NORRIS, SIR JOHN, a naval officer, dist. in the Mediterranean under Sir Cloudesley Shovel, d. 1749. NORRIS, ROBERT, a native of Liverpool, famous for his sojourn of eighteen years on the coast of Guinea. He wrote 'Memoirs of the Reign of Bossa Ahadee, king of Dahomey, an inland country of Guinea, to which is added the author's journey to Abomey the capital,' published in London, 1789.

6

NORRIS, S., a theological writer, died 1630. NORTH, the name of a distinguished family, of whom we may mention-SIR EDWARD, an eminent lawyer, created Baron North, of Catlidge, in Cambridgeshire, by Queen Mary. DUDLEY, Lord North, his great grandson, born 1581, distinguished as a partizan of the parliament, and appointed by them to the admiralty, died 1666. DUDLEY, son and successor of the latter, distinguished in parliament, and author of the Life of Edward, Lord North,' Passages Relating to the Long Parliament,' 'Light in the Way to Paradise,' &c., died 1677. Four sons of the last named-FRANCIS, Baron Guildford, lord-keeper of the great seal in the reigns of Charles II. and James II., author of Political Essays and Narratives, and a Philosophical Essay on Music, about 1640-1685. SIR DUDLEY, a great Turkey merchant, author of 'Observations on the Manners, Customs, and Jurisprudence of the Turks,' died 1691. JOHN, born 1645, elected professor of Greek at Cambridge 1672, and created D.D. the following year on the visit of Charles II., died 1683. ROGER, attorney-general to James II., known as an historical critic and miscellaneous writer, died 1733. To the same family belongs the subject of the following article.

popular measures; but the arena in which he chiefly distinguished himself was that already indicated. From 1838 till 1849 he held the presidency of the Royal Society, and during this period his mansion was the scene of frequent and brilliant reunions of the most distinguished men in philosophy, art, and literature. The marquis of Northampton was also one of the presidents of the British Association, and he filled the same office in the Royal Society of Literature at the time of his death, 1851.

NORTHCOTE, JAMES, an eminent historical painter and writer on art, was born at Plymouth, where his father was a coachmaker, 1746. His best works are Hubert and Arthur,' and 'The Murder of the Two Princes in the Tower.' He is author of Fables illustrated with his own designs, of 'Memoirs of Sir Joshua Reynolds,' and a Life of Titian.' Died 1831.

NORTON, LADY F., a religious wr., died 1720. NORTON, JOHN, a wr. on orthography, 17th c. NORTON, THOMAS, a barrister-at-law, known as a zealous Calvinist, and translator of the famous Institutes.' He assisted Sternhold and Hopkins in a metrical version of the Psalms, and is supposed to have died about 1584.

NORWOOD, RICHARD, an English geometer, one of the first to measure a degree of the meridian, 1635.

NOTT, JOHN, a surgeon in the employ of the East India Company, dist. as an Oriental scholar and poetical and miscellaneous writer, 1751-1820. NOTT, MAJOR-GENERAL SIR WILLIAM, officer in the East Indian service, greatly distinguished in the late Affghan war, born at Cærmarthen 1782, died 1845.

NOTTINGHAM. See FINCH, HOWARD.

NOWELL, ALEXANDER, a dignitary of the Church of England, and the last surviving father of the reformation in this country, was born at Whalley, in Lancashire, 1507 or 1508. He was first employed as second master of Westminster school, and, in 1551, became one of the prebendaries of Westminster. He was among the exiles at Strasburg in the reign of Queen Mary, and, returning on the accession of Elizabeth, he became dean of St. Paul's in 1560. He is the author of the Church of England Catechism, and the founder of a free grammar school in his native county, and of thirteen Oxford scholarships. Died 1602.

