GEDDES, MICHAEL, an ecclesiastical historian, chaplain at Lisbon, died 1714.

by which he gained increased celebrity and power. This pageant he afterwards transferred to the stage, where it ran for one hundred nights. Mr. Garrick was also the founder of the Drury Lane Fund for decayed performers. A thoroughly successful man in life, he was equally prudent and benevolent. He lived generously, kept the best society, made lavish gifts to his friends and neighbours, and basked, till his death, in the sun of popular favour. He died 20th January, 1779, and was magnificently interred in Westminster Abbey, being attended to his grave by persons illustrious for their genius and rank. In the opinion of his admirers he was the greatest actor that ever graced the stage. He was certainly the most exemplary as a man and moralist; and preserved, if he did not originate, the dignity of his profes-are-GEORGE (LEWIS) I., son of Ernest Augustus, sion. He was also the author of several dramatic pieces, some of which display considerable humour, and of many brief poems, prologues, and epilogues, abounding in wit, and in allusions to the measures of his time. [J.A.H.] GARRICK, EVA MARIA, wife of the celebrated actor, originally an opera dancer, 1725-1822.

GARROS, P. DE, a Saxon poet, 15th century. GARTH, SIR SAMUEL, an English physician and poet, author of 'The Dispensary,' a burlesque poem, Claremont,' an edition of Ovid's Metamorphoses,' and some fugitive pieces, 1671-1718.

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GARTH, THOMAS, an Engl. general, 1744-1829. GARTHSHORE, M., an English physician, fellow of the Royal and Antiq. Societies, 1732-1812. GASCOIGNE, G., an English poet, died 1577. GASCOIGNE, W., a nat. philosopher, 1621-44. GASCOIGNE, SIR WM., chief justice of England in the reign of Henry IV., celebrated for the firmness, independence, and dignity with which he maintained his office, lived 1350-1413. He was ancestor of the earl of Strafford, who was executed in the reign of Charles I.

GAST, JOHN, an Irish historian, 1715-1788. GASTRELL, FR., bishop of Chester time of Queen Anne, a wr. on the Trinity, &c., 1662-1725. GATAKER, THOMAS, an English theologian and biblical critic, 1574-1654. His son, CHARLES, was distinguished as a controversial divine.

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GAUDEN, JOHN, an English divine, 1605-62. GAY, JOHN, who was born in 1688, and died in 1732, was first a silk-weaver's shopman, but became an author, and the easy dependent of gay and great people. He had much note in his own day as a pastoral and mock-heroic poet; and his name is still preserved by his notorious 'Beggars' Opera,' and his fluent and agreeable Fables.' Perhaps he deserves remembrance better for his ballads, Black-Eyed Susan,' and ''Twas when the Seas were Roaring.' [W.S.] GAYTON, E., an Engl. humourist, 1609-1666. GAYWOOD, R., an Engl. engraver, 17th cent. GED, WILLIAM, a Scotch goldsmith, inventor of the art of stereotyping, died 1749.

GEDDES, DR. ALEXANDER, a Scottish Roman Catholic divine, distinguished as a learned writer, 1737-1802.

GEDDES, JAMES, a Scotch advocate, 1710-49.

GELL, SIR WILLIAM, a celebrated English antiquarian and classical scholar, 1777-1836. GELLIBRAND, H., an English astronomer, author of many practical works, 1597-1636. GEMINUS, TH., an English painter, 16th ct. GENT, THOMAS, an English antiq., 1691-1778. GENTLEMAN, F., an Irish dramatist, 1728-84. GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH, author of a famous chronicle or history of the first British kings, often quoted by men of letters, and remarkable for its curious legends. Geoffrey was successively archdeacon of Monmouth, bishop of St. Asaph, and abbot of Abingdon, where he died 1154. GEORGE. The kings of England of this name elector of Hanover, by Sophia, daughter of Frederic, elector palatine, and grand-daughter of James I., born at Osnabruck 1660; created duke of Cambridge 1706; succeeded Queen Anne, and thus commenced the house of Hanover 1714; d. 1727. GEORGE (AUGUSTUS) II., only son of the preceding and the Princess Sophia, daughter of the duke of Zell, born 1683; married to the Princess Caroline of Brandenburgh-Anspach 1705; regent 1716; succeeded 1727; died after a victorious career in the Spanish and German wars, and the total subjugation of the Stuarts, 1760. GEORGE (WILLIAM FREDERIC) III., grandson of the preceding, and son of Frederic Louis, prince of Wales, born 1738; duke of Gloucester and prince of Wales on the death of his father 1751; succeeded to the throne 25th October, 1760; married to the Princess Charlotte Sophia, of Mecklenburgh Strelitz 1761; died, after nine years of mental aberration, 1820. GEORGE (AUGUSTUS FREDERIC) IV:, eldest son of George III. and Queen Charlotte, born 1762; created prince of Wales and earl of Chester the same month; married to Mrs. Fitzherbert 1784; married to his cousin, CAROLINE AMELIA ELIZABETH, second daughter of the duke of Brunswick, 1795; separated from his wife, Caroline, shortly after the birth of the Princess Charlotte 1796; appointed regent in consequence of his father's mental incapacity 1811; crowned king 1820; died 26th June, 1830.

