Alliances. "ALLIANCES," said Sir Benjamin Rudyard, "do serve well to make up a present breach, or mutually to strengthen those states who have the same ends. But politic bodies have no natural affections; they are guided by particu lar interest; and beyond that are not to be "The company is to be divided into Files of the room of the man or horse made deficient, for ten in a File. The file is to be distinguished a just cause well approved of."—Instructions into a Leader, a Bringer-up, two Middle-men, for Musters and Arms, 1631.—RUSHWORTH, and three between the Leader and his Middle- part 2, vol. 2, appendix, p. 138. man, and three between the Bringer-up and his Middle-man. When the Companies come together, they are to be exercised ten in depth (as the proportion best fitted to receive all charges, and perform all executions.) But in cases of necessity in service, and for exercise, it will be requisite to reduce them into five in file; and then those two Middle-men become Bringers-up, and then have a kind of charge over those three between the Leader and the Bringer-up, and trusted."-RUSHWORTH, part 3, vol. 1, p. 381. will be of great use in preparing and exercising of the soldiers in the practise of their arms and order. For it is not intended that the whole Companies should be drawn together to be "AMONGST the Papists there is one acknowlexercised. But that upon Sundays after even-edged supreme Pope; supreme in honour, order, ing prayer and upon holy days (as it hath been and in power, from whose judgement there is formerly used for the Bow) the Leader, Bringer- no appeal. I confess, Mr. Chairman, I cannot up, or Middle-men should exercise together with altogether match a Pope with a Pope (yet one the whole file, or such a part as dwells most of the ancient titles of our English Primate was, convenient for him. And further that once in a Alterius Orbis Papa), but thus far I can go, ex month or six weeks, the Captain, Lieutenant, or ore suo-it is in print; he pleads fair for a Ancient may (with the knowledge of the Deputy Patriarchate; and for such a one whose judgeLieutenant that dwells next him) upon a holy ment he (beforehand) professeth ought to be day exercise a squadron of his company, or the final—and then I am sure it ought to be unerrwhole, as shall seem good to the Deputy Lieu- ing. Put these together, and you shall find that the final determination of a Patriarch will want very little of a Pope-and then we may say tenant. "The like form for the Horse: But it is to be observed that the files of horse are never to be above six, but distinguished by the names of Leader, Bringer-up, and two Middle-men; and to be doubled to three deep upon occasion.”Instructions for Musters and Arms, 1631.RUSHWORTH, part 2, vol. 2, append. pp. 137, 138. Hugh Peters. "THERE was not any thing," says ROGER NORTH of the Lord Keeper Guildford, "which he did not, if he might, visit, for his information as well as diversion; as engines, shows, lectures, and even so low as to hear Hugh Peters preach."—Vol. 1, p. 47. Horse Soldiers. "A SPECIAL care and order must be taken that all those that find a man to serve on horseback, whether they find the horse or the man, or both, must not change the horse or man, at their pleasure for so it would be every day to practise a new man, or a new horse, and the exercise be made vain. But they must take into consideration, that the man and horse designed to the service of the King, hath (by the intention of the law) been dedicated so to the interest of the King, as they must always be in readiness at the call of the King's officers, and may not be changed without the knowledge and consent of the Captain, or Deputy Lieutenant next adjoining, or by warrant of the Lord LieuAnd this with this only limitation, that another sufficient man or horse be supplied in tenant. Laud. mutato nomine de te Fabula narratur. He pleads Popeship under the name of a Patriarch; and I much fear lest the end and top of his patriarchal plea, may be as that of Cardinal Pole his predecessor, who would have two heads, one Caput Regale, another Caput Sacerdotale; a proud parallel, to set up the Mitre as high as the Crown. But herein I shall be free and clear; if one there must be (be it a Pope, be it a Patriarch), this I resolve upon for my own choice, procul à Jove, procul à fulmine: I had rather serve one as far off as Tiber, than to have him come so near as the Thames. A Pope at Rome will do me less hurt than a Patriarch may do at Lambeth."-Sir Edward Dering.-RUSHWORTH, part 3, vol. 1, p. 55. Rigby against Mercy.-1640. "MR. SPEAKER, it hath been objected unto us that in judgement we should think of mercy; and be ye merciful as your Heavenly Father is merciful.' Now God Almighty grant that we may be so; and that our hearts and judgements may be truly rectified to know truly what is merey: I say, to know what is mercy, for there is the point, Mr. Speaker. I have heard of foolish pity: foolish pity! Do we not all know the effects of it? And I have met with this epithet to mercy, crudelis misericordia: and in some kind I think there may be a cruel mercy. I am sure that the Spirit of God said, Be not RUSHWORTH. i 25 pityful in judgement; nay it saith, Be not pityful monstrance, I presently imagined that like of the Poor in judgement; if not of the Poor, faithful counsellors, we should hold up a glass then à latiori, not of the Rich; there's the unto his Majesty: I thought to represent unto emphasis."