which its critical authority rested; and his skill and industry in editing were very valuable. At first considerably open in its politics, the Review soon became decidedly Whiggish; and the Quarterly was established as a rival. But, for a good many years after this, its energy suffered no perceptible diminution; and the exertions of its editor were unrelaxed, in spite of the claims of a professional practice, which was now becoming very great. In the meantime, in 1802, he had married a relation of his own, whom he soon lost, to the deep grief of a heart keenly awake to the domestic and friendly affections. In 1813, he married a grand-niece of John Wilkes, crossing to the United States to bring her home. In 1815 he became the occupant of the beautiful villa of Craigcrook, near Edin learned editor of the nonjuring party, afterwards a physician, died 1772. SIR RICHARD JEBB, Brt., son of Sam., physicn. to Geo. III., 1729-1787. JEFFERY, J., a div. and moralist, 1647-1720. JEFFERY, TH., a nonconfor. divine, last cen. JEFFREY, FRANCIS, one of the most masterly critics and most eloquent writers in the English language, was a very remarkable instance of the combination of different and dissimilar faculties, as well as of indefatigable energy and rapid versatility in the employment of mental powers. During the twenty-five years when his literary labours would have seemed to be incessant, he was practising the legal profession with activity and increasing success: he was the leading barrister in the Scottish courts, while he continued to vindicate his place as the first literary critic of his time; and in his declining years, when literature had ceased to be for him anything more than an amusement, he gained, by his knowledge and acuteness and industry on the bench, an eminent reputation among the best judges that have administered the law of Scotland. He, too, the good lawyer and celebrated writer, was a singularly eloquent and effective speaker; fluent, refined, and masterly in public oratory, and in private society one of the inost brilliant of talkers. In his writings, again, to say nothing of the variety of information involved in the diversified fields over which he expatiated, there is an admirable union and an harmonious balancing of vigorous thought with impressive representation: gay and graceful wit, sometimes luxuriating too keenly to be good-natured, alternates with the natural expression of serious feelings which are always refined and not infrequently profound; and an imagination almost fertile and original enough to have made him a burgh, which, improved by his fine taste, became poet, throws over all his writings a wealth of feli- a place of meeting for many of the most distincitously illustrative imagery hardly ever employed guished persons in Europe. In 1816 Jeffrey's to garnish so much of active and sagacious think- eloquence as a public speaker found for the first ing.-Francis Jeffrey was born at Edinburgh in time an adequate field; trial by jury, which had October, 1773. His father, a lawyer by profession, hitherto been confined in Scotland to criminal was one of the deputy-clerks or registrare of the causes, being then extended to civil questions. Court of Session, the supreme law-court of Scot- From this time till he ceased to practise, he was land. After having passed six years at the High the acknowledged leader of the Scottish bar. In School of Edinburgh, he studied at the university 1820, and again in 1821, he was elected Lord Recof Glasgow for two sessions of six months each, and tor of the university of Glasgow by the students, afterwards, in his eighteenth year, resided for an honour which has since been cordially accepted a few months at Oxford. His youth was spent by some of our most eminent literary men and in industrious reading, which embraced classics, statesmen. In 1829 his professional brethren auhistory, ethics, criticism, and the Belles Lettres: he thoritatively acknowledged his standing, by apwas indefatigable in practising composition, and pointing him Dean or President of the Faculty of in early manhood wrote many verses. At the age Advocates. He immediately resigned the editorof twenty-one, he was admitted to the Scottish ship of the Review, which had long been burdenbar, where, for not a few years, he was so little some and undesirable. At this point his literary employed as to have full leisure for literary pur- life may be said to close. During the twentysuits. The first number of the Edinburgh Review, seven