for him the enmity of Churchill, who retorted its reflections in severe, and it may be unjustifiable, terms. Armstrong was evidently dissatisfied with his place in public esteem, and in all probability had cherished a morbid sensibility on this subject, which was ill concealed by the affectation of a good-natured cynicism, described by the poet Thomson, who was also his intimate friend, as both humane and agreeable, like that of Jacques in the play.' This quality, whether agreeable or the contrary, was abundantly manifest in a volume of medical essays, published 1771, in which, however, some advanced views in physiology are put forth. The professional career of Dr. Armstrong brought him little distinction. In 1741, we find him soliciting the appointment of physician to the West Indian fleet. In 1746 he was appointed to the hospital for lame and sick soldiers behind Buckingham House, and in 1760 accompanied the German army as physician. His collected poetical works were published in 2 vols. 8vo, 1770, and along with them his tragedy of the 'Forced Marriage,' which had been rejected by Garrick. Dr. Armstrong died in consequence of a fall when stepping from his carriage, in 1779, and surprised his friends by leaving a saving of three thousand pounds out of his moderate income. [E.R.] ARMYNE, LADY MARY, a woman of distinguished benevolence and attainments, died 1675. draw out the spule to one-halt, one-third, or one- | knowledge or consent of the author, and procured tenth of its thickness when between the first rollers. This invention was followed up by various improvements and combinations of machinery, and mills for spinning cotton by this method were erected in Nottingham first, and then at Cromford in Derbyshire. The system has since been universally adopted, and in all its main features remains unaltered to the present time. Out of this invention have grown up the largest manufacture, the largest trade, some of the largest cities, the largest revenue, and the largest national prosperity in the world. Arkwright did not escape the system of robbery and persecution, the fate of most patentees of successful inventions then as now. By aid of false witnesses a combination of the persons in the spinning trade succeeded in 1781 in depriving Arkwright of his patent right. The evidence upon which the patent was annulled, and upon which it has been much the fashion to depreciate Arkwright's talents, was that of persons in a low station of life, who spoke of circumstances which had occurred 18 years before!-Arkwright's genius was not that of a mechanic alone. Although the details of manufacturing or commercial business were altogether new to him, and although it was five years before the works at Cromford returned any profit, yet by indomitable energy he turned the tide of prosperity and wealth to his own advantage, and for several years regulated the cotton market. He left great wealth to his heirs, who in their generation increased their patrimony to the most colossal fortune, perhaps, that has been realized in Britain. [L.D.B.G.] ARMSTRONG, JOHN, a cel..phys., au. of many valuable works on medical science, 1784-1829. ARMSTRONG, JOHN, M.D., a Scotch physician, better known as a poet, was born at Casleton, on the banks of the Liddal, in Roxburghshire, 1709, and graduated at Edinburgh, 1732. He was already distinguished by his love of literature and the arts, but more especially for his classical attainments and taste in poetry. After one or two professional essays, he published, 1735, a poetical brochure, entitled, an Essay for Abridging the Study of Medicine,' a pleasant attack on the orthodox faculty, in the dialogue of which he is said to have caught the very spirit of Lucian. This was followed in 1737 by a professional work on a subject requiring great delicacy in its treatment, and two years afterwards by "The Economy of Love,' a poem which passed through several editions, 'more to the profit of the publisher than the reader.' His reputation, clouded by this unfortunate sally of humour, was fully established in 1744 by the Art of Preserving Health,' which is still regarded as one of the best didactic poems in the English language, and has placed its author in the same rank as Akenside. From this period to 1758, Dr. Armstrong published several fugitive pieces, more or less correct in taste, and in the last-named year a volume of sketches, remarkable for their ill-humour, under the pseudonyme of Launcelot Temple, Esq. In 1760, his poetical epistle entitled 'The Day' was published, as the preface declares, without the ARNE, THOMAS AUGUSTINE, Mus. Doc., the son of an upholsterer, was born in King-Street, Covent Garden, London, in the year 1710. Arne, who was by his father intended for the legal profession, was educated at Eton, and served a regular term to an attorney; but his love of music prevailed over all obstacles, and contrary to his father's wishes, he forsook the subtleties of law for the