KIPLING, THOMAS, dean of Peterborough, a professor of divinity at Cambridge, author of a pamphlet on the Thirty-nine articles, &c., d. 1822. KIPPIS, ANDREW, D.D., an English Socinian minister, kn. as a biographical and miscellaneous writer, founder of the New Annual Register,' and author of a History of Knowledge, Learning, and Taste in Great Britain.' The best known of his works is the Biographia Britannica,' 1725-1795. KIRBY, JOHN JOSHUA, an artist patronised by George III., author of The Perspective of Architecture,' and father of the celebrated Mrs. Trimmer, 1716-1774. KIRBY, REV. WILLIAM, an eminent entomologist, was born in Suffolk in 1759. He died in 1850. He was educated at Cambridge, and in the year 1782, was admitted into holy orders. In 1796, he became rector of Barham, having done the duties of curate of that parish for fourteen years. He first studied botany, and while collecting the plants of the neighbourhood in which he lived, he had his mind directed to the study of entomology. A little lady bird' or 'cow lady' (Coccinella 22 punctata), one day attracted his attention on the window, and his admiration was so much excited, that he began to collect insects with as much zeal as he had already done plants. He has published many valuable papers and memoirs on various entomological subjects, in the Linnæan Transactions' and 'Zoological Journal' -but his great fame as an entomologist is derived from his Monographia Apum Angliæ,' or History of English Bees-his 'Introduction to Entomology,' in conjunction with Mr. Spence, and his description of the insects in the Fauna borealAmericana' of Sir John Richardson. The first of these works at once stamped him as one of the best entomologists of the day; and had he written nothing else, his fame would have been established. The second has been translated into German and French, and has gone through six or seven editions in this country, and combines the popular form with great scientific merit. Mr. Kirby conscientiously performed his duties as a clergyman; he was beloved by his parishioners, and enjoyed the esteem and friendship of most of the naturalists of his own country, as well as of the continent of Europe and America. He was honorary president of the Entomological Society of London, fellow of the Royal, Linnæan, Zoological and Geological Societies, and honorary member of several societies abroad. His life was prolonged to the venerable age of ninety-one. [W.B.] KIRKALDY, W., a partizan of Mary Stuart, queen of Scots, executed at Edinburgh 1573. KIRKLAND, T., a medical author, 1721-1798. KIRKPATRICK, JAS., an East Indian officer, known for his works in Oriental learning, d. 1812. KIRWAN, RICHARD, born in Galway in the middle of the last century, died 1812. A distinguished chemist, was originally, it is said, destined for the bar, but ultimately prosecuted chemistry and mineralogy. He published a work on the Temperatures of Different Latitudes,' 'Elements of Mineralogy,'Essay on the Analysis of Mineral Substances,' 'Essay on Phlogiston, 'Essay on Geology,'' on Manures,' &c. It was his work on Phlogiston' which gained him most notoriety. It was distinguished by the able defence which he made of a bad cause; but which was thoroughly refuted by Lavoisier, who succeeded in banishing for ever this myth from the field of chemistry. He was undoubtedly the first chemist who appreciated the importance of inorganic substances as manures, and who advocated a knowledge of the constitution of minerals as being the only criterion of their true position in nature. [R.D.T.] KIRWAN, W. B., an Irish divine, celebrated for his pulpit oratory, dean of Killala after his conversion to protestantism, 1754-1805. KITCHENER, WM., an eccentric physician, author of The Cook's Oracle,' &c., 1775-1827. KITE, CHARLES, a medical author, died 1811. KLOSE, F. J., an English composer, d. 1830. KNAPTON, GEO., an Eng. pain., 1698-1788. KNIBB, REV. WILLIAM, distinguished for his exertions in the cause of negro emancipation, was born in 1800. He arrived in Jamaica in 1824, to labour as teacher of a baptist school, and in 1829 became pastor of the mission church at Falmouth. His efforts to improve their condition secured the warm gratitude and affection of the poor negroes, but provoked the jealousy and hostility of the planters. After suffering many indignities in Jamaica, he returned to England to advocate his favourite cause, and his heart-stirring appeals in favour of total emancipation no doubt had their degree of influence in inducing the British legislature to pass the great measure of 1833. He soon afterwards returned to Jamaica, and died of yellow fever in 1845. KNIGHT, E., a comic actor,1774-1826. KNIGHT, G., a speculative philosopher, last c. KNIGHT, HENRY GALLY, M.P., distinguished as a man of taste and letters, author of Ecclesiastical Architecture of Italy," Architectural Tour in Normandy,' and many works in classical and polite literature, 1786-1846. KNIGHT, RICHARD PAYNE, a gentleman of fortune, distinguished for his taste, his knowledge of classical literature and