trained assistant, who will henceforth live in England and carry on the work of building Goubet submarines.

When Admiral von Tirpitz was in the United States, serving upon the staff of Prince Henry during his visit, he said that Germany was not ready to set her inventors at work upon submarine boats, preferring to use all her constructive ability in improving her battle-ships and cruisers. Nevertheless, she is giving some thought to the subject, and her first boat was delivered in September, 1902. The details of its construction have been kept secret, but it is understood that it is built after a combination of the plans of the Holland and Goubet types. It is a small boat, about 35 feet in length, and was built in the United States.

France is experimenting, with as nearly absolute secrecy as is possible, with her own inventions, and during the year the Ministry of Marine has given orders for several new types of boat. They also announce the invention of a telescopic periscope that enables them to survey the surface from a depth of 15 meters. The maximum depth permitted by the former instrument was 9 meters. During the naval maneuvers off Hyères, in August, 1902, on the French Mediterranean coast, the submarine boats Gustave Zédé and Gymnote were sent out from the harbor to attack the fleet representing the enemy. Traveling at a depth of 10 feet below the surface, they reached the fleet and "torpedoed" 3 battle-ships, the crews of which were unaware of the presence of the submarines until the torpedoing" was done.

SUNDAY-SCHOOL CONVENTION, INTERNATIONAL. The tenth International Sunday-School Convention met at Denver, Col., June 26 to 30. The Rev. B. B. Tyler, D. D., of Denver, was chosen presiding officer for the sessions. The general secretary's report presented a survey of the past three years of Sunday-school work in affiliation with the convention. There were now 85 paid workers in 45 associations. In educational work, 1,300 normal classes had been reported, with 14,000 members, and the organized work was in excellent condition. The organization of the last State, Nevada, had just been completed. More than 8,000 home departments were reported. More than 125,000 members had come into the churches from Sunday-schools during the past year. Statistics were presented showing that there were in the United States 139,520 Sunday-schools, with 1,414,589 teachers and 11,462,414 pupils; in Canada, 10,220 schools, 82,156 teachers, and 685.870 pupils; in all North America, including, besides these, Newfoundland and Labrador, Mexico, the West Indies, and Central America, 152,959 schools, 1,511,188 teachers, and 12.297.405 pupils; and in the whole world, 254.401 schools, with a total membership of 25,856,582 teachers and pupils. A report of the work done in the South under the direction of the late Rev. L. B. Maxwell, field secretary, related to the organization of the international work among nearly 2,000,000 colored people. The Lesson Committee reported that the total expense involved in its last three years' operations had been met by 27 publishing houses, and that for the next triennium $14.000 had been pledged by individuals and delegations for the international field. An important question was raised as to the system to be followed in the selection of the lessons for the ensuing term of three years. Hitherto one uniform lesson for the whole school had been used and studied in all the schools affiliated with the convention throughout the world; but a conviction had grown up among

The

many persons interested in Sunday-school work that this was not the wisest plan, and that a graded system of lessons adapted to the age and degree of advancement of different classes of pupils would be preferable, with an elementary series for the younger pupils, advanced courses for the older ones, and lessons like those at present in use for the intermediate classes. A beginner's course had already been tentatively used, satisfactorily, for one year. The report of the Lesson Committee favored the adoption of the graduated system, with the beginner's course, and a course for advanced classes, dealing with the prophetic, epistolary, and apocalyptic parts of the Bible, and was accompanied with the outline of an experimental course for two years. plan of the committee was not adopted by the convention, except that it authorized the preparation of a series of special primary lessons. It directed that "one uniform lesson for all grades of the Sunday-school shall be selected by the Lesson Committee as in accordance with the usage of the past five lesson committees; provided that the Lesson Committee be authorized to issue an optional beginner's course for special demands and uses, such optional course not to bear the official title of International Lesson. Resolved, That at this time we are not prepared to adopt a series of advanced lessons to take the place of the uniform lessons in the adult grade of the Sunday-schools. The Lesson Committee is urged to consider how far a better continuity of Bible study may be secured by alternating at longer intervals-of one or more years-the selections from the Old and New Testaments respectively. Resolved, That this convention reaffirm the instructions on the subject of temperance lessons adopted at Pittsburg and reaffirmed at St. Louis and Boston." A committee was provided for to consider what means should be taken in the various States and provinces to secure the reading of the Bible without comment in the public schools.