—Mr. Rigby, 1640.-RUSHWORTH, the King the wicked counsels of pernicious part 3, vol. 1, p. 129. counsellors; the restless turbulency of practical Papists; the treachery of false Judges; the bold innovations and some superstition brought in by some pragmatical Bishops and the rotten part of the clergy. I did not dream that we should remonstrate downward, tell stories to the People, and talk of the King as of a third person. The use and end of such Remonstrance I understand not: at least I hope I do not."-RUSHWORTH, part 3, vol. 1, p. 425. Irish Soldiers for Spain.-1641. 1641. As for sending the Irish into Spain, truly, Sir, I have been long of opinion, that it was never fit to suffer the Irish to be promiscuously made soldiers abroad, because it may make them abler to trouble the State when they come home; their intelligence and practise with the Princes whom they shall serve may prove dangerous to that kingdom of Ireland.—Besides it will be exceedingly prejudicial to us, and to our religion, if the Spaniard should prevail against the Portuguese. It were better for us he should be broken into lesser pieces-his power shivered. If the King of Portugal had desired the Irish soldiers, I should rather have given my vote for him than for the King of Spain, because it would keep the balance more even. Spain hath had too much of our assistance and connivance heretofore. I am sure it lost us the Palatinate. Now that it is come to our turn to advise, I hope we shall not do other men's faults over again."-Sir Benjamin Rudyard.-RUSHWORTH, part 3, vol. 1, p. 382. Dering against the Remonstrance. "THIS Remonstrance," said Sir Edward Dering, "is now in progress upon its last foot in this house. I must give a vote unto it, one way or other. My conscience bids me not to dare to be affirmative. So sings the bird in my breast; and I do cheerfully believe the tune to be good. "This Remonstrance whensoever it passeth will make such an impression, and leave such a character behind, both of his Majesty, the People, the Parliament, and of this present Church and State, as no time shall ever eat it out while histories are written, and men have eyes to read them. Mr. Speaker, this Remonstrance is in some kind greater and more extensive than an act of Parliament: That reacheth only to England and Wales; but in this the three kingdoms will be your immediate supervisors; and the greatest part of Christendom will quickly borrow the glass to see our deformities therein. Dering, for an Endowed and Learned "It is, I dare say, the unanimous wish, the concurrent sense of this whole house, to go such a way as may best settle and secure an able, learned, and fully sufficient ministry among us. This ability, this sufficiency, must be of two several sorts.-It is one thing to be able to preach and to fill the pulpit well; it is another ability to confute the perverse adversaries of truth, and to stand in that breach. The first of these gives you the wholesome food of sound doctrine; the other maintains it for you, and defends it from such harpies as would devour, or else pollute it. Both of these are supremely necessary for us and for our religion. Both are of divine institution. The holy apostle requireth both, both napakahɛiv and kλéyxew; first to preach, that he be able with sound doctrine to exhort; and then kaì Toùç úvrikéyovraç khéyxew, and to convince the gainsayers, for saith he, there are many deceivers whose mouths must be stopt. "Now, Sir, to my purpose: These double abilities, these several sufficiencies, may perhaps sometimes meet together in one and the same man; but seldom, very seldom, so seldom, that you scarce can find a very few among thousands rightly qualified in both. Nor is this so much the infelicity of our, or any times, as it is generally the incapacity of man, who cannot easily raise himself up to double excellencies. Knowledge in religion doth extend itself into so large, so vast a sphere, that many for haste do cut across the diameter and find weight enough in half their work very few do or can travel the whole circle round.-The reason is evident. For whilst one man doth chiefly intend the pulpit exercise, he is thereby disabled for polemic discourses; and whilst another indulgeth to himself the faculty of his pen, he thereby renders himself the weaker for the pulpit.—Now, Sir, such a way, such a temper of Church government and of Church revenue I must wish, as may best secure unto us both; both for preaching to us at home, and for convincing such as are abroad. Let us be always sure of some Champions in our Israel, such as may be ready and able to fight the Lord's battle against the Philistines of Rome, the Socinians of the North, "Mr. Speaker, when I first heard of a Re- the Arminians and Semi-Pelagians of the West, "To what end do we decline thus to them that look not for it? Wherefore is this descension from a Parliament to a People? They look not up for this so extraordinary courtesy. The better sort think best of us and why are we told that the people are expectant for a declaration? I did never look for it of my predecessors in this place, nor shall do from my successo!. I do here profess that I do not know any one soul in all that county for which I have the honour to serve, who looks for this at your hands. 