de aliis operationibus prout continetur in libro de Boldon, et faciunt in parco j. domum longitudinis xl. pedum et latitudinis xv. pedum, et cariant j. tonellum vini, et faciunt opera ad molendinum consueta, et cariabunt cariagium Domini Episcopi et Senescalli, et reddunt ad iv. terminos usuales 14s. 2d. (Twenty-two others hold the same as Thomas Wake, and make the same return, and pay the same rent.) Iidem tenentes (the above 23 tenants of bond-land) solvunt pro cornagio 17s. Iidem tenentes solvunt pro j. vacca de metrith 6s. Iidem tenentes solvunt pro maltpenys 26s. 6d. Iidem tenentes solvunt pro officio punderi ibidem ad terminum Martini 9s. Iidem solvunt pro Bothesilver ad terminum Sancti Cuthberti in Septembri 2s. 4d. Iidem solvunt pro pundero ad terminos Purificationis et Pascha 8s. 4d. Iidem tenentes solvunt pro molendino aquatico et j. molendino ventritico ibidem p. a. 177. Prædicti tenentes bondi solvunt pro j. pastura vocata Esshopperlysor, et reddunt p. a. 77. 11s. Iidem tenentes tenent inter se (pasturam) vocatam Shotfeld continentem lxxij. acras terræ ut dicitur, et redd. p. a. 47. 5s. 2d. Iidem tenent inter se moram del Croke continentem xxvj. acras, et redd. p. a. 34s. 8d. Iidem tenent inter se iij. tofta et xxx. acras terræ, et redd. p. a. 30s. Iidem tenent inter se lx. acras terræ apud Copthorne, et redd. p. a. 20s. Iidem solvunt pro singulis ij. bovatis terræ prædictæ ad festum Natalis Domini ij. gallinas, et ad festum Paschæ x. ova, unde summa in toto xlviij. gallinæ et ccxl. ova. Iidem tenent inter se lxxij. acras terræ vocatas le Southmore, et redd. p. a. 22s.

TENENTES COTAGIORUM QUI TENENT TERRAM DOMINICAM.-Elias Amfray tenet ij. cotagia et xxiv. acras terræ cotagiorum præter x. acras terræ dominicæ ut supra, et xij. acras in mora de nova dimissione, et solebat operari per totum annum ij. diebus in septimana, exceptis temporibus festivis supradictis, et reddit ad iv. terminos usuales 328. (Five others hold and render in like manner.)

COTAGII SINE TERRA DOMINICA.- Johannes Robinson tenet j. cotagium et xij. acras terræ cotagiorum, et vj. acras in mora ibidem de nova dimissione, et reddit per annum ad iv. terminos 10s. (Two others hold and render in like manner.) Thomas Diotson tenet j. cot. et xxiv. acras terræ cotagiorum, inde de terra fabri 13s. 4d., et vj. acras terræ in mora, et red. p. a. 26s. 8d. Elias Amfray tenet j. cot. et iij. acras terrae cotagiorum, et red. p. a. ad eosdem terminos 3s. Johannes Blaykstoke tenet ij. cot. ibidem, et red. p. a. ad e. t. 2s. 8d. Johannes Mawer tenet j. cot. ibidem, et red. ad e. t. 16d. Johannes Couper tenet j. cot. ibidem, quondam Walteri Cap', et red. p. a. ad e. t. 12d. Adam Werdale tenet j. cot. ibidem, et red. p. a. ad e. t. 4d. Et prædicti

xij. cotagii primo scripti redd. inter se xij. gallinas et lx. ova, videlicet, quilibet j. gallinam et v. ova, unde summa in toto xij. gallinæ et lx. ova. Elias Amfray, Thomas Diotson, Johannes Couper et Thomas Jonson tenent j. placeam ad occidentalem finem villæ, quondam Roberti Post, et postea Ricardi Robinson, et redd. p. a. ad e. t. 2s. 6d. Est v.