Notwithstanding this action, the friends of a graduated series of lessons continued to urge their views, and even to give formal expression to them. The Executive Committee of the Western section of the Presbyterian Alliance meeting at Philadelphia in the later days of October instructed its Committee on Sabbath-Schools and Young People's Societies to select a course of Bible Lessons for advanced classes and present it to the next meeting of the section for consideration; and this committee, at its meeting, Nov. 13, appointed a subcommittee to prepare the

course.

The Council of Seventy of the Institute of Sacred Literature in November published a call for a national convention to consider methods for improving the efficiency of Bible teaching in the Sunday-school, the home, the college, and else"that the where. In its resolutions it declared religious and moral instruction of the young is at present inadequate and imperfectly correlated with other instruction in history, literature, and the sciences; that the Sunday-school, as the primary institution for the religious and moral education of the young, should be conformed to a higher ideal, and made efficient for its work by the gradation of pupils, and by the adaptation of its material and method of instruction to the several stages of the mental, moral, and spiritual growth of the individual; and that the home, the day-school, and all other agencies should be developed to assist in the right education of the young in religion and morals."

Assuming that this improvement in religious

and moral instruction could best be promoted by a national organization devoted exclusively to the purpose, the convention was called to assemble in Chicago, under the auspices of the Council of Seventy, in February or March, 1903, for the creation of such a national organization; the convention to consist of members and associate members of the Council of Seventy; invited teachers, ministers, and editors; and invited pastors of churches and superintendents of Sundayschools.

According to the ninety-eighth annual report of the British Sunday-School Union, 7,043 schools, with 158,104 teachers and 1,500,242 pupils, were affiliated with the union at home; 1,139 schools, with 20,280 teachers and 210,010 pupils, in the Scottish National Sunday-School Union; 802 schools, with 9,600 teachers and 96.951 pupils, in 7 colonial unions; and 6,846 schools, with. 10,573 teachers and 273,794 pupils, in the India Sunday-School Union; making, together with the numbers returned by the Buenos Ayres SundaySchool Association, a total of 15,842 schools, 198,648 teachers, and 2,082,008 pupils. The General Benevolent fund had received £4,003, including £1,602 from trade profits; £1,964 had been received for continental and Indian work, and £1,964 for three children's homes and the Teachers' Home of Rest. The enterprises of the union had been greatly expanded, and it was seeking to extend Sunday work abroad as well as at home.

SWEDEN AND NORWAY, two kingdoms in northern Europe, united under the same sovereign since Nov. 4, 1814, but independent of each other in Constitution, government, and laws. Affairs common to both kingdoms are decided by a Council of State composed of Swedes and Norwegians. The throne in each monarchy passes in the order of primogeniture and in the male line to the descendants of Marshal Bernadotte, Prince of Ponte Corvo, who was elected by the Swedish Diet in 1810 to be the heir and successor of Carl XIII, the last sovereign of the house of HolsteinGottorp. The reigning King is Oscar II, born Jan. 21, 1829, grandson of Carl XIV, the founder of the dynasty, who succeeded his brother Carl XV on Sept. 18, 1872. The heir apparent is Prince Gustaf, Duke of Vermland, eldest son of the King, born June 16, 1858.

Sweden. The Diet of Sweden, called the Riksdag, consists of a First Chamber, of 150 members, elected for nine years by provincial and municipal assemblies, and a Second Chamber, of 230 members, elected for three years, 80 of them in towns by direct suffrage and 150 in rural districts either directly or indirectly as the majority decide, by natives of Sweden who own land assessed at a value of 1,000 kronor or have for five years farmed land assessed at 6,000 kronor or upward or pay income tax on 800 kronor. The qualified electors in 1899 were 6.7 per cent. of the population, and only 40.3 per cent. of them voted. The Swedish Council of State in the beginning of 1902 was composed of the following members: Minister of State, Baron Fredrik Wilhelm von Otter, appointed Sept. 12, 1900; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Carl Herman Theodor Alfred Lagerheim, appointed Oct. 13, 1899; Minister of Justice, Per Samuel Ludvig Annerstedt, appointed Feb. 5, 1896; Minister of War, Jesper Ingewald Crusebjörn, appointed Oct. 27, 1899; Minister of Marine, Adolf Arnold Louis Palander, appointed May 31, 1901; Minister of the Interior, Julius Edvard von Krusenstjerna, appointed Oct. 6, 1896; Minister of Finance, Count Hans Hansson Wachtmeister, appointed July 16, 1897; Minister of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs, Nils Ludvig Alfred Claëson,

appointed June 22, 1898; Minister of Agriculture, Albrecht Theodor Odelberg, appointed March 31, 1900; Councilors of State, Dr. K. S. Husberg, appointed July 12, 1900, and Dr. Knut Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, appointed Sept. 25, 1901.