26 RUSHWORTH-ROGER NORTH. and generally against Heretics and Atheists ing of the Border in Charles the Second's reign, everywhere. God increase the number of his labourers within his vineyard, such as may plentifully and powerfully preach faith and good life among us. But never let us want some of these Watchmen also about our Israel, such as may from the everlasting Hills (so the Scriptures are called) watch for us and descry the common enemy, which way soever he shall approach. Let us maintain both pen and pulpit. Let no Ammonite persuade the Gileadite to fool out his right eye; unless we be willing to make a league with destruction, and to wink at ruin whilst it comes upon us."-Sir Edward Dering, 10th Nov. 1641.-RUSHWORTH, part 3, vol. 1, p. 427. Origin of the term Roundheads. "was then much troubled with Bedlamers. One was tried before his Lordship, for killing another of his own trade, whom he surprized asleep, and with his great staff knocked on the head; and then bragged that he had given him a sark full of sere benes, that is a shirt full of sore bones. He would not plead to the country, because there were Horsecopers amongst them, till the press was ready; and then he pleaded, and was at last hanged. They were a great nuisance in the country, frightening the people in their houses, and taking what they listed; so that a small matter with the countryman would do such a fellow's business.”—Life of Lord Keeper Guildford, vol. 1, p. 271. "HERE his Lordship saw the true image of a border country [between Newcastle and Hexham]. The tenants of the several manors are bound to guard the judges through their precinct: and out of it they would not go, no, not an inch, to save the souls of them. They were a comical sort of people, riding upon negs, as they call their small horses, with long beards, cloaks, and long broad swords, with basket hilts, hanging in broad belts, that their legs and one in his turn, with his short cloak and other equipage, came up cheek by joul, and talked with my Lord Judge. His Lordship was very well pleased with their discourse; for they were great antiquarians in their own bounds."ROGER NORTH, Life of Lord Keeper Guildford, vol. 1, p. 272. "DEC. 27th, 1641.-There was a great and unusual concourse of people at and about Westminster, many of them crying out No Bishops! no Bishops! And the Bishop of Lincoln coming along with the Earl of Dover toward the House of Peers, observing a youth to cry out against the Bishops, the rest of the citizens being silent, stept from the Earl of Dover, and laid hands on him; whereupon the citizens with-swords almost touched the ground: and every held the youth from him, and about one hundred of them coming about his Lordship hemmed him in, so that he could not stir, and then all of them with a loud voice cried out No Bishops! and so let his Lordship the Bishop go. But there being three or four gentlemen walking near, one of them named David Hide, a Reformado in the late army against the Scots, and now appointed to go in some command into Ireland, began to bustle, and said he would cut the throats of those round-headed dogs that bawled against Bishops (which passionate expression of his, as far as I could ever learn, was the first minting of that term or compellation of Roundheads, which afterwards grew so general), and saying so, drew his sword, and desired the other gentlemen to second him: but they refusing, he was apprehended by the citizens, and brought before the House of Commons, and committed, and afterwards cashiered from all employment into Ireland."-RUSHWORTH, part 3, vol. 1, p. 463. Abuses in Law. "For it is impossible," says ROGEr North, "but in process of time, as well from the nature of things changing, as corruption of agents, abuses will grow up; for which reason, the law must be kept as a garden, with frequent digging, weeding, turning, &c. That which in one age was convenient, and perhaps necessary, in another becomes an intolerable nuisance." Life of Lord Keeper Guildford, vol. 1, p. 209. The Border in Charles the Second's Reign. Conspiracy against the Gentry in Cumberland. "IN Cumberland the people had joined in a sort of confederacy to undermine the estates of the gentry, by pretending a tenant right; which there is a customary estate, not unlike our copyholds; and the verdict was sure for the tenant's right, whatever the case was. The gentlemen finding that all was going, resolved to put a stop to it, by serving on common juries. I could not but wonder to see pantaloons and shoulder-knots crowding among the common clowns, but this account was a satisfaction."ROGER NORTH, Life of Lord Keeper Guildford, vol. 1, p. 273. Clergy in Craven during the Rebellion. "ONE