demonftrate punishment, as not being fufficientfeeling, enlargement of mind, and, as I have thought, goodness of heart. Yet I know, from indifputable authority, that he is a profound diffembler, rarely or never speaking his real fentiments upon any point of moment. On the other hand, he certainly permits thofe whom he loves or esteems, to deal fairly with him, to tell him not only plain but painful truths; and even to reprehend him on occafion with severity. Account of the Gaol of Philadelphia and of the Laws of Pennsylvania, with respect to the Punishment of Crimes; from Weld's Travels through the States of North America and the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, during 1795, 1796, and 1797. HE gaol is a fpacious building of common ftone, one hundred feet in front. It is fitted up with folitary cells, on the new plan, and the apartments are all arched, to prevent the communication of fire. Behind the building are extenfive yards, which are fecured by lofty walls. This gaol is better regulated, perhaps, than any other on the face of the globe. By the new penal laws of Pennsylvania, lately enacted, no crime is punifable with death, excepting murder of the first degree, by which is meant, murder that is perpetrated by wilful premeditated intention, or in attempts to commit rape, robbery, or the like. Every other of fence, according to its enormity, is punished by folitary imprisonment VOL. XLI. ly fevere on the individual to atone for an atrocious crime; nor capable, becaufe not inflicted in public, of deterring evil-minded perfons, in the community, from the commiffion of offences which incur the rigour of the law; bat, on a clofe examination, it will be found to be very fevere; and, as far as an opinion can be formed from the trial that has been hitherto`made by the ftate of Pennfylvania, it seems better calculated to reftrain the exceffes of the people than any other. If any public punishment could ftrike terror into the lawless part of the multude, it is as likely that the inflic tion of death would do it as any whatsoever; but death is divested of many of his terrors, after being often prefented to our view; fo that we find in countries, for inftance in England, where it occurs often as a punishment, the falutary effects that might be expected from it are, in a great meafure, loft. The unfortunate wretch, who is doomed to forfeit his life in expiation of the crimes he has committed in numberlefs inftances, looks forward with apparent unconcern to the moment in which he is to be launched into eternity; his companions around him only condole him, becaufe his career of iniquity bas fo fuddenly been impeded by the courfe of juftice: or, if he is not too much hardened in the paths of vice, but falls a prey to remorfe and fees all the horrors of his impending fate, they endeavour to rally his broken fpirits by the confoling remembrance, that the pangs he has to endure are but the pangs of a moment, which they illuftrate by X the |