Area and Population.-The census taken on Dec. 31, 1900, shows a total population of 5,136,441, composed of 2,506,436 males and 2,630,005 females. The area and population of the lands, or provinces, into which the kingdom is divided are given in the following table:

The population of the towns having municipal government and not represented in the Landsthing was in 1900 as follows: Stockholm, 300,624; Göteborg, 130,619; Malmö, 60,857; Norrköping, 41,008; Gefle, 29,522.

The Army. The reorganization of the army approved by the Diet in 1901 will be completed in 1913. The indelta, or cantoned troops, will disappear. Every Swede, according to the new law, owes military service from the age of twenty-one for eight years in the first and four years in the second ban of the Beväring, and afterward for eight years in the Landsturm. The period of service with the colors will be increased from ninety days to one hundred and seventy-two days from 1902 till 1908, and thereafter to two hundred and forty days for infantry, siege- and fortress-artillery, and train, divided into a first period of one hundred and fifty days and 3 recalls for thirty days, and for the other arms a first period of two hundred and eighty-one days and 2 recalls for forty-two days, a total of three hundred and sixty-five days. The marine troops, including the coast-artillery, serve three hundred days in all.

The effective of the Swedish army in 1901 comprised 48 general and staff officers and 233 employees, 27,633 officers and men forming 56 battalions of infantry, 5,269 forming 50 squadrons of cavalry, 3,509 in the field-artillery, 638 in the fortress-artillery, 172 in the Gotland artillery force, 991 forming 9 companies of engineers, and 772 forming 8 companies of train; total, 39.265, comprising 1,954 officers, 691 employees, 1,794 non-commissioned officers, 1,657 musicians, and 33.169 men, with 6,801 horses. There were 683 officers, 80 employees, 450 non-commissioned officers, and 75 musicians, making a total of 1.288, on leave. The strength of the Beväring was about 250,000, giving a war effective of 290,553 of all ranks, besides 200,000 men in the 8 classes of the Landsturm. The infantry are armed with Mausers

of 6.5 millimeters caliber, the reserve troops with Remingtons of 8 and 12 millimeters, the fieldartillery with S-centimeter Krupps, the horsebatteries with 7-centimeter rapid-fire guns.

The Navy. The navy of Sweden is intended merely for coast-defense. There are 10 first-class, 4 second-class, and 9 third-class turret-ships, 3 corvettes, 5 torpedo-cruisers, 13 gunboats and despatch vessels, and 15 first-class and 11 secondclass torpedo-boats.

Commerce and Production.-The cereal crops in 1900 were 1,849,600 hectoliters of wheat from 75,400 hectares, 5,210,700 hectoliters of rye from 409,700 hectares, 5,210,700 hectoliters of barley from 220,700 hectares, 24,411,400 hectoliters of oats from 820,500 hectares, and 3,993,800 hectoliters of mixed grain from 126,000 hectares. Of beans and peas 858,300 hectoliters were raised on 48,200 hectares; of potatoes, 24,643,900 hectoliters on 157,500 hectares. The live stock on Jan. 1, 1900, consisted of 525,256 horses, 2,583,065 cattle, 1,283,786 sheep, and 810,839 hogs. The quantity of iron ore mined in 1900 was 2,607,925 tons. The production of pig-iron was 518,787 tons; of bar iron, 329,965 tons; the exports of iron ore in 1899 were 1,628,011 tons; of pig-iron, 93,895 tons; of bar iron, 167,847 tons. The quantity of silverlead ore mined in 1900 was 5,300 tons; of copper ore, 22,725 tons; of zinc ore, 61,044 tons; of manganese ore, 2,651 tons. The production of gold was 88 kilograms; of silver, 1,927 kilograms; of lead, 1,423 tons; of copper, 136 tons. The quantity of coal mined was 252,320 tons.