years, he had contributed to the Review which contained five papers of Jeffrey's, appeared in about two hundred articles. A new stage in his October, 1802, when he was just twenty-nine years history opened with the accession of the Whigs to old; and he became its editor after the first two or political power. In December 1830, he was apthree numbers. The celebrity which the Review at pointed Lord Advocate, an office which, besides once attained was owing more, in an incalculable many other duties, involves those of a secretary of degree, to him than to any other of the contribu-state for Scotland. He necessarily entered parliators: the papers which he furnished to it were for ment, but too late for eminent success, being now many years very numerous, and were those on in his fifty-eighth year, without adequate training Craigerook Castle. [J.H.B. JEFFREYS, GEO., an Eng. poet, 1678-1755. JEKYL, or JEKYLL, SIR JOSEPH, a Whig lawyer and statesman of the reign of George I., 1664-1738. His brother, THOMAS, a clergyman and author, dates unknown. Their descendant, JOSEPH, an eminent barrister, solicitor-general to the prince of Wales, 1752-1837. JENKIN, R., a learned divine, 1656-1727. JENKIN, W., a nonconfor. divine, 1612-1685. JENKINS, DAVID, a famous judge and royalist, au. of Reports and Polit. Tracts,' &c., 1586-1667. JENKINS, HENRY, a native of Yorkshire, who died in poverty when 169 years of age, 1670. JENKINS, SIR LEOLINE, a native of Glamorganshire, ambassador at the Hague in the reign of Charles II., and a distinguished civilian, 1623-85. JENKINSON. See LIVERPOOL. JENKINSON, ANTHONY, an English gentleman who was sent out (1558-1559) to inquire into the commercial resources of Central Asia. He was the first Englishman who crossed the Caspian, and the first person who in modern times has given an account of that sea. He reduced its dimensions in longitude; and made many other accurate determinations of geographical positions. JENKS, BENJAMIN, a clergyman of the Church of England, author of Prayers and Offices of Devotion,' 1646-1724. JENNENS, CHARLES, a gentleman of fortune, first suggestor of oratorios in England, died 1773. JENNER, CH., an English poet, 1737-1774. for the peculiar arena, and with a voice already the Tower, where he died, on the 19th April, broken so far as to deprive him in a great measure | 1689. of the advantages which had belonged to his powers of oratory. His chief speeches in the House of Commons were made in support of those measures of reform in parliamentary representation and civic government, which it was his official duty to introduce. In May, 1834, he was raised to the bench as one of the judges in the Court of Session, assuming, according to the Scottish fashion, the honorary title of Lord Jeffrey. He delighted in his judicial duties; and no man ever performed them better. The remaining years of his life were spent in peace and honour. Never was old age more kindly or more placid; and, when the last scene arrived, the regrets of a whole community were poured on his grave. In 1841, an attack of bronchitis, the disease which had often distressed and at length destroyed him, compelled him to seek repose for some months. In 1843 he published, with unfeigned reluctance, three volumes containing selections from his 'Contributions to the Edinburgh Review.' He died at Edinburgh on the 26th of January, 1850, leaving a widow who survived him but for a very short time, and a daughter, whose husband, Mr. Empson (also since dead), became the third editor of the Edinburgh Review. [W.S.] JEFFREYS, GEORGE, Lord, an English lawyer, whose name, though he was a man of considerable ability, is better known by the infamy than the capacity of its owner, was born in the year 1648. He was the sixth son of a moderately wealthy country gentleman, unable to give him JENNER, EDWARD, M.D., F.R.S., the dismore than a good education as a barrister, and he coverer of vaccination, was born at Berkeley, in had thus to fight his way in the world-a function Gloucestershire, on the 17th of May, 1749. He to which he brought abilities, perseverance, and an lost his father, who was vicar of Berkeley, early in utterly unscrupulous nature. Until he had shat- life, and the direction of his education devolved tered his nerves by dissipation, he was not desti- upon his brother, the Rev. Stephen Jenner. He tute of courage, and he first obtained notice by displayed at an early age a taste for natural hisattending an assize at Kingston during the