Palæologus, however, still dreaded the youth, whom he had so deeply injured; and, to prevent him from recovering his throne, he had recourse to the barbarous policy of putting out his eyes. Arsenius hearing this, excommunicated the emperor, who then exhibited some appearance of repentance. But the bishop refused to admit him into the church, and Palæologus meanly accused him of certain crimes before an assembly, over which he had absolute sway. Arsenius was accordingly condemned, and banished to a small island of the Propontis. Conscious of his integrity, he bore his sufferings with serenity; and re-. questing that an account might be taken of the treasures of the church, he shewed that three pieces of gold, which he had earned by transcribing psalms, were the whole of his property. The emperor, after all this, solicited him. to repeal his ecclesiastical censures, but he persisted in his refusal; and, it is supposed, died in his obscure retreat. Gibbon, with his usual suspicions respecting the piety and virtue of an ecclesiastic, endeavours to lessen the character of this patriarch, 1 ARSENIUS, archbishop of Monembasia, or Malvasia in the Morea, was a learned philologist of the fifteenth century. He was the particular friend of pope Paul III. and wrote to him some very elegant letters. He submitted also to the Romish church, which gave so much offence to the heads of the Greek church, that they excommunicated, him. There are of his extant, a "Collection of Apophthegms," printed at Rome, in Greek; and another "Collection of Scholia on seven of the tragedies of Euripides," printed at Venice in 1518, 8vo; Basil, 1544; and again at Venice in 1533. His collection of Apophthegms, or "Præclara dicta Philosophorum," has no date of year, The time of his death is uncertain, but he was alive in 1535. 2 ARSILLI (FRANCIS), a celebrated poet and physician, flourished in the beginning of the sixteenth century, under the pontificates of Leo X. and Clement VII. He was a native of Sinigaglia, and after having studied at Padua, practised medicine at Rome; but, according to the eloge of his friend Paul Jovius,, seldom passed a day without producing some poetical composition. He either possessed, or affected that independence of mind which does not ac1 Cave. Du Pin.-Milner's Church Hist. vol. IV. p. 16. Gen. Dict.-Hodius de Græcis illust.-Fabr, Bibl. Græc.-Saxii Onomast. cord with the pliant manners of a court; and avoided the patronage of the great, while he complains of their negÎect. He died in the 66th year of his age, at Sinigaglia, 1540. He wrote a poem in Latin verse, "De poetis Urbanis," addressed to Paul Jovius; in which he celebrates the names, and characterises the works, of a great number of Latin poets resident at Rome in the time of Leo X. It was first printed in the Coryciana, Rome, 1524, 4to; and reprinted by Tiraboschi, who obtained a more complete copy in the hand-writing of the author, with the addition of many other names. It has also been reprinted by Mr. Roscoe, in his life of Leo, who is of opinion that his complaint of the neglect of poets in the time of that pontiff was unjust. 1 ARTALIS, or ARTALE (JOSEPH), an Italian poet, was born at Mazzareno in Sicily, 1628, and had an early passion for poetry, and a strong inclination for arms. He finished his studies at 15 years of age, about which time he fought a duel, in which he mortally wounded his adversary. He saved himself by taking shelter in a church; and it was owing to this accident that he afterwards applied himself to the study of philosophy. His parents being dead, and himself much embarrassed in his circumstances, he resolved to quit his country, and seek his fortune elsewhere. He accordingly went to Candia, at the time when that city was besieged by the Turks, and displayed there so much bravery, that he obtained the honour of knighthood in the military order of St. George. When he was upon his return for Italy, he was often obliged to draw his sword, and was sometimes wounded in these rencounters; but his superior skill generally gave him the advantage. He rendered himself so formidable even in Germany, that they used to style him Chevalier de Sang. Ernest duke of Brunswic and Lunenburg appointed him captain of his guards, but no appointment could detach him from the Muses. He was member of several academies in Italy, and became highly in favour with many princes, especially the emperor Leopold. He died Feb. 11, 1679, at Naples, where he was interred in the church of the Dominicans, with great magnificence: the academy Degl' Intricati attended his funeral, and Vincent Autonio Capoci made his funeral oration. His works Biog. Universelle.-Roscoe's Leo. are, 1. "Dell' Encyclopedia poetica," 2 parts, 1658, 1679, 12mo; and a third, Naples, same year. 2. "La Pasife," a musical drama, Venice, 1661, 12mo. 3. "La Bellezza atterrata, elegia," Naples, 1646; Venice, 1661, 12mo. 1 ARTAUD (PETER JOSEPH), born at Bonieux in the comtat-Venaissin, went to Paris in 1706, when very young, and filled in a distinguished manner the several chairs of that capital. He was afterwards made curate of S. Mery; in which preferment he instructed his flock by his discourses, and edified it by his example. He was appointed bishop of Cavaillon in 1756, and died in 1760, aged 54; leaving behind him the reputation of an exemplary prelate and an amiable man. His works are: 1. "Panegyric on S. Louis," 1754, 4to. 2. "Discourse on Marriage ;" on occasion of the birth of the duc de Bourgogne, 1757, 4to. 3. Several Charges, and Pastoral Letters. In all his writings a solid and Christian eloquence prevails, and his sermons, which have not been printed, are said to have been models of a familiar and persuasive style." 