The total value of imports in 1899 was 504,788,683 kronor, and of exports 358,184,767 kronor. The imports of textile manufactures were 46,738,248 kronor, and exports 1,579,218 kronor; imports of grain and flour were 49,327,777 kronor, and exports 4,850,080 kronor; imports of colonial goods were 38,634,760 kronor, and exports 135,289 Kronor; imports of textile materials and yarn were 47,818,471 kronor, and exports 1,252,671 kronor; imports of coal and other minerals were 82,388,362 kronor, and mineral exports 21,421,309 kronor; imports of metal manufactures and machinery were 74,605,197 kronor, and exports 22,585,054 kronor; imports of live animals and animal food products were 23,542,296 kronor, and exports 48,128,649 kronor; imports of hides, hair, and other animal products were 24,459,229 kronor, and exports 4,300,564 kronor; imports of raw and partly manufactured metals were 13,159,371 kronor, and exports 43,513,013 kronor; imports of timber and wood manufactures were 3,751,465 kronor, and exports 178,553,581 kronor; imports of paper and paper manufactures were 4,745,770 kronor, and exports 11,706,764 kronor; imports of other articles were 94,617,737 kronor, and exports 20,158,575 kronor.

Politics and Legislation.-In the session of the Riksdag that opened on Jan. 15 the question of electoral reform created more serious division than that of universal military service in the preceding session. Some years before the Government after much urging had presented a project that went too far for the Right without half satisfying the Left. The Government proposed in the new bill to give one vote to all males of twenty-five years or over who are entitled to vote in their communes and have paid their taxes for two years and two votes to qualified electors who are married or have reached the age of forty years. The committee added provisions requiring the possession of land or an income of 500 kronor. The Socialist-Labor party made demonstrations in favor of universal suffrage and threatened a general strike; which was carried

out on May 15, but lasted only two days. A commission was appointed to consider the subject of a joint Swedish and Norwegian consular service. For the purpose of providing the means to support the new army both chambers passed a progressive income-tax bill requiring each taxpayer to declare his income subject to penalties for a false declaration. All incomes above 1,000 kronor must pay taxes. All the members of the Cabinet resigned on June 28, and on July 5 the former Prime Minister Boström formed a Cabinet as follows: Premier, Herr Boström; Minister of Justice, Herr Berger; Minister of War, Lieut.Gen. Crusebjörn; Minister of Marine, Rear-Admiral Palander; Minister of the Interior, Herr Westring; Minister of Finance, Herr Meyer; Minister of Public Worship, Carl von Friesen; Minister of Agriculture, Herr Odelberg; without portfolio, Herr Ramstedt. Elections which took place in September for the Second Chamber showed gains for the Left. A commission was appointed in October to draw up a scheme of proportional representation in the Second Chamber.

Norway.-The Norwegian Diet, called the Storthing, consists of 114 members, elected for three years, 38 by the towns and 76 by the rural districts. Every Norwegian citizen twenty-five years of age who has lived five years in the country is entitled to vote for electors, 1 to 50 voters in towns and 1 to 100 in rural districts, who elect the representatives to the Storthing from among the qualified voters of the district, including themselves, who have reached the age of thirty and have lived ten years in Norway. In 1900 the qualified voters were 19.7 per cent. of the population and 54.2 per cent. of them voted. When the Storthing comes together it elects a fourth of its members to form the Lagthing. The other three-fourths form the Odelsthing, before which all legislative bills are first laid, and which has the sole right to revise the financial estimates and to impeach ministers, judges, or members of the Storthing, who are then tried by the Lagthing reenforced by the members of the highest court, forming the Rigsret. The Lagthing can reject bills passed by the Odelsthing, in which case both houses meet in joint session and the matter is decided by a two-thirds vote. Amendments to the Constitution can be enacted in like manner. The Council of State at the beginning of 1902, constituted on Feb. 17, 1898, was presided over by Johannes Vilhelm Christian Steen as Minister of State, who was head of the Department of the Interior and was composed further of the following Councilors of State and heads of departments: Ecclesiastical Affairs and Public Instruction, Vilhelm Andreas Wexelsen; Justice, Ole Anton Qvam; Agriculture, Wollert Konow; Public Works, Jörgen Gundersen Lövland; Finance and Customs, Elias Sunde; Defense, Lieut.-Col. Hans Georg Jacob Stang. The delegation of the Council at Stockholm had the following members: Minister of State, Otto Albert Blehr; Councilors of State, Commodore Christian Sparre and Sören Tobias Arstad.