antiquities, and as a patron of the arts, author of A Discourse on the Worship of Priapus, in Sicily, An Essay on the Greek Alphabet,' &c., 1750-1824. KNIGHT, S., a learned divine, died 1746. KNIGHT, TH., a dramatic writer, died 1820. KNIGHT, TH. AND., brother of R. P. Knight, dis. in veg. physiology and horticulture, 1758-1838. KNIGHTON, HY., an old chronicler, 15th ct. KNIGHTON, SIR W., a physician and courtier, finally private secretary to George IV., d. 1836. KNOLLES, R., an English historian, d. 1610. KNOLLES, SIR ROBERT, a famous warrior of the reign of Edward III., called by French historians Canolle; he is said to have built Rochester bridge with his spoils acquired in France, 1317-1407. KNOLLIS, SIR F., an Eng. statesman, d. 1596. KNOTT, ÉD., a learned Jesuit, 1580-1656. KNOWLER, W., an English divine, 1699-1767. KNOWLES, T., a learned divine, 1723-1802. general form of service for the English Church. His plain speech in the north of England made him many enemies, so that he was summoned to appear at London, where he had already declined a living, and commanded to vindicate himself; and he was there in full enjoyment of the royal patronage, when King Edward died, 6th July, 1553. After the accession of Mary he left the capital, preached in various parts of the country, and was married at Berwick to Marjory Bowes, a young lady to whom he had been long and warmly attached. Finding himself in increasing jeopardy, he left the kingdom and landed at Dieppe, on the 20th January, 1554; set out the next month and travelled through France to Switzerland, was cordially received by the leading divines of the Helvetic churches, returned to Dieppe in order to gain information from his native land; went back to Geneva and won the friendship of Calvin; was again at Dieppe to learn still more of his family, and the cause of truth in Scotland; took charge for a brief time of a disturbed church at Frankfort, revisited Geneva, and recrossed the channel in 1555. After visiting his wife at Berwick, he preached in Edinburgh and various parts of the country, patronised by many of the nobility and gentry; dispensed the Lord's Supper in Ayrshire, the region of the Scottish Lollards; was in consequence of his zealous labours ordered to sist himself before a convention of the clergy, in the church of the Blackfriars at Edinburgh, but the summons was set aside, and the diet deserted.' Being about this time chosen pastor of the English congregation at Geneva, he with his family departed for Switzerland, and remained in Geneva for the two following years. The English version, usually called the Geneva Bible, was made at this time by the English exiles, and here, too, Knox blew 'The First Blast KNOWLTON, T., an antiquarian, 1692-1782. KNOX, JOHN, a tradesman of London, author of 'A Systematic View of Scotland,' written from his own observations, which had for their object the settlement of new towns in connection with a herring fishery on the N. E. coast of Scotland, d. 1790. KNOX, JOHN, was born at Gifford in East Lothian in 1505. In his boyhood he attended the grammar school of Haddington, and in the year 1522 he was sent by his father to the university of Glasgow, and the name of Johannes Knox stands among the incorporati of that year. His preceptor was Mair, or Major, at that time professor of philosophy and theology, who removed in the following year to St. Andrews, whither Knox seems to have followed him, and where he taught the current philosophy. Before his twenty-fifth year Knox was ordained to the priesthood. But his examination of popish theology as usually taught did not satisfy him, and from the writings of Jerome and Augustine he turned to the study of the Scriptures themselves. By degrees he renounced scholastic theology as useless and unsound; and about the year 1535, his mind began that decided process of scrutiny and repudiation which ended in his withdrawal from St. Andrews, and the vengeful arm of Cardinal Beaton, and in his formal avowal of protestantism about the year 1542. He soon found an asylum at Langniddrie, in the house of Hugh Douglas, to whose sons he acted for a short time as tutor. The principles of the reformation had now been spreading for some time the stake had been consuming its victims-the murder of Cardinal Beaton had produced an immense excitement, the conspirators still held the castle of St. Andrews, and as it was reckoned a place of safety, Knex and his pupils took refuge in it at Easter, in the year 1547. Here he taught and exhorted, and being called to the ministry, exercised also the functions of a Christian pastor, and solemnly dispensed for the first time in public in Scotland the ordinance of the Lord's Supper, after the primitive and protestant mode. But in the month of June, a French fleet came to the assistance of the Regent Arran, invested the castle, and forced it to capitulate. Knox and some others were transported to Rouen, confined on board the galleys, and loaded with chains. After a severe and unhealthy imprisonment of nineteen months, he was liberated in February, 