2 ARTEAGA (STEPHEN), a learned writer on music and poetry, was a Spanish Jesuit, and very young when that order was suppressed in Spain. He then went to Italy, and lived a considerable time at Bologna, in the house of cardinal Albergati. He afterwards accompanied his friend the chevalier Azara, the Spanish ambassador, to Paris; and died in his house Oct. 30, 1799. His first publication was a treatise on "Ideal Beauty," in Spanish; but that which has contributed most to his fame, was his "Revoluzioni del teatro musicale Italiano, dalla sua origine, fino al presente," Venice, 1785, 3 vols. 8vo. This is the second edition, but the only complete one; the first consisting of only one volume, printed at Bologna, 1783; and now entirely changed and augmented. An excellent analysis and criticism on this work, from the pen of a veteran scholar in the musical art, appeared in the Monthly Review, vols. LXXVII. and LXXIX. He left also some learned dissertations on Greek and Latin poetry, and an elaborate work on rhythm, which he intended to have printed at Parma, at the Bodoni press; these manuscripts appear to have been confided to Grainville, who died soon after." ARTEDI (PETER), a Swedish physician and naturalist, the friend and contemporary of Linnæus, was born in 'Moreri. Dict. Hist. Amsterdam, 1740.-Life of Artale by Caballone. Biog. Universelle. 1705, in the province of Angermania, of poor parents, who intended him at first for the church; but inclination led him to the pursuit of natural history. He began his studies at Upsal, where, in 1728, he first became acquainted with Linnæus, who informs us that at that time the name of Artedi was heard everywhere; and that the remarks Artedi made, and the knowledge he displayed, struck him with astonishment. A higher character cannot well be supposed: and here their friendship and amicable rivalship commenced. Even the dissimilitude of their tempers turned out to advantage. Artedi excelled Linnæus in chemistry, and Linnæus out-did him in the knowledge of birds and insects, and in botany. Artedi finally restricted his botanical studies to the umbelliferous plants, in which he pointed out a new method of classification, which was afterwards published by Linnæus. But the chief object of his pursuits, and which transmitted his fame to posterity, was Ichthyology; and Linnæus found himself so far excelled in point of abilities, that he relinquished to him this province, on which Artedi afterwards bestowed all his juvenile labours. In the course of his investigations, he projected a new classification in Ichthyology, which encouraged Linnæus in his similar design in botany. In 1734 Artedi left Sweden, and went to England for the purpose of making greater improvements in the knowledge of fishes; and from England he proceeded to Holland, where he wished to have taken his doctor's degree; but was prevented by the want of money. On this occasion Linnæus recommended him to the celebrated apothecary Seba, of Amsterdam, a lover of natural history, and who had formed a very extensive museum. Seba received Artedi as his assistant, and the latter would probably have been enabled to pursue his studies with advantage, had he not lost his life by falling into one of the canals in a dark night, Sept. 25, 1735. "No sooner," says Linnæus, "had I finished my Fundamenta Botanica,' than I hastened to communicate them to Artedi; he shewed me on his part the work which had been the result of several years study, his Philosophia Ichthyologia,' and other manuscripts. I was delighted with his familiar conversation; but, being overwhelmed with business, I grew impatient at his detaining me so long. Alas! had I known that this was the last visit, the last words of my friend, how fain would I have tarried to prolong his existence!" When Artedi and Linnæus were at Upsal, they recipro cally constituted themselves heirs to each other's books and manuscripts. Linnæus was now ready to assert his right, that he might rescue at least the fame of his deceased friend from oblivion. But the landlord of Artedi, at whose house his situation had compelled him to contract some small debts, would not deliver up his effects, which he threatened to sell by public auction. Through the generous liberality, however, of Dr. Cliffort, a princely patron of natural history, the wish of Linnæus was accomplished. Cliffort purchased the manuscripts, and made him a present of them. The principal one was the general work on fishes, which Linnæus published under the title "Petri Artedi, Sueci medici, Ichthyologia, sive opera omnia de Piscibus," Leyden, 1738, 4to; with the life of the author. But a more valuable edition was published by Dr. Walbaum of Lubeck, 3 vols. 4to, 1788, 1789, 1792; including not only all the modern discoveries and improvements; but a history of the science of ichthyology, from the earliest accounts to the present times. Schneider also published a new edition of a part of this work, under the title "Petri Artedi Synonymia Piscium," Leipsic, 1789, 4to.1 ARTEMIDORUS, celebrated for a superstitious treatise upon Dreams, was born at Ephesus, but took the surname of Daldianus in this book, out of respect to the country of his mother, and he styled himself the Ephesian in his other performances. He lived under the emperor Antoninus Pius, as himself informs us, when he tells us that he knew a wrestler, who, having dreamed he had lost his sight, carried the prize in the games celebrated by command of that emperor. He not only bought up all that had been written concerning the explication of dreams, which amounted to many volumes, but likewise spent many years in travelling, in order to contract an acquaintance with the tribe of, fortune-tellers: he also carried on an extensive correspondence with all persons of this description in Greece, Italy, and the most populous islands, collecting at the same time all reports of dreams, and the events which are said to have followed them. He despised the reproaches of those supercilious persons, who treat Biog. Universelle.-Moreri,-Stoever's Life of Linnæus, Sect. II, and Sect. IV. |