Area and Population.-Norway has an area of 124,445 square miles, and on Dec. 3, 1900, contained a population of 2,239,880, comprising 1,087,479 males and 1,152,401 females. The area and population of the districts into which the kingdom is divided are given on the next page.

The number of marriages in 1899 was 15,530; of births, 67,013; of deaths, 36,563; excess of births, 30,450. The number of emigrants in 1900 was 10,931, of whom 10,665 emigrated to the United States, 112 to British America, and 164 to other countries.

DISTRICTS.

Square miles. Population.

126,182 116,280 112,676

74,362

32,800 2,239,880

Finances. The revenue for the nine months ending March 31, 1900, was 78,827,000 kroner, of which 5,253,000 kroner came from direct taxes, 36,526,000 kroner from indirect taxes, and 24,135,000 kroner from other sources. The expenditures during the same period amounted to 75,963,000 kroner, of which 20,712,000 kroner were for defense, 5,344,000 kroner for debt, 18,569,000 kroner for public works, and 31,278,000 kroner for general purposes of government. For the year ending March 31, 1901, the total revenue was estimated at 99,641,070 kroner, including a cash balance of 3,763,200 kroner and 14,357,113 kroner raised by loan for railroads, telegraphs, and telephones, and expenditure was estimated at the same sum. For the year ending March 31, 1902, the budget balanced at 97,300,000 kroner. Of the revenue the income tax yielded 5,300,000 kroner, customs duties 35,000,000 kroner, the excise tax on spirits, 4,800,000 kroner, the malt tax 4,100,000 kroner, the succession tax 800,000 kroner, stamp 1,170,000 kroner, judicial fees 1,100,000 kroner, mines 449,000 kroner, the postoffice 5,300,000 kroner, telegraphs 3,500,000 kroner, state property 4,105,154 kroner, railroads 12,608,600 kroner, miscellaneous sources 7,622,453 kroner, and loans for railroads, telegraphs, and telephones 11,444,793 kroner. Of the expenditures the civil list took 592,032 kroner, the Storthing 732,000 kroner, the ministries 1,621,776 kroner, the Church and education 10,089,485 kroner, justice 7,263,929 kroner, the interior 3,709,929 kroner, the post-office, telegraphs, etc., 10,330,330 kroner, state railroads 19,943,174 kroner, roads, canals, and posts, 4,664,176 kroner, finance and customs 4.282,572 kroner, mines 608,150 kroner, amortization of debt 2,591,559 kroner, interest 7,481,357 kroner, the army 13,809,600 kroner, the navy 4,120,000 kroner, foreign affairs 781,158 kroner, miscellaneous expenses 4,678,773 kroner.

The amount of the public debt on March 31, 1900, was 231,064,994 kroner. Rural communes raised 13,377,606 kroner of taxes in 1899 and towns 15,371,137 kroner. A loan of 35,000,000 kroner at 34 per cent. redeemable in sixty years was obtained from Scandinavian banks in January, 1902.

The Army and Navy. The land forces of the kingdom are divided into troops of the line, the Landvaern and the Landsturm. Without the consent of the Storthing the troops of the line actually under arms must never, even in time of war, exceed 18,000 men. They number about 30.000 men, with 900 officers, and the Landvaern and Landsturm number about 50,000, with 800 officers. Norway has a small navy for coast-defense consisting of 4 English-built turret-ships, 4 monitors, 31 gunboats, and 31 torpedo-boats.

The total value of imports of foreign merchandise in 1900 was 310,658,100 kroner. The exports of Norwegian produce was valued at 162,745,100 kroner; foreign exports, 10,201,300 kroner.

Change of Ministry.-The Steen ministry resigned on account of internal differences, and on April 16 and on April 18 Minister of State Blehr formed a new ministry as follows: President of the Council and Minister of the Interior, Herr Blehr; Minister of State at Stockholm, Herr Qvam; Minister of Justice, Herr Arstad; member of the section at Stockholm, Dr. Sigurd Ibsen. The Swedish Government had consented in principle to the separation of the consular representation of the two kingdoms after a contest conducted by the retiring Minister-President for ten years. Sweden still desired a common control over consuls. The Storthing in May unanimously resolved to urge the question of the permanent neutrality of Sweden and Norway. A com mission was appointed for the reorganization of the Norwegian army.