plague, tory, and being destined for the profession of mediwhen other members of the profession were fright-cine he was apprenticed to Mr. Ludlow of Sodened away. He became recorder of London, and bury, near Bristol, a respectable provincial pracgradually rose, until, in 1683, he became chief titioner; and subsequently removed to London in justice of the King's Bench. In this capacity, 1770, where he became for two years a house pupil after Monmouth's rebellion, he lent himself more of the celebrated John Hunter. On the complein the spirit of a savage chief than of an English tion of his education in London he returned to his judge to the exterminating policy of the court, and native place, where he began business as a general his judicial condemnations obtained the charac-practitioner, and soon acquired an extensive and teristic name of Jeffreys' campaign. He was im- well-deserved reputation. In 1798, he made mediately rewarded with the office of lord high that discovery with which his name is now perchancellor, when he transferred his services to a manently associated, namely, that a pustular less sanguinary sphere. His wild recklessness of eruption on the teats of cows, and supposed to be demeanour, his dissipated life, and his unscrupu-identical with the disease called the Grease' in lous perversion of the judicial function in political the heels of horses, had such a relationship to the matters, mixed up with an able discharge of his matter of small-pox, that if inserted into the duty in other questions, make a curious and varied human constitution it would be protected against narrative in the memoirs of Jeffreys by Woolrich. that terrible disease. This great fact was anConscious of danger, if not of guilt, at the Revolu-nounced publicly by Dr. Jenner in 1798, but it tion, he disguised himself as a sailor, and lurked was coldly received, and both the public and the at Wapping to attempt an escape. A man, whom he had terrified from the judgment-seat, recognized his ferocious eyes glaring from a tavern window, and gave the alarm. He was with difficulty rescued from popular vengeance, and removed to profession were extremely sceptical as to its truth. It is now too firmly established to be shaken, though the amount of protection is not so great as was at one time supposed; still the saving of human life from this discovery has been immense, JODRELLE, R. P., an English dramatist and critic, au. of 'Illustrations of Euripides,' 1745-1831. JOFFRID, an abbot of Croyland, supposed to be the original founder of Cambridge university, 12th century. JOHN, king of England, youngest son of Henry II., born 1166, succeeded his brother Richard Coeur De Leon, and is supposed to have murdered Prince Arthur, 1199; invaded France 1214, signed the great charter 1215, died 1216. and assuredly scientific medicine has never bestowed upon humanity a more precious gift than the practice of vaccination. It was proposed to reward this distinguished physician by a grant of £20,000, but the House of Commons would only give £10,000, and even that with difficulty. It is melancholy to be obliged to state that Jenner's life was embittered by the controversies to which his discovery led, and that an amiable, a virtuous, and an accomplished man, was disturbed by petty squabbles, to which his nature was utterly ab- JOHN OF GAUNT, or GIIENT, du. of Lancaster, horrent. He died on the 26th of January, 1823, in third son of Edward III., and father of Henry IV., the seventy-fourth year of his age, and was buried king of England, born at Ghent 1340, died 1399. on the 3d of February in the chancel of the parish | This prince greatly distinguished himself in the church of Berkeley. [J.M.C.] French wars, and acquired great popularity in EngJENNINGS, DR. DAVID, a dissenting minister land as the patron of Wickliffe. See LANCASTER. of great learning, author of An Appeal to Reason JOHNES, THOMAS, a gentleman of Shropshire, for the Truth of the Holy Scriptures,' and a pos- distin. as a man of taste and letters, 1748-1816. thumous work on Jewish Antiquities,' 1691- JOHNSON, CH., a dramatic wr., died 1748. JOHNSON, JOHN, one of the nonjuring divs., 1762. JENNINGS, HENRY CONSTANTINE, a cele-known as a learned and religious wr., 1662-1725. brated collector of antiquities and objects of vertu and natural history, author of works connected with religious and philosphical inquiries, 17311819. JENYNS, SOAME, a country gentleman, known in the political world as a member of parliament, and partizan