NOVA DIMISSIO.-Prædicti xxij. tenentes in bondagio solvunt pro ccxx. acris terræ dominicæ in tenura sua ut supra, et xxij. messuagiis, et xliv. bovatis terræ de bondagio, cum molendino, et terra in mora, et pastura superius scripta, annuatim 447., videlicet, quilibet eorum 40s., et avenam de scat, et gallinas et ova, et cariabunt j. tonellum vini, et sustentabunt molendinum sumptibus suis propriis, et faciunt cariagium pro Domino Episcopo et Senescallo.-447. Et iidem tenentes in bondagio qui nichil tenent de dominica redd. p. a. pro ij. messuagiis et iv. bovatis terræ cum portione eorundem de molendino et pastura superius scripta, quilibet eorum 30s., ut prædicti xxij. de nova dimissione facta dictis tenentibus per Johannem Heron Senescallum et alios de consilio Domini Thomæ Episcopi defuncti, 60s.

terræ, quondam Willelmi de Johannes Robinson tenet j. Short, et solebat reddere p. a.

Thomas de Refhop tenet iij. acras Lomeley, et red. p. a. ad e. t. 3s. 6d. toftum cum gardino, quondam Willelmi 5s., modo red. p. a. ad e. t. 4s. Est v. (blank) tenet j. placeam, quondam Johannis de Thorp, et red. p. a. 16d. Præpositus ibidem solvit scaccario pro vasto sequenti p. a. 22s.

TERRÆ VASTE.—Et sunt ibidem de terris vastis, quondam in tenura Ricardi Marrays, et solebant reddere p. a. 3s., et iij. acræ terræ quondam Johannis Cort, et sol. red. p. a. 12d., et j. acra terræ, quondam in tenura Johannis Gilmyn, et sol. red. p. a. 14d., et j. toftum cum gardino, quondam Ricardi Robinson, et sol. red. p. a. 16d., et j. forgium ibidem, quondam in tenura Radulphi Short, et sol. red. p. a. 6d., et dimidia acra terræ, quondam Johannis filii Rogeri, et sol. red. p.a. 8d., et dimidia acra terræ, quondam Petri filii Rogeri, et sol. red. p. a. 8d., et j. toftum et ij. acræ terræ, quondam Johannis punder, quæ sol. red. p. a. 4d., et iij. acræ terræ ibidem vastæ, quondam Roberti Shotton, et sol. red. p. a. 5s., et est ibidem quoddam incrementum tenementi, quondam Roberti punder, et sol. red. p. a. 12d., et ij. acræ et dimidia, quondam Alani præpositi, et sol. red. p. a. 2s. 11d., et j. toftum, quondam Hugonis punder, et sol. red. p. a. 12d., et sunt ibidem iv. acræ, quondam Gilberti de Boldon, et sol. red. p. a. 4s. 8d.

d

GLOSSARY.

AREA, AEREA (p. 26). An aery, properly the nest of the hawk tribe, frequently used, in a more general sense, however, for the place set apart for breeding and training hawks.

ALBANARIUS, ALBANUS (p. xxix). A villan or other servile tenant of one lord, who took up his abode on the land of another lord.

AMERCIAMENTUM. An amercement was originally much of the same nature as a fine, and in earlier writings of the feudal period is not readily to be distinguished from it. The distinction, however, which was afterwards carefully observed is, that an amercement is a sum of money imposed for a crime or trespass, a fine, an offering made for a grant or privilege. Amercements were imposed out of the exchequer on an individual, or on the inhabitants of a town, for various causes, as for the crimes of murder or manslaughter; for misdemeanors, such as harbouring thieves, forbidding jurors to do the king's assize, taking toll illegally, holding intercourse with the enemy, fighting a duel where it should not have been fought, putting persons to an ordeal without warrant, burying persons found dead without view of the king's or sheriff's servants, stopping a water-course, taking a royal fish, &c.; for disseisins; for recreancy in refusing or absenting from a duel; for breach of assize; for defaults, as withdrawing from a plaint, not having a jury ready, not coming before the justices; for nonappearance at the court when summoned; for trespasses of various kinds, as ploughing the highway, exporting corn without licence, asserting something which could not be proved, hanging a robber unjustly, false judgment, false testimony, conniving at robbery, or not stopping goods known to be stolen, not doing suit and service, having weapons contrary to the assize, hunting without leave, not coming to be married when summoned, taking a bribe, selling wine or beer contrary to the assize, and various matters of a like kind.

APES (p. 28). Ralph the bee-keeper (apium custos) had 6 acres for his service in keeping bees at Wolsingham, a favourable district for the purpose, from the large extent of moorland there. Honey was then used in great quantities in making beer, and the wax was at that time

of more use when there was no oil from the whale, and when so much was used in religious services. The High Forester's rolls contain frequent entries of the sale of honey and wax.

