nine being taken from ancient sources though altered to the present form in 1662; while twenty-seven were newly composed at the Reformation, though on a groundwork of primitive models, or added at later Revisions.

5. The Collects for Peace and Grace. Of these Collects the Rubric directs that three shall follow the Versicular Prayers; "the first of the day, which shall be the same that is appointed at the Communion; the second for Peace; the third for Grace to live well; and the two last Collects shall never alter, but daily be said at Morning Prayer throughout all the year." The Collect for Peace is thoroughly appropriate to the commencement of the day1 and to entering upon the business of the world, for in it we pray that we may be "defended in all assaults of our enemies," and surely trusting in the defence of the Most High "may not fear the power of any adversaries." In the Collect, for Grace, we pray that during the day, to the beginning of which we have been safely brought, we may "fall into no sin, neither run into any kind of danger," but that all our doings may be ordered by the governance3 of our heavenly

1 In this Collect occurs the expression "in knowledge of whom standeth our eternal. life;" which in the Latin is 'quem nosce vivere, cui servire regnare est,"=Jn. xvii. 3. For the use of standeth here=consisteth, compare (1) 1 Cor. ii. 5; "that your faith should not stand in the wisdom of men, but in the power of God;" (2) Lk. xii. 15, as quoted by Latimer, "For no man's life standeth in the abundance of the things which he possesseth." Compare also (1) Cranmer's Letter to the Devonshire rebels, "Standeth it with any reason to turn upside down the good order of the whole world?" (2) Taverner's Postils, p. 176, "In thys standeth the continual pardone of our dayly offences, in thys resteth our justification;" and (3) Latimer, Letter to Cromwell, Dec. 24, 1538, "In this standeth much the stay of my houso." See also The Bible Word-Book, p. 454. 2 Ordered="arranged,' "guided," comp. Judg. xiii. 12; 1 Kings xx. 14, "who shall order the battle?" Ps. 1. 23,

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Father, "to do always that is righteous in His sight."

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CHAPTER VIII.

THE PRAYERS CONTINUED.

I. The Five Prayers. At this point the Order of Morning Prayer ended until the last Revision in 16611. In the Scotch Prayer-Book2, however, of 1637 the following Rubric prepared the way for the present usage :After this Collect ended, followeth the Litany; and if the Litany be not appointed to be said or sung that morning, then shall next be said the Prayer for the King's Majesty, with the rest of the prayers following at the end of the Litany, and the Benediction." The present Rubric directs :-" In Quires and Places, where they sing, here followeth the Anthem. Then these five Prayers following are to be read here, except when the Litany is read; and then only the two last are to be read, as they are there placed."

"to him that ordereth his conversation aright will I shew the salvation of God." "Let us, therefore, order ourselves so that we may say it worthily as it ought to be," Latimer's Sermons, p. 377; "I see the Queen's Majesty so much misliking of the Earl of Desmond, as surely I think it needful for you to be very circumspect in ordering of the complaints exhibited against him;" Cecil to Sidney, Oct. 20, 1566.

3 For Governance direction Lat. "moderamine" Comp. 2 Esdr. xi. 32; 1 Mac. ix. 31.

"Eterne God, that thorugh thy purveance

Ledest this world by certain governance."

Chaucer, Franklin's Tale; see The Bible Word-Book, p. 233. 4 That that which; comp. Ruth ii. 17; Neh. v. 9; "For he wold have that is not in his might."

Chaucer, Wife of Bath's Tale.

"That you may do that God commandeth, and not that seemeth good in your own sight without the word of God." Latimer, Rem. p. 308; Bible Word-Book, p. 480. 2 See above, p. 39.