of Sir Robert Walpole, and distinguished in literature as one of the most elegant and ingenious writers of his age. Besides poems, essays, and political tracts, he is the author of A Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil,' published 1757, and A View of the Internal Evidence of the Christian Religion,' which became the subject of a considerable controversy, born in London 1704, died 1787. JEPHSON, R., an Irish dramatist, 1736-1803. JERNINGHAM, EDWARD, an English poet and dramatist, author of 'The Rise and Fall of Scandinavian Poetry,' &c., 1727-1812. JERVAS, CHARLES, an Irish portrait painter, who became fashionable as an artist. He published a translation of Don Quoxite; died 1739. JERVIS, JOHN. See ST. VINCENT. JESSEY, HENRY, an eminent clergyman who suffered imprisonment at the Restoration for his nonconformity. He was a learned Oriental scholar, and distinguished for his biblical knowledge. Minister of St. George's, Southwark, during the Commonwealth; died 1633. JEWEL, JOHN, bishop of Salisbury in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, is distinguished as one of the ablest and most eloquent writers against the Romish Church. His Apology for the Church of England' is the work by which he is best known; but he is the author of many controversial treatises equally learned and judicious, and most of them are rendered agreeable reading by the historical and antiquarian notices dispersed through them. The most important of these is the controversy with Dr. Harding, arising out of a sermon preached by Bishop Jewel at St. Paul's Cross, and usually called his Challenge Sermon.' The works of this eminent prelate have been recently published by the Parker Society. [E.R. JOHNSON, M., a painter, reign of James II. Birth-place of Samuel Johnson. JOHNSON, SAMUEL, the son of a bookseller, was born at Lichfield in 1709. Beginning his studies at Oxford in 1728, he was obliged by poverty to retire after three years without taking a degree. He became successively, an usher in Leicestershire, the drudge of a bookseller in Birmingham, and the head of a school established with some money he acquired by marrying, in 1736, a widow who was much older than himself, but to whom he was sincerely attached. The school speedily failed; and, in 1737, removing to London, Johnson entered on his long course of literary toil. His reputation rose very slowly: the greater part of his time was wasted, for many years, on desultory and occa sional efforts; he had an unhealthy constitution, and a strong tendency to hypochondriac melancholy. For the twenty-five years during which JOHNSON, SAMUEL, a dramatic writer and actor, au. of All Alive and Merry,' &c., d. 1773. JOHNSON, T., an eminent herbalist, d. 1644. JOHNSON, T., a classical editor, last century. JOHNSON, SIR W., an Irish officer, d. 1774. JOHNSTON, ARTHUR, a Scotch physician, distinguished as a Latin poet, author of Delicia Poetarum Scoticorum,' &c., 1587-1641. 6 JOHNSTON, C., an Irish wr., au. of 'Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea,' died about 1800. JOHNSTONE, BRYCE, D.D., a Scottish divine, author of a Commentary on the Revelation,' 1747-1805. His nephew, JOHN, a Scottish min., and ed. of Dr. Johnstone's Sermons, 1757-1820. JOHNSTONE, CHEVALIER DE, a military adventurer in the service of Charles Edward the Pretender, au. of 'Mem. of the Rebellion,' b. 1720 JOHNSTONE, G., a member of parliament, and political agent of the English government, author of Thoughts on our E. Ind. Acquisitions,' d. 1787. JOHNSTONE, JAMES, a Scottish physician and physiological inquirer, 1730-1802. His son, JOHN, a med. wr., and biogr. of Dr. Parr, d. 1836. JOHNSTONE, J. H., an Ir. actor, 1750-1828. JOLLY, ALEX., a Scotch prelate, 1755-1838. JONAS, ARNGRIM, a learned historian and an tiquarian of Ireland, 1545-1640. JONES, DAVID, a Welch poet, died abt. 1780. JONES, EDWARD, a Welch musician, d. 1821. JONES, GEORGE MATTHEW, a naval officer, au. of Travels in Norway, Sweden,' &c., d. 1831. JONES, GRIFFITH, a Welch minister, disting. by his zeal for religion and education, 1684-1761. JONES, GRIFFITH, a miscel. writer, connected with Dr. Johnson and Goldsmith, 1721-1786. he struggled for a livelihood, he had no leisure either for systematizing his knowledge, or for concentrating his thoughts; and when, at length, he obtained a small competency, he was already fifty.. three years of age, with decayed strength and soured temper, and with a weariness of labour which made him too glad to enjoy in indolent repose the fame he had so hardly won. The works which, in these adverse circumstances, Johnson produced, were celebrated beyond measure in the fatter half of his century; and, though they add disappointingly little to our stock either of solid knowledge or of literary invention, they are extraordinary monuments both of vigour and originality in thinking, and of great though ponderous power of expression.