Ac

SWITZERLANĎ, a federal republic in central Europe. The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assembly, which is composed of the National Council, of 147 members elected for three years by adult male suffrage, and the State Coun cil, of 44 members elected in the cantons, some by the legislative bodies, others by the direct votes of the people. The executive power is vested in the Federal Council, the members of which are elected for three years by the Federal Assembly. The Federal Council elects one of its members to serve for the ensuing year as President of the Swiss Confederation and one to be Vice-President. cording to custom the Vice-President is chosen to succeed to the presidency at the next annual elec tion. The Federal Council in the beginning of 1902 was composed of the following members: President of the Confederation and Chief of the Political Department. Dr. E. Brenner, of Basel: Vice-President and Chief of the Department of Posts and Railroads, Dr. Joseph Zemp, of Lucerne; Chief of the Interior Department, M. E. Ruchet, of Vaud; Chief of the Department of Justice and Police, R. Comtesse, of Neuchâtel: Chief of the Military Department, E. Müller, of Bern; Chief of the Department of Finance and Customs. W. Hauser, of Zürich: Chief of the Department of Commerce, Industry, and Agriculture, Dr. A. Deucher, of Thurgau.

Area and Population.-The area of Switzerland is 15,976 square miles. The legal population at the census of Dec. 1, 1900, was 3,315,443. The population present was 3,325,023. In 18 cantons

German is spoken by the majority, in 5 the language is French, in Ticino it is Italian, and in Graubünden, or Grisons, Roumansch is spoken. The population of the Confederation was divided as to language in 1900 as follows: German, 2,319,105; French, 733,220; Italian, 222,247; Roumansch, 38,677. The number of foreigners residing in Switzerland in 1900 was 392.896. The number of marriages in 1900 was 25,538; of births, 98,419; of deaths, 60,572; excess of births, 32,847. The number of emigrants in 1000 was 3,816, of whom 931 came from Bern, 556 from Ticino, 468 from Zürich, 240 from Basel Stadt, 188 from St. Gall, and 1,433 from other cantons. The destination of 3,341 was the United States, while 341 went to South and Central America, 21 to Asia, 17 to Africa, and 16 to Australia.

Finances. The revenue of the Federal Government for 1902 was estimated at 102,240,000 francs, of which 930,310 francs were derived from real property, 2,108,389 francs from invested capital, 57,100 francs from the general administration, 36,500 francs from the Political Department, 99,900 francs from the Interior Department, 530,400 francs from the Department of Justice and Police, 2,791,100 francs from the Military Department, 225,000 francs from the Department of Finance, 46,000,000 francs from customs, 507,820 francs from the Department of Commerce, Industry, and Agriculture, 134,400 francs from railroads, 39,255,900 francs from the post-office, 9,548,600 francs from telegraphs, and 14,581 francs from miscellaneous sources. The total expenditure was estimated at 108,120,000 francs, of which 4,249,480 francs were for interest and sinking-fund of the debt, 1,131,400 francs for general administration, 683,100 francs for the Political Department, 12,766,541 francs for the Department of the Interior, 551,950 francs for the Department of Justice and Police, 28,552,136 francs for the Military Department, 775,100 francs for the Department of Finance, 5,156,000 francs for collection of customs, 1,485,200 francs for the Department of Commerce, Industry, and Agriculture under the head of industry, 2,860,170 francs for agriculture, 659,900 francs for commerce, 25,900 francs for the Assay Office, 395,000 francs for railroads, 37,047,900 francs for the post-office, 11,744,199 francs for telegraphs, and 36,024 francs for miscellaneous expenses. The debt of the Confederation on Jan. 1, 1901, amounted to 92,424,387 francs, most of it paying 3 per cent. interest. The Confederation owned real property worth 54,386,865 francs, 31,463,671 francs of securities, works producing prof its worth 32,886,011 francs, 20,180,281 francs' worth of stores, 838,309 francs of collectable debts, 38.233,021 francs in special funds, and 8,744,652 francs in the alcohol régie, railroads, and cash on hand; total, 186,732.810 francs.