then less lucra tive study of music. His ungovernable taste led him to have recourse to strange and eccentric methods for its gratification, of which the following incident furnishes an example:- While engaged in the attorney's office his means were limited, and his musical appetite insatiable, but that he might have an opportunity of gratifying it, he often, as we find on the authority of Dr. Burney, used to avail himself of the privilege of a servant, by borrowing a livery and going into the gallery of the opera, which was then appropriated to domestics." While an apprentice with the lawyer, the young enthusiast received some lessons on the violin from Michael Christian Festing, a German violinist then in much repute, and in a short time made so much progress upon that instrument that he quitted his legal master and adopted music as a profession. The first notice his father had of this circumstance, was when on one occasion happening accidentally to call at the house of a neighbouring gentleman, he found to his surprise and consternation the young Thomas Augustine playing leading violin with a party of musicians. This incident decided the fate of Arne. The world gained a musician of much taste and delicacy of feeling, and lost perhaps a discontented pettifogger. Soon after this, Arne discovering that his sister, who after the directors. He succeeded Dr. Cooke as conduc- wards became Mrs. Cibber, had not only a fine to the Covent Garden Theatre, and in 1766 he taste in music, but a 'sweet-toned and touching' undertook the duties of the same office at the Hayvoice, he gave her a course of instructions, and market. Dr. Arnold produced four oratorios, eight qualified her to appear in Lampe's opera of Ame-odes, three serenades, forty-seven operas, three a. Her voice and manner took so well with the burlettas, besides many overtures, concertos, songs, public, that Arne, then only eighteen years of age, and smaller pieces, the number of which is not on set to music for her Addison's Rosamond, in which record. The most popular of his works, several of she personated the heroine, his younger brother which still keep their place in public estimation, supporting the character of the Page. Arne's suc- were The Maid of the Mill, The Son-in-law. The cess in his first opera induced him to compose Castle of Andalusia, Inkle and Yarico, The Battle music for Fielding's Tom Thumb, which was of Hexham, The Surrender of Calais, The Chilbrought out in 1731. In 1738 he produced the dren in the Wood, The Mountaineers, The Cure of music to Comus, which established his reputation Saul, Abimelech, The Resurrection, and The as a lyrical composer. In 1740 he married Miss Prodigal Son. The university of Oxford conCecilia Young, a pupil of Geminiani, and went with ferred upon him their degree of Doctor in Music her professionally to Ireland, where both were well about the year 1773. In 1783, on the death of received, he as composer and she as singer. In 1742 Dr. Nares, he was appointed organist at the he returned to England, and produced two masques, Chapel Royal and composer to the king; and at the Britannia and The Judgment of Paris; also Eliza, commemoration of Handel, which took place in the an opera, and Thomas and Sally, a humorous after-year following, Dr. Arnold was nominated one of piece. In 1745 Arne and his wife were engaged by the proprietor of Vauxhall, and here he composed his charming songs, which are now so rarely to be seen, and so greedily sought after by amateurs and collectors in all parts of Great Britain. It was not long after this that he composed his two oratorios, Abel and Judith, but they met with no success. His Artaxerxes, a free translation by himself from the Artaserse of Metastasio, upon which his fame as an operatic composer now rests, was composed in 1762, and it met with the most triumphant success. In 1769 the university of Oxford conferred upon Arne the degree of Doctor in Music. After this he composed his opera The Fairies, the music for Mason's Elfrida and Caractacus, additions to Purcell's King Arthur, several of Shakspeare's songs, and the Stratford Jubilee, besides many glees, catches, and canons. For his excellence as a writer of glees the Catch Club awarded him no fewer than seven gold medals. His song and chorus, Rule Britannia which will live for ever, 'may be said to have wafted his name over the greater half of the habitable world.' Dr. Arne was seized with spasms of the lungs, and died on the 5th of March, 1778. On his deathbed, having been educated a Roman Catholic, he sought consolation from the rites of that church, and his last moments were cheered by a hallelujah sung by himself. Mrs. Arne died about the year 1795. Dr. Arne left an only son, Michael, who evinced a precocious taste for music, but never attained the same eminence as his father. He in conjunction with Mr. Battishill produced the opera of Alcmena at Drury Lane in 1764, and afterwards Cymon at the