-During his long period of hard labour, the mere quantity of his writings was very great. A large proportion of them appeared in The Gentleman's Magazine,' or as pamphlets; and most of these are quite forgotten. His two poetical satires, London,' and The Vanity of Human Wishes,' are striking specimens of reflection and diction; but neither they nor his tragedy of Irene' entitle him to be considered as a poct. 'Rasselas,' written in a week to pay for his mother's funeral, is one of the most interesting and characteristic of his works. His two sets of periodical essays, 'The Rambler' and 'The Idler,' are in no respect comparable to their models of Queen Anne's time. For eight years from 1747, Johnson's attention was chiefly engaged by his Dictionary of the English Language,' a work highly honourable to the author in the circumstances in which it was produced, but possessing little of real philological value.-In 1762, after having, though a devoutly religious man, refused JONES, HENRY, an Irish dramatist, d. 1770. to take orders, Johnson obtained, through Lord JONES, INIGO, was born in London about Bute, a pension of three hundred a-year. Not 1572. He was patronised in early youth by long afterwards he was received into the house of William earl of Pembroke, who is supposed to Mr. Thrale. He was thenceforth the dictator of a have sent him to Italy to study landscape paintlarge society of accomplished persons, and the ing: he took up architecture later, about 1605, acknowledged chief of the literature of his day. after his return. The little attention he paid to In 1765 appeared his edition of Shakspeare, the this art in his first visit to Italy is shown in preface to which, with all its shortcomings, is a Crewe Hall, Cheshire, positively attributed to very fine and instructive contribution to the philo-Jones, and St. John's College, Oxford, or the sophy of poetical art; his Journey to the Hebrides,' the liveliest of his writings, was published in 1775; and his 'Lives of the Poets, the last of his works, appearing in 1781, is remarkable alike for its impressive composition, and for its mixture of valuable truth and strong prejudice in criticism. Johnson died in 1784, at his famous house in Bolt-Court. In 1790, his reputation was revived and extended by Boswell's 'Life.' This curious collection of sayings, the most minute record that was ever taken down from any man's lips, is now generally held to convey a more favourable impression of his real strength, both in thought and in language, than anything in the works which he wrote and published. [W.S.] JOHNSON, SAMUEL, a learned divine, famous for his zeal against popery, in the reign of James II., for which he underwent many penalties and cruel personal suffering; author of Julian the Apostate,' &c., 1649-1793. Grotto at Wilton; the first in what is called the Elizabethan style, and the latter, abortive attempts at the classical. The Elizabethan, a modification of the Renaissance imported from the Low Countries, supplanted the Tudor in England, the last remains of ecclesiastical style, which had become generally obnoxious after the persecutions against all such religious expressions by the Regent Somerset, and after the fires of Smithfield; yet in the comparatively distant times of Inigo Jones, attempts at the Gothic were rare from indifference or neglect, rather than from any religious animosity.-Jones was himself the great pioneer to the revival of classical taste in this country, which was thoroughly established by Sir Christopher Wren, though both committed the grossest inconsistencies of style in their own restorations of old buildings.