GEORGE I., king of Georgia, reigned 10151027. GEORGE II., 1072-1089. GEORGE III., 1156-1180. GEORGE IV., surnamed 'Lascha,' from about 1198-1223. GEORGE V., 1304-1306. GEORGE VI., 1306-1336. GEORGE VII., 13941407. GEORGE VIII., 1524-1534. GEORGE IX., 1600-1603. GEORGE X., 1676-1709. GEORGE XI., who was the last king of Georgia, his son, DAVID, having ceded his hereditary states to Alexander, emperor of Russia, succeeded his father Demetrius II. 1798, died 1800.

GEORGE, prince of Denmark, son of Frederic III., and brother of Christian V., born 1653, married to the Princess Anne, daughter of James II., and subsequently queen of England, 1683, appointed grand admiral of England on her accession 1702, died 1708.

GERARD, ALEXANDER, an eminent divine of

the Church of Scotland, professor of moral philosophy and logic at Marischal College, autlior of 'An Essay on Taste,' 'An Essay on Genius,' 'Dissertations on the Genius and Evidences of Christianity,' &c., 1728-1795. His son, GILBERT, a theologian and biblical critic, died 1815. GERARD, JAMES, an English surgeon and traveller in the Himalaya mountains, died 1835. GERARDE, J., an Engl. herbalist, 1545-1607. GERVAIS, an English ecclesiastic of the middle ages, author of 'Letters,' died 1228.

GERVAISE OF TILBURY, an English poet and historian, both in the Latin tongue, died 1218. GETHIN, LADY GRACE, an English lady, distinguished for her literary abilities, 1676-1697.