1549, and repaired to England, was at once recommended to the English council, and sent by Cranmer to preach in Berwick. For two years he continued there, labouring with characteristic ardour, exposing the delusions of popery with no unsparing hand, and gaining hosts of converts to the cause of the reformation. Tonstall, bishop of Durham, cited him to Newcastle, and the undaunted Knox delivered a public vindication in presence of the bishop and the learned priests of his cathedral, and so increased his fame, that the privy council in London appointed him one of King Edward's chaplains, with a salary of £40 a-year. He was consulted also about some of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment changes in the Book of Common Praver, and of Women.' A series of changes favourable to M 161 the reformation had in the meanwhile been taking regent during his minority, and fled to England place in Scotland, the protestants had greatly the good regent was assassinated, but Knox multiplied, the prospect of coming persecution still kept his post at Edinburgh. Yet the rehad banded them together, and Knox, on their gent's death, and his own multifarious anxieties invitation, landed at Leith 2d May, 1559. No and labours during these critical times preyed sooner was it known to the terrified priesthood upon his constitution, and in October, 1570, he that the ardent reformer had returned, than he was struck with apoplexy. In the course of a was proclaimed an outlaw. Joining with his few weeks he was able to preach again, but not brethren, he repaired to Perth, and preached with his wonted vigour. In the meantime the zealously against idolatry, while the chicanery of queen's party gained strength by the weakness of the Queen Regent, and the accidental folly of a Lennox, the abilities of Maitland, and the defecpriest so enraged the mob, that they pulled down tion of Kircaldy of Grange; and when the civil several religious houses and churches, overthrew war broke out he retired to St. Andrews, still the altars, and defaced the pictures and images. carrying on by tongue, pen, and counsel, the great This tumult, the origin of which has been often work to which his life had been devoted. During misrepresented, Knox distinctly ascribes to the a cessation of arms he returned to Edinburgh, rascal multitude.' The Queen Regent mustered and shone out in his pristine style when, on her host to quell these riots; and the protestant hearing of the massacre of St. Bartholomew, he leaders, aware of her ultimate design, raised an denounced in glowing terms Charles IX. of France. army in self-defence, but a treaty prevented any Sickness, however, soon seized his emaciated hostile engagement. The 'lords of the congrega-frame, and after a very brief period of increasing tion' were now alarmed into activity. Knox went debility, he died 24th November, 1572. Two down to St. Andrews, and soon, as the effect of days afterwards his body was interred in the his instructions, the popish worship was peacefully churchyard of St. Giles. The funeral was attended abolished, and the church stripped at once of all by an immense concourse of weeping and afidolatrous symbols. This example was quickly, flicted people, as well as of the resident nobility, but not as peacefully followed in many other parts and the Regent Morton pronounced over him the of the kingdom; and so there perished many well-known eulogium, 'There lies he who never valuable works of art, which had been degraded feared the face of man.' Knox was of small by their application to superstitious purposes. stature, and by no means of a robust constitution. When his party had obtained temporary posses- His character has been pourtrayed very differently sion of Edinburgh, Knox was chosen minister of by various writers. Indiscriminate eulogy would the city, but he retired with the protestant forces be here as much out of place as sweeping censure on the approach of the regent, made an extensive would be unjust. The reformer was cast upon an tour, and preached in many of the larger towns. age of violence and change, and he needed a After being formally ordained at Edinburgh, in correspondent energy. Elegance and delicacy of 1560, he pursued with ceaseless zeal the work language were not common at the period, and of reformation: a Confession had been already would have been crushed in the tumult. Knox drawn up, a Book of Discipline was added, and spoke and wrote his honest thoughts in transparent the organization of the church was so far matured, terms, in terse and homely simplicity, and with that the first General Assembly of the Church of far less of uncouthness and solecism than might Scotland was held at Edinburgh, on the 21st be imagined. He was obliged to appear not like December, 1560. No sooner had Queen Mary a scholar in the graceful folds of an academic toga, arrived in Scotland, than she had a long interview but as a warrior clad in mail, and armed at all with the stern reformer, after a sermon which had points for self-defence and aggression. It must offended her. This