1 See above, p. 57.

nine being taken from to the present form i newly composed at the work of primitive mos 5. The Collects Collects the Rubric Versicular Prayers; be the same that is second for Peace; t the two last Collect at Morning Prayer lect for Peace is mencement of the of the world, for in in all assaults of o defence of the M any adversaries." that during the d been safely broug run into any kind may be ordered

with the Collect, O God, whose nature and property, &c., at the end of the Litany. In accordance with primitive practice, it is a Prayer for Clergy1 and people that He, who alone worketh great marvels, will send down upon them the healthful Spirit of His grace, and that they may truly please Him, will pour upon them the continual dew of His blessing.

5. The Prayer of St Chrysostom is found in the Liturgies of Basil and Chrysostom, but not in the earlier MSS. of them. It is doubtful, therefore, whether its composition can be distinctly traced to either of these Fathers, but without dispute the Prayer has been very

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1 The words "Send down upon our Bishops and Curates" are liable to be misunderstood. The Latin super famulos tuos pontifices is a guide to their true meaning. "Curates" is here used in its literal sense= one who is entrusted with the care (cura) or cure of souls," and includes all the parochial Clergy as distinguished from the Bishops. Comp. the French curé; and the following passages:

"To bischopis and curatis pat han kepinge,

It is her charge, and to lordis also."

Hymns to the Virgin and Christ, p. 37.

"Wharefore pou preste curatoure,

3ef þou plese thy sauyoure

3ef thou be not grete clerk,

Loke thou moste on thys werk.'

Myrc's Instructions for Parish Priests, p. 2.

"Wee will that our curate shal minister the Sacrament of Baptism at al times, as well in the week day, as on the holy day." Sixth Article of the Devonshire Rebels, A. D. 1549.

"The saide abbot of Hyde canne show you of a curat, and well learned in my diocese, that exhorted his parisheners to beleve contrary to the Catholic faith." Nykke, bishop of Norwich, Letter to Archbishop Warham, A. D. 1530.

"He commeth therefore to the banket, and accordynge to hys maner, breaketh and distributeth bread with hys own handes vnto them and also fyshe, by this facte teachynge all such as be hys disciples and followers, whom he hathe chosen to be the curates and feders of his churche." Taverner's Postils, p. 223.

P. B.

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2. Prayer for the King's Majesty. These Five Prayers are of the nature of the Mediæval Memoriæ or Commemorations, and the first of them is a Prayer for the Queen's Majesty1. The earliest form of this Prayer occurs in two little volumes printed about the year 1548. It was not inserted in the Prayer-Books of Edward VI., but was placed in the Primer of 1553, but in the reign of Elizabeth, having been altered and shortened, it was placed with the Prayer for the Clergy and People before the Prayer of St Chrysostom at the end of the Litany, whence it was removed in 1661 and placed as it now stands.

3. The Prayer for the Royal Family was added among the Collects at the end of the Litany in 1604. Approved, if not composed by Archbishop Whitgift, it was placed in the Prayer-Book among the changes "made by way of explanation," after the Hampton Court Conference2, and was then entitled A Prayer for the Queen and Prince, and other the King and Queen's children. It then commenced with the words Almighty God, which hast promised to be a Father of thine elect and of their seed, but was altered to its present form Almighty God, the fountain of all goodness, about the year 16333.

4. The Prayer for the Clergy and People may be traced back as far as the Fifth century. It was translated from the Sacramentary of Gelasius in the reign of Elizabeth, and introduced into the Prayer-Book

1 Prayer for kings and those in authority is enjoined by St Paul (1 Tim. ii. 1, 2). The following was the Prayer used in camp by the order of the Emperor Constantine: Zè μόνον οἴδαμεν Θεόν σοῦ πάντες ἱκέται γενόμεθα τὸν ἡμέτερον βασιλέα Κωνσταντῖνον, παϊδάς τε αὐτοῦ θεοφιλεῖς, ἐπὶ μήκιστον ἡμῖν βίον σῶσον καὶ νικητὴν φυλάττεσθαι.

2 See above, p. 36.

3 See Cardwell's Conferences, pp. 234 sq.; Procter, pp. 241, 242.