circumstance in the ecclesiastical history of Craven," says DR. WHITAKER, "deserves to be remembered. There never was a period when the consciences of ecclesiastics were more harassed by impositions than in the civil wars of the last [the 17th] century; yet such was the flexibility of principle displayed by the incumbents of this Deanery, under all their trials, that not a name in the whole number appears in the catologue of sufferers exhibited on the two opposite sides by Calamy and Walker. The surplice or the gown; the Liturgy or DR. WHITAKER. Directory; Episcopal, Presbyterian, or Congre-[ gational government; a King, a Commonwealth, or an Usurper; all these changes, and all the contradictory engagements which were imposed, were deemed trifling inconveniences in comparison of the loss of a benefice. A century before, from the time of the Six Articles to the final establishment of Protestantism under Queen Elizabeth, I have reason to think that the predecessors of these men were no less interested and compliant."-History of Craven, p. 7. Few Beggars.-1381. In the Compotus of Sallay for the year 1381, the item Pauperibus et Mendicantibus is "five shillings and three pence, less than a thousandth part of the income of the House."-WHITAKER'S History of Craven, p. 52. Not that charity was wanting at Sallay, but that paupers and mendicants were few. Tenantry in the Sixteenth Century. Tyranny of the Sequestrators.-1650. "GOOD MR. GRAHAM, "This Monday the tenants are very sad, for they cannot procure this £150 to pay on Wednesday next, at York; they are gone to other places to try what they can do. For God's sake send some speedy stop from Goldsmiths' Hall to the Committee at York, for they are so very fierce that they will strain every third day, till they have the £800 and the use; and as they order the matter, every straining comes to twenty pound with charges and fees. And soon as you get any stop, send it by the very next post, for we send every Monday to Cave, to see for some relief from you. The Doctor writ to you last night, what ill case my Lord's estate is in. If my Lord's fine be not paid, there is no mercy with these men; though Plaxton is gone to-day to Sir Henry Chamley and Mr. Stockdale, to procure the Committee to give some time, till we hear from Goldsmiths' Hall, and to get their hands, that the money that is paid here may be allowed above as part of payment: if we get any such note for this £150, you shall be sure to have it next post after. The Sequestrators came on Thursday last, and they and their soldiers lay here In enquiring "into the particular causes of that influence which, independently on the general submission of the times to titles and station, the great nobles of the 16th century continued till Monday. I never saw so great distraction to possess over their vassals," DR. WHITAKER says "much attention to the policy of the Cliffords in the management of their estates enables me to pronounce that the first and principal of these causes was low rents and short leases. Their pecuniary receipts were trifling. They did not require in specie more than an eighth part even of what was then the value of their farms: the remainder they were contented to forego, partly for personal service, and partly for that servile homage which a mixed sense of obligation and dependance will always produce. Besides, a farmhold was then an estate in a family. If the tenants were dutiful and submissive, their leases were renewed of course: if otherwise, they were turned out, not, as at present, to a lucrative trade, or a tenement equally profitable on some neighbouring estate, but to the certain prospect of poverty and utter destitution. The tenantry of the present day neither enjoy the same advantages by retaining, nor suffer the same distress from quitting their tenements. A landlord, though the word has something of a feudal sound, is now considered merely as a dealer in land; and the occupier at rack-rent, when he has made his half-yearly payment, thinks himself as good as the owner." -History of Craven, p. 75. "THE Consequence of the extreme lowness of rents was, that the landlords were poor and domineering, the tenants obliged and obsequious. It was also undoubtedly a principal inducement with the lords to retain such vast tracts of land in demesne."-WHITAKER'S History of Craven, p. 76-7. in house and town in my life: little rest taken May the 27, 1650. Why doth nobody go to Colonel Mathy Alured? The Sequestrators say they will let out all the deer out of the park when the first of June is past; for then, they say, half the estate is confiscate and they will enter on it. So if we have no order from you on next Friday, what will become of us on Saturday?”WHITAKER'S History of Craven, p. 303. Dress in Elizabeth's Reign. The ordinary habit of a nobleman, at that time [Elizabeth's reign] consisted of a doublet and hoso, a cloak, or sometimes a long, sometimes a short gown, with sleeves. It must be 28 DR. WHITAKER-DODD-SIR HENRY SLINGSBY. remembered that the gown was originally a ish their crimes by such a defection, Deism or common, not a professional habit only; but that Atheism may obtain an establishment, and the as state and gravity yielded to convenience in Thirty-Nine Articles be jostled out by the Alordinary dress, it was exchanged for a short coran."