King's Theatre, from which he derived both honour and fame. He died without issue, but in what year we have been unable to discover. [J.M.] ARNOLD, JOHN, a mechanician, 1744-1799. ARNOLDE, RICHARD, a chronicler, 15th cent. ARNOLD, SAMUEL, Mus. Doc., was born in London, in the year 1740, and received his musical education at the Chapel Royal, St. James's, from Mr. Bernard Gates and Dr. Nares, who discovered in him the most promising talents. In the year 1760 he became composer ARNOLD, THOs., a physician, 1742-1816. ARNOLD, THOMAS, D.D., was born at West Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, on 13th June, 1795. He belonged to a respectable family, his father being collector of the customs in that place, and having been destined for the ministry in the Church of England, was in due time entered a student in the university of Oxford. On completing his college studies in 1819, he obtained deacon's orders, and immediately after took up his residence at Laleham, near Staines, where for the nine following years he kept a private boarding establishment, intended chiefly as a school of preparation for the universities. In the superintendence of this seminary, the character of Arnold rapidly developed itself, and was marked by an indefatigable activity, a manly decision and definiteness of purpose, above all, by a settled religious faith, little to be expected from the indolent and dreamy habits of his youth. He was an eminent Christian, as well as a ripe scholar; and the principles on which he acted with the utmost earnestness himself he infused into the minds of his pupils, by leading them to unite a high standard of intellectual accomplishments with a Christian culture of the heart and affections. The success of this system extended his fame far beyond the obscure and limited locality of Laleham; and in 1827 he became head master of Rugby school, having been nominated to that influential office by a unanimous vote of the trustees, who were told, on high authority, that he would change the face of education all through the public schools of England.' That expectation was not long in being realized; for having also obtained the appointment of chaplain to the school at Rugby, in which capacity he preached discourses, which have long been admired as models of sermons for educated youth, he succeeded, while fully sustaining the ancient celebrity of the institution as a classical seminary, in imparting to it a new and Christian tone. The great principle of his educational system was to make his pupils good men as well as good scholars; and accordingly, while labouring to store their minds with useful and elegant literature, he taught them to make religion the daily rule of their life-not to confine it to Sabbath and the church, but to carry it into the school-room, the play-ground, the secular duties and familiar intercourse of every day. The beneficial effects of the method pursued at Rugby led to its general adoption in the other great English schools, and produced a marked improvement on the religious tone of sentiment and feeling among the young gentlemen who thenceforth repaired to the universities.-The principle of combining religion with secular education, which Dr. Arnold had successfully adopted in his school, he endeavoured to carry out in all that he undertook. Thus he maintained the identity of church and state, realizing a condition of society in which all the laws, institutions, and measures of a Christian country should be based on purely Christian principles. With the same view, he accepted a place in the directory of the London university, which he zealously encouraged, from a liberal desire to extend the benefits of a literary and scientific education to all classes, irrespective of sectarian tests; but he wished to give it a religious character, and failing in his efforts to make examination in the Scriptures necessary for obtaining a degree, he resigned his connection with that institution. In like manner, having attempted in vain to infuse a Christian spirit into the Penny Magazine, he established, at his own risk, The Englishman's Register-a periodical to which his name and character would probably have gained a wide circulation; but finding that the publication demanded more time than he could spare, he was obliged, after the issue of a few numbers, to relinquish the undertaking. -Dr. Arnold is known as an author by several volumes of discourses, by his History of Rome, composed on the principles of Niebuhr, and by various pamphlets on matters of contemporary interest in religion and politics. The government of Lord Melbourne rewarded his public services by appointing him to the chair of modern history in Oxford: but he had only given his inaugural lecture, when a spasmodic affection of the heart suddenly cut him off at Rugby, on 12th June, 1842, in the forty-seventh vear of his age. [R.J.] ARNOT, HUGO, a Scotch historian, 1749-1786. ARNULPH, or ERNULPHUS, bishop of