was followed by several have been a mighty mind that could leave its meetings, but to no purpose. Knox's sermons at impress on an entire nation, and on succeeding this time were bold, defiant, and mighty-his ages. He was inflexible in maintaining what he tongue was a match for Mary's sceptre. He felt to be right, and intrepid in defending it. His was accused of high treason, but acquitted, in life was menaced several times, but he moved not spite of all the malignant influence of queen from the path of duty. The genial affections of and court. After being about three years a home, friendship, and kindred, often stirred his widower, he married in March, 1564, Margaret, heart amidst all his sternness and decision. In daughter of Lord Ochiltree, and connected with short, he resembled the hills of his native country, the royal blood of Scotland. His dispute with which with their tall and splintered precipices, the abbot of Crossraguel about this period is their shaggy sides, and wild sublimity of aspect, familiar to most readers. The reformer perse- yet often conceal in their bosom green valleys, vered amidst growing difficulties-the marriage of clear streams, and luxuriant pastures. [J.E.) the queen with Darnley, and its melancholy consequences the attempt to restore popery-the assassination of Rizzio-his own virtual banishment, and the queen's refusal of permission for him to return to Edinburgh. Darnley was murdered Mary wedded Bothwell-soon resigned in favour of her son, appointed the earl of Murray KNOX, ROBERT, an East Indian officer, au. of 'A History of the Island of Ceylon,' pub. 1681. KNOX, VICESIMUS, a clergyman of the Church of England, distinguished as a theological writer and essayist, was born in 1752; and, though educated at Oxford, received his degree of D.D. from Philadelphia. He was considered an eloquent preacher, and much in vogue for preaching charity sermons, &c.; died 1821. His son, Rev. THOMAS KNOX, D.D., succeeded him as master of Tunbridge grammar school, and in the rectories of Rumwell, and Ramsden Crays, in Essex. Died suddenly, at the age of fifty-nine, 1843. KOSTER, H., an English traveller, 1793-1820. LAING, ALEXANDER, a Scotch antiquarian and miscellaneous writer, editor of the Eccentric Magazine,' 1778-1838. LAING, ALEX. GORDON, an African explorer, born at Edinburgh, 1794, murdered on the route from Timbuctoo, 1826. LAING, MALCOLM, a Scotch hist., 1762-1819. LAING, W., a Scotch bookseller, 1764-1832. LAKE, ARTHUR, a dignitary of the Church of England, known as a religious writer, died 1626. LAKE, GERARD, first Viscount Lake, an Engl. gen., dist. in Germany during the seven years' war, and as commander-in-chief in India, 1744-1808. LAMB, LADY CAROLINE, daughter of the earl of Besborough, and wife of the Hon. William Lamb, afterwards Lord Melbourne, distinguished as a novelist and fugitive writer, 1786-1828. L RICHARD, a learned ecclesiastic and antiquarian, died 1531. KYNASTON, SIR FRANCIS, a courtier of the reign of Charles I., dist. as a poet, 1587-1642. KYNASTON, JOHN, an Eng. divine, 1728-83. KYRLE, JOHN, a distinguished benefactor, immortalized in the writings of Pope as The Man of Ross,' died at the age of ninety in 1754. name was one of the most famous of the day, though few of those who knew it were really familiar with his works. He was a man of unquestionable though eccentric genius. His sphere of thinking was very confined, but he moved in it with great independence; his fancy was lively and original, but very irregular; he had great power both of pathos and of quiet humour, and oscillated capriciously between the two extremes; and his taste, keenly alive to the beautiful, was gratified not less by the oddest puns which his teeming fantasy suggested to him. His style is characterized by a singular engrafting of modern peculiarities on the diction of our Old English writers; and hetook equal delight in rapturously expatiating on the beauties of Elizabethan literature, and in observing and chronicling the oddities of contemporary life in the aspect in which it presented itself to him. His tragedy of 'John Woodvil,' published in 1801, is a disjointed series of beautiful imitations of the old dramatists: some of his smaller poems are strangely touching. He criticised with intuitive fineness of feeling in his 'Specimens of the English Dramatic Poets (1808); and there are suggestive criticisms, especially on the drama and the stage, in others of his productions. The most notable of these are the fantastically beautiful Essays of Elia.' [W.S.] LAMB, GEORGE, younger brother of Lord Melbourne, a reviewer and sec. of state, 1784-1884. LAMB, SIR JAMES BLAND BURGES, Baronet, only son of George Burges, Esq., known as a journalist and miscellaneous writer, 1752-1825. LAM LAMBTON, WILLIAM, an English officer, conductor of a great trigono. survey of India, d. 1823. LAMPLUGH, T., an English prelate, 1615-91. LANCASTER. The royal house of Lancaster flourished in two lines. The first commences with EDMOND, Son of Henry III. and Eleonora of Provençe, and brother of Edward