death of his father placed him in possession of a fortune, which, though embarrassed, he was able to extricate so far that it afforded a handsome competence, and enabled him to devote himself exclusively to study and composition. In 1776, he published the first volume of 'The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,' the first edition of which was sold in a few days, and was rapidly followed by others. The second and third volumes, appearing in 1781, brought down the narrative to the Fall of the Western Empire; and for a while the author hesitated whether he should not here allow the work to drop. He resumed the design, however, in 1783, when he fixed his abode at Lausanne. He has recorded, in an eloquent passage GIB, ADAM, a Scotch divine, 1713-1788. of his Memoirs, the mixed emotions with which, GIBBON, EDWARD, was born at Putney in in a moonlight night of June, 1787, in a summerSurrey, in 1737. He was the only child who sur-house in his garden, he completed his great undervived infancy, of a gentleman well connected and taking. Its last three volumes were published next tolerably wealthy. Feeble health made his school year, the author visiting London to superintend days to be profitable in nothing but the acquisition the press, but returning in a few months to Lauof miscellaneous and undigested knowledge; and, sanne. There he remained till, in 1793, he was being sent to Oxford too young and quite unpre- called to England to console his friend Lord Shefpared, he spent fourteen months there in alterna- field on the death of his wife. His health was tions of irregular study and extreme idleness. At now very infirm; and he laboured under dropsy. the end of this time, being a little more than six- He died in London in January, 1794.-The volumes teen years old, he embraced the Roman Catholic called his Miscellaneous Works,' contain, besides faith, and formally announced his conversion to his reprints of his minor writings, and several essays father. He was immediately placed under the not previously printed, an interesting collection of care of a Calvinist minister at Lausanne, whose his letters, and an instructive autobiography. instructions led him in a few months back to pro- Some of these pieces show all that various eruditestantism. The five years he spent at Lausanne, tion, and that command of apt and powerful lanclosing in 1758, when he was just of age, formed guage, of which his chief work is so remarkable a the real commencement of his education; and, at monument. His exotic diction, and the pompous their close, he was not only a ripe scholar in French structure of his style, are open to strong excepand Latin, but possessed of an extraordinary tions; yet he is one of the most strikingly eloquent amount of historical and other information. He writers in our language. The historical value of found leisure, however, for falling in love, unsuc- his Decline and Fall' is very great; and the cessfully, with a young lady, who afterwards be- extraordinary union of excellencies, of vast variety came the wife of M. Necker and the mother of with general correctness of learning, of good Madame De Stael. For several years after Gib- judgment with vigour of narrative and description, bon's return to England, he lived chiefly at his deepens the regret with which we contemplate the father's house in Hampshire; and, failing in at- sceptical taint that is diffused so steadily through tempts to obtain diplomatic employment, he the whole. [W.S.] accepted a militia commission, attended zealously to his duties, and rose to be lieutenant-colonel. But the studious habits and literary ambition which he had acquired, never flagged. In 1761, he published, in French, a short essay On the Study of Literature.' He extended his acquaintance with English authors, and, beginning to learn Greek thoroughly, pursued the study zeal ously, when, in 1763, he was allowed again to visit the continent. In Rome, next year, he conceived the design of his great historical work. Returning home in 1765, he passed some years unsatisfactorily to himself, but not without much improvement both in knowledge and in skill of writing. In 1774, he entered the House of Commons, in which he sat for eight sessions; and he was rewarded for his silent votes in favour of Lord North's administration, by holding for three years a seat at the board of trade. In 1770, he published, in answer to Warburton, his spirited Dissertation on the Sixth Book of the Eneid. In the same year, the

GIBBON, JOHN, an ancestor of the celebrated historian, known as a writer on heraldry, born 1629, died about 1700.

GIBBONS, GRINLING, a celebrated carver in wood, was born at Rotterdam, 4th April, 1648, and appears to have visited this country in 1667, the year after the great fire. Evelyn, who calls him the incomparable Gibbons, introduced him to King Charles II., and also to Sir Christopher Wren, who employed him extensively in the decorations of St. Paul's. Gibbons received a place in the Board of Works, and was much employed at Windsor. In 1714 he was appointed master carver in wood to George I., with a salary of eighteenpence a-day. He died in London, 3d August, 1721.-There are many fine specimens of Gibbons's carvings at Hampton Court, and at Petworth, the state room there being considered by some his masterpiece: also at Houghton; and there are some specimens still in St. James's Church, London. His works are in very high relief, and the

GIFFORD, WILLIAM, the son of a poor and dissipated tradesman, was born in Devonshire in 1756. Becoming in childhood a destitute orphan, he was successively a cabin-boy and a shoemaker's apprentice: but a benevolent patron put him to school; and, finding his way to Oxford, he there gained aristocratic patronage, and, attaching himself to the Tory party, proved one of its most effective literary advocates. In 1798, he became editor of the Antijacobin; and for about sixteen years from 1809, he edited the Quarterly Review. He was eminently qualified for such offices, both by his aptness and force of writing, his variety of information, and his readiness and unhesitating vehemence of satire. Not far from the close of the century appeared his two satirical poems, 'The Baviad' and 'The Mæviad;' and his vigorous and spirited_translation of Juvenal was published in 1802. His best services to letters were his editions of Old English Dramatists. His 'Massinger' appeared in 1808; his Ben Jonson,' the most valuable of the series, in 1816: and his editions of Ford and Shirley, completed by other hands, were published in 1827 and 1833. He died in the end of 1826, bequeathing the bulk of his property to the son of his early benefactor. [W.S.]