Rochester, historian, died 1124. ARROWSMITH, AARON, distinguished as a maker of maps and charts, 1750-1823. ARROWSMITH, J., a puritan divine, d. 1659. ARTHUR, the famous British prince, is supposed to have flourished at the time of the Saxon invasion, and to have d. in the battle-field abt. 520. ARTHUR, duke or Bretagne, son of Jeffrey, elder brother of John king of England, born 1187; excluded from the throne 1199; taken prisoner 1202; assassinated, as supposed, 1203. ARUNDEL, MARY, countess of, a lady of distinguished learning in the 16th century. ARUNDEL, T., abp. of Canterbury, noted for his violent persecution of the Reformers, 1353-1413. ARUNDEL, SIR THOS., first lord of Wardour, received his title from James I., distinguished against the Turks, died 1639. ARUNDEL, THOS. HOWARD, earl of, son of the preceding, died at Padua, 1646. ARUNDEL, BLANCHE, wife of the last named, mem. for her defence of Wardour castle, 1583-1649. ASAPH, ST., a British monk, 5th century. ASCHAM, ANTII., envoy from Cromwell to Spain, where he was assassinated, 1650. ASCHAM, ROGER, a man of great learning, the instructor of Elizabeth, died 1568. ASGILL, Sir CII., a British officer, died 1823. ASGILL, JOHN, a barrister, died 1783. ASH, JOHN, LL.D., a lexicographer, d. 1779. ASHBURTON, ALEXANDER BARING, Lord, b. 1744, commenced his political life as Whig member for Taunton, 1812; president of the Board of Trade under the Peel ministry, 1834; envoy to the United States on the Oregon question, 1842; d. 1848. ASHLEY, JOHN, a musician, last century. ASHLEY, ROBERT, a miscellan. wr., 16th cent. ASHMOLE, ELIAS, celebrated as an antiquary and alchymist, 1617-1692. ASHWELL, GEO., an English div., 1612-1693. ASKEW, ANNE, a prot. martyr, reign of Henry VIII.; b. 1521, burnt alive aft. suffer. the rack, 1546. ASKEW, ANTH., a scholar of the 18th century. ASPINWALL, Wм., a physician, 1743-1823. ASTARIK, F., a composer, died 1803. ASTEL, MARY, a divine and philos., d. 1731. ASTLE, THOS., an archæologist, died 1803. ASTLEY, P., the cel. equestrian, 1742-1814. ASTON, SIR ARTHUR, a royalist, killed at Drogheda when taken by Cromwell, 1649. ASTON, SIR THOS., a royalist of Cheshire, taken prisoner and killed 1645. ATHELSTAN, king of England 925 to 954. ATHOL, JOHN MURRAY, duke of, died 1830. ATKINS, ROBT., a divine, 17th century. ATKINSON, HY., a mathematician, died 1831. ATKINSON, THOS., a miscel. writer, d. 1833. ATKYNS, SIR ROBT., the patriotic defender of Lord Wm. Russell, born 1621; chief baron of the exchequer, 1688 to 1693; died 1709. ATKYNS, SIR ROBT., Son of the preceding, historian of Gloucestershire, died 1711. ATKYNS, RICHI., a writer on printing, d. 1677. ATTERBURY, LEWIS, D.D., father of the famous Atterbury, 1631-1693. ATTERBURY, FRANCIS, bishop of Rochester, celebrated as an eloquent preacher, born 1662, arrested on a charge of conspiracy in favour of the Stuarts 1722, died in exile 1732. ATTERBURY, LEWIS, LL.D., brother of the bishop, author of sermons, &c., 1656-1731. ATTWOOD, THOMAS, an eminent composer, was born in the year 1765, and commenced his St. Paul's Cathedral, beneath the great organ, with every honour that the church and his professional brethren could confer. Many of Attwood's works. and they are very numerous in all the classes, are destined to enjoy a lengthened popularity. His style was founded principally upon that of his great teacher, Mozart, who, according to Michael Kelly, once said, 'Attwood partakes more of my style than any pupil I ever had.' [J.M.] ATWOOD, GEO., F.R.S., a writer on mechanics and mathematics, 1745-1807. AUCHMUTZ, SIR SAM., an Eng. gen., d. 1822. AUCKLAND, WM. EDEN, Lord, a diplomatist and ambassador, 1744-1814. AUDE, JOSEPH, a dramatist, last century. AUDEBERT, J. B., an engraver, distinguished in subjects of natural history, 1739-1800. musical career as one of the children of the Chapel | He died in 1837, and his remains were buried in Royal, St. James's, under Dr. Nares and Dr. Ayrton. Happening on one occasion to perform at Buckingham Palace, he attracted the notice of George IV., then Prince of Wales, who took him under his patronage, and sent him at his own expense to Naples in 1783, where he studied for two years under Filippo Cinque and Gætaus Latilla. He afterwards visited Vienna, where he immediately became a pupil of Mozart, from whom he received instructions till the year 1786, when he returned to England, where he soon became one of the chamber musicians to his royal patron, and musical preceptor to the Duchess of York and the Princess of Wales, afterwards the unfortunate Queen Caroline. In 1795 Attwood succeeded Dr. Jones as organist of St. Paul's Cathedral, and in 1796 he was appointed composer to the king. About this period of his life he turned his attention to the composition of music for the stage, and produced several operas, the literary portion of the most of which may be regarded as dead, though the music of many of them is as much admired as it was