considerable dignities of Rome. Tillemont takes him to be the same person with that Flaccus Arrianus, who, being governor of Cappadocia, stopped the incursions of the Alani, and sent an account of his voyage round the Euxine to Adrian. He is also said to have been preceptor to the philosopher and emperor Marcus Antoninus. There are extant four books of his Diatribæ, or Dissertations upon Epictetus, whose disciple he had been; and Photius tells us that he composed likewise twelve books of that philosopher's discourses. We are told by another author, that he wrote the Life and death of Epictetus. The most celebrated of his works is his History, in Greek, of Alexander the Great, in seven books, a performance much esteemed for more accuracy and fidelity than that of Quintus Curtius. Photius mentions also his History of Bithynia, another of the Alani, and a third of the Parthians, in seventeen books, which he brought down to the war carried on by Trajan against them. He gives us likewise an abridgement of Arrian's ten books of the History of the successors of Alexander the Great; and adds, that he wrote an account of the Indies in one book, which is still extant. The work which he first entered upon was his History of Bithynia; but wanting the proper memoirs and materials for it, he suspended the execution of this design till he had published some other things. This history consisted of eight books, and was carried down till the time when Nicomedes resigned Bithynia to the Romans; but there is nothing of it remaining except what is quoted in Photius and Stephanus Byzantinus. Arrian is said to have written several other works: Lucian tells us, that he wrote the life of a robber, whose name was Tiliborus, and when Lucian endeavours to excuse himself for writing the life of Alexander the impostor, he adds, "Let no person accuse me of having employed my labour upon too low and mean a subject, since Arrian, the worthy disciple of Epictetus, who is one of the greatest men amongst the Romans, and who has passed his whole life amongst the muses, condescended to write the Life of Tiliborus." There is likewise, under the name of Arrian, a Periplus of the Red-sea, that is, of the eastern coasts of Africa and Asia, as far as the Indies; but Dr. Vincent thinks it was not his. There is likewise a book of Tactics under his name, the beginning of which is lost; to these is added the order which he gave for the marching of the Roman army against the Alani,

and giving them battle, which may very properly be ascribed to our author, who was engaged in a war against that people.

The best editions of Arrian are, that of Gronovius, Gr. & Lat. Leyden, 1704, fol.; of Raphelius, Gr. & Lat. Amsterdam, 1757, 8vo; and of Schmeider, Leipsic, 1798, 8vo. Schmeider also published the "Indica cum Bonav. Vulcanii interpret. Lat." 8vo. ibid. 1798. Dodwell's "Dissertatio de Arriani Nearcho," in which the authenticity of the voyage of Nearchus is contested, is affixed to this edition of the Indica, in connexion with Dr. Vincent's able refutation of that attack. The expedition was translated into English by Mr. Rook, Lond. 1729, 2 vols. 8vo. illustrated with historical, geographical, and critical notes, with Le Clerc's criticism on Quintus Curtius, and some remarks on Perizonius's vindication of that author. Rook also added the Indica, the division of the empire after Alexander's death, Raderus's tables, and other useful do

ARRIGHETTI (PHILIP), a native of Florence, where he was born in 1582, and died in 1662, was appointed by pope Urban VIII. canon of the cathedral. He wrote a great many books, among which are, 1. "The Rhetoric of Aristotle," divided into fifty-six lessons; 2. "A translation of the Poetic" of the same author; 3. "Four Academical discourses," on pleasure, laughter, spirit, and honour. 4. "A life of St. Francis.". 5. Some pious writings, particularly a "Treatise on vocal and mental Prayer." His father, Nicholas Arrighetti, died at Florence in 1639, and was a man of learning, and skilled in mathematics. There was also a jesuit of the same name, who published “The theory of Fire," in 1750, 4to; and died at Sienna in 1767.2

ARRIGHETTO or ARRIGO (HENRY), a Latin poet of the twelfth century, was born at Settimello near Florence, and for some time was curate of Calanzano. Disturbed by the vexations he met with from certain enemies, he gave up his benefice, and became so poor that he was obliged to subsist on charity; from which circumstance he obtained the surname of Il Povero. He painted his dis

1 Gen. Dict.-Fabr. Bibl. Græc.-Voss. de Hist. Græc. Moreri.-Clark's Bibliog. Dict.-Saxii Onomasticon.

Dict. Hist. ; and for Nicholas, Biog. Universelle.-Fabroni Vit. Italor. vol. XVI.

grace and his misfortunes in elegiac verse, in a manner so pure and pathetic, that they were prescribed as models at all public schools. They remained in manuscript in various libraries until about a century ago, when three editions of them were published in Italy. The first is that of 1684, 8vo; the second is incorporated in the History of the Poets of the middle ages by Leiser; and the third was printed at Florence in 1730, 4to, with a very elegant translation into Italian, by Dominic Maria Manni. 1

ARRIGHI (FRANCIS), a native of Corsica, was professor of law at Padua, where he died May 28, 1765. He was remarkably tenacious of his opinions, and carried on a long controversy with some antiquaries relative to the explanation of an ancient epitaph. His principal writings are, "A History," in Latin, "of the war of Cyprus," in seven books; and a "Life of Franciscus Maurocenus."2

ARRIGONI (FRANCIS), of Bergamo, was born there Dec. 1, 1610; and died July 28, 1645. He applied himself to the study of the Greek language, and was employed by the cardinal Frederick Boromeo, in decyphering the Greek manuscripts of the Ambrosian library. He wrote some "Eulogies," and "Discourses," which were collected and published at Bergamo in 1636; "The Theatre of Virtue," and other pieces, which are noticed by Vaerini in his history of the writers of Bergamo.