I., employed by the latter as ambassador to Philip of France, and afterwards as commander in the expedition for the Born in London, 1245; recovery of Guienne. died at Bayonne, 1296. THOMAS, his son and successor in the earldom, cousin-german to Edward II., headed the confederacy of barons against Piers Gavaston, and, finally, shared the responsibility of his death with Hereford and Arundel. He was at length taken in arms against the sovereign, and beheaded at Pomfret, 1322. HENRY (previously earl of Leicester), brother and heir of Thomas, joined the conspiracy of Isabella and Mortimer against Edward II., and received the king into his custody at Kenilworth. He was freed from this charge on account of his too great humanity; and, when fortune changed, was appointed guardian and protector of the person of his son, Edward III. He died 1345. HENRY, his son, (previously earl of Derby,) after vainly endeavouring to make peace with John, king of France, under the mediation of the pope at Avignon, was sent with an army into Normandy, and took part in the victory of Poictiers and the subsequent French wars. About this time his title was changed to duke of Lancaster, this degree of nobility being then newly introduced into England. He died 1362.-The next duke of Lancaster commences a new lineage, that of the princes opposed to the house of York. The first in the line was JOHN OF GAUNT, or GHENT, third son of Edward III., born 1339. He was married successively to the daughter of Henry, the last duke, who died without male issue, and to the daughter of Peter, king of Castile. His name is one of the most celebrated in English history, and in the chivalry of the middle ages. Died 1399. HENRY OF HEREFORD, the successor of John of Gaunt in the dukedom, was son to him by his first wife. He claimed the crown by descent, by the mother's side, from Edmond the first earl, who was popularly supposed to be the elder brother of Edward I., and to have been deprived of the succession by his father for personal reasons. He became king by deposing Richard II., 1399, and was a prince of great ability and valour. He reigned till his death in 1422, and was succeeded by his son, Henry V. The son of the latter also inherited the crown as Henry VI., and in his reign the feuds of York and Lancaster broke out, which ended in the union of the two houses in the person of Henry VII. See YORK. [E.R.] LANCASTER, CAPTAIN, afterwards SIR JAMES, had command of one of three ships fitted out in 1591 for the first English expedition to India by the Cape. The object was less to establish trade than to harass the Portuguese; but the result was unfortunate. One of the ships was sent home from the Cape with the sick, another was wrecked LAN on the coast east of the Cape; Lancaster's ship LANCASTER, JOSEPH, well known as a promulgator of the system of national education introduced by Dr. Bell, was born in London of obscure parents, of the Quaker persuasion, in 1778. He commenced his career by opening a school for poor children in St. George's Fields, and was soon publicly known for his enthusiasm in the cause he had adopted. He died at New York in indigent circumstances, 1838. LANDEN, J., an Eng. mathematician, 1719-90. LANDER, RICHARD and JOHN, who completed the solution of the great problem of African geography left half-finished by Mungo Park, were born in Cornwall-Richard in 1804, his younger brother two years later. The former abandoned the trade of a printer, to which both were brought up, in order to accompany Captain Clapperton on his second journey to Africa, in the capacity of attendant. On the death of Clapperton at Soccatoo, 13th September, 1827, he proceeded southward to Funda, intending thence to trace the course of the Niger to its embouchure; but meeting with hostile natives, and being without a companion to aid and cheer him, he was obliged to make for Badagry, on the bight of Benin, by the nearest route. He reached it in safety on the 21st November, two years two months and fourteen days after his departure from it with Clapperton; and soon after took ship to England. Having submitted to government a plan for exploring the course of the Niger, which was approved of, and confidence being reposed in him, from the intelligence, address, and bravery he had already exhibited, Lander was commissioned, by instructions dated 31st December, 1829, to trace the great river from Katunga, to the sea, to Lake Tchad, or wherever its stream should carry him. My brother,' says Lander in his account of the journey, eagerly volunteered to accompany me, though the government refused to allow him a salary, or make him even the promise of a reward.' John's name is mentioned in the instructions; and to him was assigned the duty of making inquiries, as far up as Boussa and Yacori, after the books and papers that belonged to Mungo Park, believed to be in possession of the Richard himself was sultan of that country. granted all the articles that he asked for his personal convenience during his journey, together with 200 dollars in coin, and leave to draw for |