ARBALISTARIUS. A crossbowman.

ASSARTUM, ESSARTUM. From sarrire, to weed-cleared ground, taken from the waste or forest, and lately made fit for cultivation.

ASSISA, REDDITUS ASSISÆ. Assize is a word of very varied meaning, and in its primary sense is something settled, appointed, defined. In the records printed in this volume we have it used in two forms, assize of saleable goods, such as bread and beer, and assize-rent. The first was the ordinance which determined the weight, measure, quantity, quality and price of the article to which it referred. Redditus assisæ, assize-rent, was the fixed and unchangeable sum paid by those who held by free tenure, as opposed to the variable and uncertain sum, which might be exacted by the lord as composition for the services of those who held of him by a meaner or servile tenure.

AULA. Hall. The word is used for the whole building, and not merely for its chief apartment. It was generally applied to the principal mansion in a village, just as it is frequently used at the present day for the house of the squire.

AUXILIUM. Aid was a subsidy granted by the tenant to the lord on great and urgent occasions. At first they were mere benevolences, but in course of time became a matter of right and demand, and not of free gift. The common or customary aid (auxilium commune) was that given by right of custom, and was generally for three purposes, to make the lord's son a knight, to marry his daughter, and to redeem himself from captivity. This aid, although called a reasonable one, was not originally defined, and the demands of the Crown were discretionary until limited by the Statute 25 Ed. III.

AVERIA. All animals which constitute the property of a farmer, and not merely beasts of burden, though the word is sometimes used in that sense. The most probable derivation is from œuvre, work; the transition is an easy one, from the work to the animals by which it was done.

AVERERE. Probably from haver, oats; and if so, then oat-stubble. AVERIPE. The standing crop of oats fit for reaping.

AVERMALTH, HAVERMALT. Oatmalt, from which much of the beer then made was brewed.

AVERPENNY. The money paid by the tenant in commutation of the service (avera) of performing any work for his lord by horse or ox, or by carriage with either. See AVERIA.

BALISTA. A crossbow.

BAILLIA (p. 26). The charge or custody of anything. instance apparently the district under the charge of the bailiff.

In this

BATELLUS (p. xxvi). A boat. In Bishop Bec's Roll the ferryboat over the Tees at Stockton.

BELLARDI (p. xxxiv). A company of Lucchese merchants, called so probably, as in the case of the Bardi and Frescobaldi of Florence, from the head or founder of the firm. The Italian merchants had, as early as the end of the reign of Henry III., become firmly established in England as money-lenders. "The commercial state of the country at that period afforded many advantages to traders, who, like the Italians, were in communication with agents and partners in all parts of the world, and had large capital at command." It is not unlikely that the payments made to the Lucchese merchants in Bishop Bec's Roll, were to discharge a debt which the Bishop had contracted to obtain restitution of his temporalities from Edward II. See an article on "Loans supplied by Italian merchants to the Kings of England in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries," in vol. xxviii. of the Archæologia.

BISANCIUM. A bezant, a coin of the Eastern empire, struck at Constantinople, or Byzantium: hence its name. From Boldon Buke we learn that its value was 2s.

BLODWITE (p. xlii). A fine imposed for shedding blood. When blodwite is granted in charters, it is meant that the party to whom the grant is made has the right of making inquiry concerning bloodshed, and of receiving the money accruing from fines levied on that account.

BLUNDUS. Yellow, flaxen or red-haired, fair or ruddy complexioned. In a charter of King Stephen, his uncle, King William II., who is generally known under the appellation of Rufus, is called Blundus.

BORDARIUS, BONDARIUS, BONDUS, HUSBANDUS. These words are identical in meaning, and imply a class of men who formed one grade under the general term villani. See VILLANUS. The bordarii of the Auditor's MS. are called in the MS. in the Registrum Primum bondi, and in Bishop Hatfield's Survey the villani of Boldon Buke in the manors of Heighington and Boldon are called bondi. In North Northumberland at the present day each hired cottager, or hind, as he is called, is bound by his engagement to find a person, called a bondager, to work for a certain sum whenever his master requires it. This seems to be a relic of the old bond service. The term bordarius has been with much probability derived from bord, the cottage which the bond-tenant occupied, holding also a small piece of ground attached.