when first performed. Amongst the most popular of his operas may be named The Prisoner, The Mariners, The Adopted Child, The Castle of Sorrento, and The Smugglers. The fantastic tricks, and petty vanities of leading performers, disgusted. Attwood, and caused him to turn his attention to sacred music, in which he was very successful. For the coronation of George IV. he wrote his anthem The King shall Rejoice, and for that of King William III., O Lord, Grant the King a Long Life, both of which hold the highest place amongst this class of musical compositions. In 1837 the Bishop of London appointed him without solicitation to the office of organist to the Chapel Royal. B BABINGTON, ANTH., a catholic accused of conspiring to place the unfortunate Mary Stuart on the throne of England; executed 1586. BABINGTON, G., a learned bishop, 17th cent. BABINGTON, DR. W., an English physician and mineralogist, 1757-1833. BACKHOUSE, W., a practical alchymist and au., instructor of the cel. Elias Ashmole, 1593-1662. BACON, ANTHONY, elder brother of Sir Francis, known as a man of letters and political triguer in the reign of Elizabeth, born 1558. AUDLEY, THOS., chancellor of Henry VIII. AUGUSTIN, or AUSTIN, ST., called the apostle of England, died 610. AUNGERVILLE, R., tutor of Edward III., afterwards lord chancellor, &c., died 1345. AUSTEN, JANE, a novelist, 1775-1817. AVISON, CH., a musical composer, died 1770. AYLMER, J., a controversial divine, bishop of London, time of Elizabeth. AYLOFFE, SIR JOSEPH, an antiquary and miscellaneous writer, 1708-1781. AYRTON, EDM., a composer, died 1808. AYSCOUGH, S., an antiquary and miscellaneous writer, 1745-1804. AYSCOUGH, G. E., a writer last century. AYSCUE, SIR G., an English admiral, coadjutor with Admiral Blake. AYTON, SIR R., a Scotch poet, died 1638. ous functions; in the first rank as Jurisconsult, he moved in the work of reforming and arranging the laws of England; as Statesman he laboured effectively in promotion of the treaty of Union-that foundation-stone of our modern British greatness; in the capacity of Historian he produced the first work in English literature meriting the name of History, viz., his work on the reign of Henry VII.; as Orator and Writer he had no equal in his in-age-joining to energy and weight of expression, a splendour of diction which sometimes may BACON, FRANCIS, Lord Verulam, Viscount dazzle too much; and besides he renovated PhiloSt. Albans, Lord Chancellor of England under sophy. There are two features only, in a characJames I., Author of the 'Instauratio Magna.' The ter so various and illustrious, to which we can reattempt to describe or surround a mind like that fer in our brief sketch, viz.:-Bacon's achieveof our immortal Englishman, is akin to the effort ments and value in philosophy, and his deserts as to survey some grand Power in Nature, whose mani- a Man.-I. The enterprise undertaken by this wonfestations are almost infinite in form, and the derful Intellect, indicates by its very elevation and sphere of whose efficacy is wide as the Universe. comprehensiveness, the capacity of the genius that The industry of all vast minds is unwearied: nor is conceived it. Bacon resolved to rescue science it ever safe to say of such, that any one department from the deplorable uncertainties and obstructions of labour, or species of activity, belongs to them which then surrounded it-to reconstruct the edipeculiarly. From early manhood Bacon was im-fice of human knowledge from its very foundations. mersed in public affairs, intrusted with very oner- Of his projected 'Instauratio Magna,' the works he has left are only fragments; nor could they be | otherwise, for the execution of the gigantic plan is one of the leading tasks delegated to humanity, which cannot be completed so long as the condition of humanity remains a progressive one. The 'Instauratio Magna,' has six main parts:-First, Bacon felt it needful to challenge anew for inquiry the respect and dignity that belong to it, to detect the vices of the philosophy prevailing at his time, and to point out the deficiencies requiring to be filled up. Such is the aim of the treatise De Augmentis.' Secondly, the Remedy had to be discovered; the only certain cure for the evils signalized. This cure is the use of the true Method, in the adoption of observation and experiment instead of hypothesis, as instruments for the discovery of fact, and in the substitution in such inquiries, of induction for deduction or syllogistic reasoning. The principles and processes of the new method are elaborately exposed in the 'Novum Organum.' The third and fourth parts of the 'Instauratio' were planned as an exemplification or instruction in the use of the new Organon; the former, viz., the 'Historia Naturalis et Experimentalis,' being dedicated to the collecting, by aid of observation and experiment, of the greatest possible mass of facts; and the latter, the Scala Intellectus, to exemplification of discovery