-Jones visited Italy a second time in 1613-14, and on this occasion seems to have completely mastered the principles two frigates opposed to him. He was compli- of the Italian Renaissance, as exemplified in the terror of the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland. buildings of Palladio and others, of which in White- His principal action was a combat off Flamborough hall Banqueting House we have a noble monument head with the convoy of the Baltic fleet in 1779, of his own production, but yet only a small frac-in which he proved the victor, and captured the tion of the magnificent palace, which report gives Charles I. the credit of having wished to carry out as opportunity afforded: the whole design of this truly royal palace may be seen in several sheets in Campbell's Vitruvius Britannicus;' it was to have had seven courts, and its extreme dimensions would have been 1,152 feet by 720 feet; a scale of magnificence which perhaps may be termed visionary, in spite of the experience of any age since the time of the Roman emperors. The building at Whitehall was executed in the reign of James I., 1619-21; he was surveyor of works, and he was appointed about the same time to restore the then St. Paul's Cathedral, to which old Norman and Gothic structure he added some years afterwards (1639) a Corinthian portico and other Renaissance features, the whole of which, however, were destroyed in consequence of the great fire of 1666. Jones was but little more fortunate in St. Paul's, Covent Garden; this absurdly overrated structure, little better than a barn as regards any ornamental feature, was built for the earl of Bedford in 1631, and was destroyed by fire in 1794, but was faithfully restored by Hardwick in the following year: it is valuable as an example of extreme simplicity and agreeable proportions. Greenwich Hospital is another, and one of his most successful works, erected by his nephew and son-in-law, Webb.-Jones died in London in 1652, aged eighty. Webb, who married his only daughter, published some of his designs; and a complete edition of his works was published by Kent, 1770. Jones's copy of Palladio,' with which he travelled in Italy, and containing his own marginal notes, is still preserved in Worcester College, Oxford. (Walpole, Anecdotes of Painters, &c., Bohn, 1849.) [R.N.W.] JONES, JEREMIAH, a learned div., 1693-1724. JONES, JOHN, an English divine, last century. JONES, JOHN, a medical writer, 16th century. JONES, JOHN, a Hebrew scholar, 1575-1636. JONES, JOHN, LL.D., a philological writer, and minister of the unitarians, died 1827. JONES, JOHN GALE, a celebrated political character of the period of the French revolution, distinguished as a leading member of the London Corresponding Society, 1771-1838. JONES, JOHN, a Welch lawyer and man of letters, au. of a 'History of Wales,' &c., 1772-1838. JONES, JOHN, a Welch antiq., 16th and 17th c. JONES, LESLIE GROVE, aid-de-camp of the duke of Wellington in the peninsular war, and commandant of Brussels during the battle of Waterloo, afterw. kn. as a poli. writer, 1779-1839. JONES, OWEN, a Welch antiquary, 1740-1814. JONES, PAUL, a naval commander in the interest of the colonists during the American war of independence, was born at Selkirk, in Scotland, 1736, and died in poverty at Paris, 1792. He was a man of dauntless courage, and great ability as a sea captain, and was for a long period the JONES, RICE, a Welch poet, 1715-1801. JONES, THOMAS, a Welch divine, 1756-1807. JONES, WILLIAM, an em. mathe., 1680-1749. JONES, WILLIAM, commonly called Trinity Jones,' or Jones of Nayland,' and well known for his public spirit and ability as a writer, was a clergyman of the Church of England, born at Lowick, in Northamptonshire, 1726, and appointed perpetual curate of Nayland, in Suffolk, where he went to reside about 1776. He was the intimate friend and biographer of Bishop Horne, to whom in early life he had presented the doctrines of John Hutchinson, of which they were both distinguished advocates. His works are 'A Full Answer to Bishop Clayton's Essay on Spirit,' 1753; 'The Catholic Doctrine of the Trinity Proved from Scripture,' 1757; An Essay on the First Principles of Natural Philosophy, 1762; Remarks on the Confessional,' 1764; Physiological Disquisitions, or Discourses concerning the Natural Philosophy of the Elements,' 1781; ‘A Course of Lectures on the Figurative Language of the Holy Scripture,' 1787; and, when the French revolution broke out, a series of tracts well known by their title of The Scholar Armed against the Errors of the Times;' and 'A Letter from Thomas Bull to his brother John,' written in support of government. His Memoirs of Bishop Horne,' to whom he became private chaplain after his elevation to the see of Norwich, were published in 1795, with an introductory exposition of the theological and philosophical doctrines of Hutchinson. Jones of Nayland was the original projector of the British Critic; "and |