The Army. Switzerland has a militia system in which schoolboys at the age of eight begin their military exercises, and shooting and other martial accomplishments are prominent among the sports of the people. The cantons maintain the infantry and the main part of the cavalry and artillery. The Federal Government provides for their military training and maintains the cavalry guides, the artillery park, the train, the engineer corps, and the technical, administrative, and sanitary troops. Recruits of education and pecuniary means are selected for the engineers, artillery, and cavalry. Men who do not serve in the army pay a military tax of 6 franes and a supplementary annual tax proportionate to their means up to a maximum tax of 3,000 francs a year. Half the tax gces to the Confederation and half to the cantons. From the age of twenty

to the age of thirty-two the men in the army belong to the Auszug or Élite, then till the age of forty-four to the Landwehr, and after that to the age of fifty to the Landsturm. The Landwehr is divided into 2 bans, the first comprising men between the ages of thirty-two and forty, the second those from forty to forty-four years of age. The annual contingent of recruits for 1900 was 16,234. The number of men enrolled in the Auszug and Landwehr was 252,598, and the number paying the military tax was 292,737. The effective of the Auszug on Jan. 1, 1901, was 114,843 infantry, 4,641 cavalry, 20,113 artillery, 5,507 engineers, 4,940 sanitary troops, 1,444 administrative troops, and 278 cyclists, making a total of 151,766 officers and men; effective of the first ban of Landwehr, 40,840 infantry, 3,433 cavalry, 11,174 artillery, 4,461 engineers, 2,912 sanitary troops, 825 administrative troops, and 89 cyclists, a total of 63,734; second ban of Landwehr, 21,059 infantry, 2,403 artillery, 718 sanitary troops, and 29 administrative troops, a total of 24,209; Landsturm, 44,506 infantry, 2,981 artillery, 108,674 pioneers, 113,762 auxiliaries, 7,441 sanitary troops, and 1,192 cyclists, a total of 278,556, of whom those classed as pioneers and auxiliaries are not provided with arms. Recruits receive instruction for two or three months in the first year, and in succeeding years the cavalry exercise annually for ten days and the other troops for three weeks every second year.

Commerce and Production.-Rye, oats, and potatoes are the chief farm crops, but vineyards and orchards occupy more land, and the mountain pastures are a greater source of wealth than all these. The exports of cheese in 1900 were 273,361 quintals; of condensed milk, 282,986 quintals. There were 124,896 horses, 4,866 mules and asses, 1,340,375 cattle, 219,438 sheep, 354,634 goats, and 555,261 pigs in 1901. The wine produced on 30,448 hectares of vineyards in 1900 was 2,103,255 hectoliters. The production of salt in 1900 was 492,841 quintals; of cement, 571,920 metric tons. The industries of the country are varied and highly developed, including watch-making, jew elry, textile manufacture of many kinds, leather and rubber, wood-making, chemical works, food preparations, metallurgy, paper-making. quantity of beer brewed in 1900 was 2,166,372 hectoliters. The alcohol régie during the year ending Aug. 31, 1901, sold 51,802 quintals of spirits for drinking and 47,208 quintals of methylated spirits. The hotels of Switzerland are 1,896 in number, having a capital of 550,480,000 francs.

The

The total value of imports for consumption in the country was 1,206,809,617 francs in 1900, and the exports of domestic produce and manufacture were valued at 884,898,771 francs. The total value of effective imports, excluding goods in transit, was 1,217,373,005 francs, and of effective exports 894,991,205 francs. In the special trade of 1900 imports of merchandise amounted to 1,058,944,569 francs, and exports to 818,692,454 franes; imports of coin were 95,699,917 francs, and exports 48,819,071 franes: imports of uncoined precious metals were 52,155,131 franes, and exports 17.387,246 francs. In the merchandise movement the imports of cotton and cotton goods were 80,369,333 franes in value, and exports 167,614,696 franes in value; imports of silk and silk goods 145,154,730 francs, and exports 224,509,565 francs; imports of wool and woolen goods 55,856.338 franes, and exports 18,768.441 franes; imports of flax and linen goods 12.612,505 francs, and exports 1,616,763 franes; imports of metals 104,573,900 franes, and exports 12.453.241 franes; imports of mineral substances 93,027,861 francs, and exports 4,764,241