-DODD's Church History of England, cloak, which, about the reign of Charles II., vol. 1, p. 97. gave way in its turn to the coat, as that is nothing more than the ancient sleeved doublet prolonged. In the meantime ecclesiastics, and other members of the learned professions, whose habits varying little at first from the common Iress of the times, had those little distinctions fixed by canons and statutes, persevered in the ase of their old costume; in consequence of which they retain the gown, under various modifications, to the present day. "The same observation may be made with respect to the hood, which however ill adapted to common use, was the ancient covering for the head in ordinary clothing. The different orders of monks, the different degrees in the Universities, only varied the cut or the material of the hood for distinction's sake. But, for common use, the hood was supplanted by the round citizen's cap, yet retained by the yeomen of the guard, such as is seen, though much conracted, and of meaner materials, in the engravngs to the old editions of Fox's Martyrs. This was succeeded by the hat, which, I think, first became general in Queen Elizabeth's time, nearly of the shape of the modern round hat, though turned up on one side."-WHITAKER'S History of Craven, p. 325. "Ir will be remarked, that in a nobleman's wardrobe at that time [Elizabeth's] every thing was shewy and costly; velvet, sattin, sarcenet, gold lace and fur. At the same time it is curious to observe how many articles are described as old and far worn. A wardrobe at that time lasted for life, or more; for I am persuaded that many articles here enumerated, had belonged to the first Earl. How much more rational is a plain broad-cloth suit, frequently renewed, and accompanied with daily changes of very fine linen, &c., in which alone a nobleman now differs from a tradesman."-WHITAKER'S History of Craven, p. 325. Dodd's Argument against the Subjection of our Clergy to a Lay Head. "'Tis certain that in practice the Clergy of England are not allowed to enjoy any independent power or jurisdiction, either temporal or spiritual. So that from the whole it appears to me that though the See of Rome is a loser by this Act of Parliament [the Act of Supremacy] the Protestant Clergy have gained nothing by it. They have only changed masters; and instead of paying obedience to those of their own charactes, have put themselves entirely under the power of the laity; and, considering the uncertainty of human affairs, and the revolutions that kingdoms and civil governments are subject to, their creed may ring the changes of the state; and if Providence is disposed to pun In Queen of Bohemia's Second Husband. "WILLIAM CRAVEN was born at Appletrewick, in the parish of Burnsall [in Craven], of poor parents, who are said to have consigned him to a common carrier for his conveyance to London, where he entered into the service of a mercer or draper. In that situation nothing more is known of his history, till by diligence and frugality, the old virtues of a citizen, he had raised himself to wealth and honour. 1607 he is described by Camden as equestri dignitate, et senator Londinensis. In 1611 he was chosen Lord Mayor. In him the commercial spirit of the family ended as it had begun. William Craven his eldest son, having been trained in the armies of Gustavus Adolphus and William Prince of Orange, became one of the most distinguished soldiers of his time. He was in the number of those gallant Englishmen who served the unfortunate King of Bohemia from a spirit of romantic attachment to his beautiful consort; and his services are generally supposed to have been privately rewarded with the hand of that Princess, after her return in widowhood to her native country. "Thus was the son of a Wharfdale peasant matched with the sister of Charles I.He was created Baron of Hamstead Marshall 2 Charles I., and Earl Craven 16 Charles II."-WHITAKER'S History of Craven, p. 437-8. Sir John Hotham. SIR HENRY SLINGSBY says, "I have often heard my Lord of Cumberland say, that he [Hotham] would be often talking to him many years before, when we were happy in knowing nothing, and secure in believing never to find the effects of it here, that if he had Hull he would bring all Yorkshire under contribution. But it seems my Lord of Newcastle knew how to work upon his distemper when he once found his pulse. But I rather think it was his son's journey, and disagreeing with my Lord Fairfax, that made him weary of being of one side, and more easily drawn to hearken to reason. was one that was not easily drawn to believe as another doth, or hold an opinion for the author's sake, not out of judgment, but faction; for what he held was clearly his own, which made him but one half the Parliament's; he was mainly for the liberty of the subject, and privilege of Parliament; but not at all for their new opinions in Church Government.” He Baxter against the Quaker Assertion that there |