by induction, of general laws from these facts, and of the application of these general laws by the inverse process of deduction, to particular cases comprehended within them. To finish this memorable undertaking, it yet remained that the results of the method, or the truths of philosophy be collected and arranged; but rightly seeing that the discovery of these was not a task he had to accomplish, but a legacy he had to bequeath, Bacon was satisfied with drawing up other two books, the first, or the fifth of his plan, named by Anticipations, and the second or sixth, 'Philosophia Secunda Sive Activa,' having reference to applications to action, or practice. Such the grandeur of the intellectual Globe which the mind of this Englishman endeavoured to span! -It is in the second division of his great work that Bacon's more positive achievements are unfolded. And it must not be conceived that he is here satisfied with a set of general precepts, or with general statements concerning the value and superiority of his Organon. The new Method of Inquiry, on the other hand, is examined under every light, and its right practice exposed in detail. In the first place, Bacon passes under review all the procedures of observation and every kind of experiment, showing with what special precaution facts must be sought for, and how we may estimate the value of the various sorts of facts bearing on any inquiry. With corresponding pains, and still greater success, he unfolds in the second book of the Organon in what way Induction enables one to detect from the collected facts, the true cause, or the true law of a phenomenon. Having collected by observation all the facts which precede or follow the phenomenon, it is necessary to exclude those in whose absence the him phenomenon can be produced-to notice and separate those others in whose presence it always is produced; and lastly, to select from among the latter class, such facts as vary in intensity when the phenomenon varies, i.e., which increase or diminish in proportion to an increase or decrease of intensity in the phenomenon. In this way, according to Lord Bacon, the true cause is found; and an application to this cause of a similar process, will evolve its cause, until in the end we reach supreme causes and universal laws. In appreciation of these important and memorable labours, we have room for only three brief remarks. First, it cannot well be denied that in certain respects Lord Bacon too much decried, or perhaps too little understood the syllogism; and that its peculiar meaning and value, as the only legitimate instrument in Deduction, ought to have preserved it and Aristotle, its immortal author, from the unjust disparagement which one regrets to find upheld by the authority of so great a name. Nevertheless, this injustice to the Greeks, arising partly from defect of critical acquaintance with them, but more from his well-grounded revolt against the deplorable methods sustained in physical inquiry under shelter of their authority, in nowise impairs the edifice Bacon himself reared, or attaches to it any incompleteness. Secondly, it is not pretended, with some exclusive and enthusiastic partizans, that previous to the writings of our countryman, no philosopher had sought truths by Induction, or based his inquiries on observation and experiment. It is certainly far from being true that Galileo, for instance, in conducting his immortal researches, pursued an erroneous course, or that although he had studied the 'Novum Organum,' his career of discovery would have been materially different; what is true is this-no one before Bacon had seen the full importance of the experimental and inductive method, had discovered the extent of the sphere of which it is the only legitimate occupant, had explored its principles, and from principles deduced rules for it as an Art. And it is equally true, that every inquiry of value, undertaken since the publication of his inductive code, has been conducted, with or without the consciousness of the Inquirer, according to laws laid down in that code. Lastly, since the publication of the inductive code, its laws have been enlarged and greatly particularized, so that—be it said, with perfect respect to the Organon-it is not to our countryman's writings alone that we would point now for full instruction in his own philosophy. The exigencies of the modern sciences, as well of observation as of experiment, have obliged us to refine his processes and multiply his precautions. The doctrine of probabilities enables us to discern the relative values of different classes of facts, with a precision Bacon never dreamt of; and in the writings of modern authors-let us say of Mr. Mill-the methods of induction are unfolded with a superior comprehensiveness and effect. But although the advance of the physical sciences, caused by the impulse Lord Bacon communicated, has exacted for them processes more complete and perfect than his; when, |