details, fruit, flowers, game, &c., generally grouped in great clusters or festoons, and though from the proper distance they appear to be of extreme delicacy, are of a solid character, and very judiciously disposed. He made a taste for carvings of this class fashionable, and had several skilful scholars and imitators, as Selden, Watson, Dievot, and Laurens; much work attributed to Gibbons was doubtless executed by some one of these men.(Walpole, Anecdotes of Painters, &c., ed. Wornum. Bohn, 1849.) [R.N.W.] GIBBONS, ORLANDO, Mus. Doc., who is regarded as one of the greatest English musicians, was born at Cambridge, in 1583. He was only twenty-one years of age when he was appointed organist to the chapel royal, and in 1622, on the recommendation of the learned antiquary Camden, who was his personal friend, the University of Oxford conferred upon him their degree of Doctor of Music. Some years afterwards, while he was at Canterbury for the purpose of conducting the musical performances at the marriage of Charles I., he fell ill of small-pox and died He was buried in the cathedral of Canterbury, where his wife caused a simple and elegant marble monument to be erected to his memory. His first publications were madrigals in four parts for voices and viols, GILBERT, DAVIES, born at St. Erth in Cornbut the best of his works are his church services wall 1767, known as an antiquarian, and successor and anthems, many of which are still extant. of Sir Humphry Davy as president of the Royal The compositions of Gibbons are for the most Society, author of 'A Plain Statement of the Bulpart,' says one of his biographers, truly excellent, lion Question,' and many scientific papers. Giland the study of them cannot be too strongly re-bert was M.P. for Bodmin from 1806-32, d. 1840. commended. The characteristics of his music are fine harmony, unaffected simplicity, and an almost unexampled grandeur.' Another writer says, 'after a lapse of upwards of two hundred years, his compositions seem to have lost none of their freshness, and are still, and likely to continue, the admiration of all real judges of what is excellent in music.' He left a son, CHRISTOPHER, who was also a musician, but who inherited only a very meagre share of his father's genius. Orlando Gibbons was survived by two brothers, EDWARD, who was organist of Bristol, and master of the celebrated Matthew Locke, and ELLIS, organist of Salisbury. [J.M.] GIBBONS, RICHARD, an English Jesuit, professor of philosophy and divinity, 1549-1632. GIBBONS, THOS., an Engl. Calvinist, 1720-85. GIBBS, JAMES, a Scotch architect, designer of the Radcliffe Library at Oxford, the church of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, &c., 1680-1754.

GIBBS, SIR V., an English judge, 1752-1820. GIBSON, EDMUND, successively bishop of Lincoln and London, distinguished as a writer on ecclesiastical antiquities, and as a classical editor and translator, 1669-1748.

GIBSON, RICHARD, a celebrated dwarf, and portrait painter, time of Cromwell, 1615-1690. GIBSON, TH., a wr. of the reformation, d. 1562. GIBSON, WM., a mathemat. teacher, 1720-91. GIFFORD, ANDREW, a Calvinistic and antiquarian wr., especially on numismatics, 1700-84 GIFFORD, JOHN, a political and historical writer, whose real name was J. R. Green, 1758-1818. GIFFORD, R., an English divine, 1725-1807.

GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY, half-brother of Sir Walter Raleigh, was a man of ardent temperament and chivalrous character, who engaged in geographical discovery from the love of fame and adventure. Under patent from Queen Elizabeth, he sailed, in 1583, with five vessels and 260 men, to take possession of the northern parts of America. In Newfoundland, whose fisheries were already much frequented by French, Spanish, and Portuguese ships, he succeeded in establishing a colony. and thus secured the influence of England in those parts, the title being founded upon the first discovery by Sebastian Cabot. He ventured across the Atlantic, on his homeward voyage, in a vessel of only ten tons; but after passing the Azores he perished during the night in a storm, with all on board his little barque. He was seen on the evening before, struggling with the waves, by those in the Golden Hind (see DRAKE), which had accompanied him from the coast of Virginia, and in which he had been urged to take his passage home. He has been called the father of western colonization.' [J.B.]

GILBERT, J., an English author, 1674-1726. GILBERT, WM., an English divine, 1613-94. GILBERT, or GILBERD, WILLIAM, an English physician, distinguished as an experimental philosopher, and especially for his researches into the properties of the loadstone, and for his attempt to found a philosophical theory of the earth's magnetism upon experiment. His work, entitled De Magnete,' published 1600, is understood to be the foundation of all modern improvement in