3

ARRIVABENE (JOHN FRANCIS), of a noble family of Mantua, flourished about the year 1546. Enjoying much intimacy with Possevin and Franco, he imbibed their taste for poetry, and composed "Maritime Eclogues," which were printed with the "Maritime Dialogues" of Botazzo, at Mantua, in 1547. Arrivabene was no less distinguished as a prose writer, and there are many of his letters and essays in Ruffinelli's collection, published at Mantua about the same time. *

ARRIVABENE (JOHN PETER), of the same family as the preceding, became bishop of Urbino, where he died in 1504, in the sixty-third year of his age. He had been the scholar of Philelphus, under whom he studied the Greek language with great diligence. He wrote, 1. “Gonzagidos," a Latin poem, in honour of Ludovico, marquis of Mantua, a celebrated general, who died in 1478. 2. "Latin epistles," with those of James Piccolomini, called the car

1 Biog. Universelle.-Dict. Hist. Ibid.-Biog. Universelle.

Dict. Hist.

Ibid.

dinal of Pavia, printed at Milan in 1506. From his Gonzagidos, first printed by Meuschenius in his collection entitled "Vitæ summorum dignitate et eruditione virorum," vol. III. Cobourg, 1738, it appears that the author had been present at many of the victories and transactions which he there relates. 1

ARRIVABENE (HYPPOLITO), a descendant of the same family, who died March 22, 1739, practised with great reputation as a physician at Rome. He printed his "Poems" at Modena in 1717, and an academical dissertation, the title of which is, "La vera idea della Medicina," Reggio, 1730, 4to. 2

ARROWSMITH (JOHN), an English divine and writer, was born at or near Newcastle-upon Tyne, March 29, 1602. He was admitted of St. John's college, in Cambridge, in 1616, and took his first two degrees from thence in 1619 and 1623. In this last year he was chosen fellow of Katherine hall, where he is supposed to have resided some years, probably engaged in the tuition of youth; but in 1631 he married, and removed to Lynn in Norfolk. He continued in this town, very much esteemed, for about ten or twelve years, being first assistant or curate, and afterwards minister in his own right, of St. Nicholas chapel there. He was afterwards called up to assist in the assembly of divines; had a parish in London, and is named with Tuckney, Hill, and others, in the list of Triers, as they were called: i. e. persons appointed to examine and report the integrity and abilities of candidates for the eldership in London, and ministry at large. When Dr. Beale, master of St. John's college, was turned out by the earl of Manchester, Mr. Arrowsmith, who had taken the degree of B. D. from Katherine hall eleven years before, was put into his place; and also into the royal divinity chair, from which the old professor Collins was removed; and after about nine years possession of these honours, to which he added that of a doctor's degree in divinity, in 1649, he was farther promoted, on Dr. Hill's death, to the mastership of Trinity college, with which he kept his professor's place only two years; his health being considerably impaired. He died in Feb. 1658-9.

Dr. Arrowsmith is represented as a learned and able divine, but somewhat stiff and narrow; his natural temper

Biog. Universelle.-Roscoe's Leo.-Mazzuchelli.

9 Dict. Hist.

is said to have been incomparably better than his principles, and all agree that he was a man of a most sweet and engaging disposition. This, says Dr. Salter, appears through all the sourness and severity of his opinions, in his "Tactica Sacra," a book written in a clear style, and with a lively fancy; in which is displayed at once much weakness and stiffness, but withal great reading; and a very amiable candour towards the persons and characters of those, from whom he found himself obliged to differ. This book he dedicated to the fellows and students of his college, and published it in 1657, to supply the place of his sermons, which his ill health would not permit him to preach in the chapel. He also printed three sermons; and in 1659 his friends, Horton and Dillingham, masters of Queen's and Emanuel colleges, published a collection of his theological aphorisms in quarto, with the title of "Armilla Catechetica." Dr. Whichcote, in one of his letters, speaks of him with high respect, although he had no agreement with him in his principles, which were Calvinistic. Mr. Cole praises him for being remote from the latitudinarian principles of modern times.

1

ARSENIUS, bishop of Constantinople, was called to the metropolitan see, from a private monastic life, in 1255, by the emperor Theodore Lascaris; who, a little before his death, constituted him one of the guardians of his son John, an infant in the sixth year of his age. Arsenius was renowned for piety and simplicity; but these afforded no security against the ambition and perfidy of the age. Michael Palæologus usurped the sovereignty; and Arsenius at length, with reluctance, overpowered by the influence of the nobility, consented to place the diadem on his head, with this express condition, that he should resign the empire to the royal infant when he came to maturity. But after he had made this concession, he found his pupil treated with great disregard, and, probably repenting of what he had done, he retired from his see to a monastery. Sometime after, by a sudden revolution, Palæologus recovered Constantinople from the Latins; and amidst his successes, found it necessary to his reputation to recall the bishop, and he accordingly fixed him in the metropolitan see; such was the ascendancy of Arsenius's character.

1 Dr. Saiter's Preface to Whichcote's Letters appended to Dr. W's Aphorisms, 1753. Neal's Hist. of the Puritans, vol. II.-Cole's MS Athena Cantab. in Brit. Mus.