NORTH, FREDERICK, earl of Guildford, generally called LORD NORTH, belongs to English history as chief of the administration during the American war of independence. He was appointed Commissioner of the Treasury 1759; and resigned with his leader in July, 1765, when he joined the opposition to the Rockingham ministry. He came into office again with the Grafton ministry, 1766; in 1767 became chancellor of the exchequer; and in 1770 succeeded the duke of Grafton as minister, when he brought in a bill for the repeal of all the duties lately imposed upon the American colonists, with the exception of that upon tea, and this exception, in 1773, led to disturbances, which in 1775 merged in actual hostilities, and to the declaration of independence, 4th July, 1776. The struggle NOWELL, LAURENCE, younger brother of the lasted during the whole of Lord North's adminis-preceding, became dean of Lichfield, and is known tration, but was virtually ended by the surren- as the author of a Saxon Dictionary, now in the der of Lord Cornwallis, at York Town, 19th Oct., Bodleian library; died 1576. 1781. Lord North resigned on the 20th of March, 1782. He became earl of Guildford by the death of his father in 1790, and died 1792, after being afflicted several years with blindness; 1732-1792. NORTH, G., an Engl. numismatist, 1710-1772. NORTHAMPTON, EARL OF. See HOWARD. NORTHAMPTON, SPENCER JOSH. ALWYNE COMPTON, marquis of, well known for his love of science and literature, was born 1790, and succeeded to the title of his father in 1828. He was known in the House of Lords as an advocate of

NOY, WILLIAM, attorney-general in the reign of Charles I., and author of the ill-advised project for raising supplies without the consent of parliament, 1577-1634.

NUGENT, GEORGE GRENVILLE, Lord, known when a young man as Lord George Grenville, was the second son of the marquis of Buckingham, and brother of the late duke. He was born in 1789, and sat in four parliaments, as member for Aylesbury, previous to the passing of the reform bill. In 1830 he became connected with the Whigs in the govern

ment; and from 1832 to 1835 was lord high com-
missioner of the Ionian Islands. He had no seat
in the house from this period till 1847, when he
appeared for his old constituency. Died 1850.
Lord Nugent wrote 'Memorials of Hampden and
his Times,' and 'Lands, Classical and Sacred.'
His name was generally a popular one.
NUGENT, ROBERT CRAGGS, Earl, a descen-

dant of the Nugents of Westmeath, known as a poet, died 1788.

NUGENT, THOMAS, a miscellaneous writer and translator, author of a French Dictionary, died 1772.

NYE, PHILIP, a minister of the Church of England, who became a nonconformist, and seems to have been a time-server and demagogue, 1596-1672.

OATES, TITUS, well known to English history as a political intriguer in the reign of Charles II., was the son of an anabaptist preacher, and was born about 1619. He was educated for the Church of England, and became chaplain in one of the king's ships, but was dismissed in disgrace, and joined the Jesuits. In September, 1678, having rejoined the Church of England, he made a disclosure of a pretended popish plot, which caused the execution and imprisonment of many eminent men; and for which he received a handsome pension, and a residence at Whitehall, till the end of Charles II.'s reign. On the accession of James, he was convicted of perjury and publicly whipped, but recovered his liberty, and was pensioned again by William III. Died 1705.

remark of Mr. Hallam to be doubted, that as words are meant to express precise ideas, it was as impossible,' in the times of which we speak, 'to write metaphysics in good Latin, as modern naturalists have found it to describe plants and animals.' Besides the strangeness of terminology too, we must keep in mind that every age has a position peculiar to itself, around which, as a centre, the battle of Thought is contested; and it is only by taking account of this specialty, and separating from it the tactics and efforts of the contending Parties, that one can come to recognize the identity in all ages, of these Parties and Tactics

that one can discern in the East, in Greece early and late, in those Middle Ages, and in modern Europe, the representatives and movements O'BEIRNE, THOMAS LEWIS, an Irish prelate, of Forces, whose antagonism is perpetual, and known as a political and miscell. wr., 1748-1823. amid whose conflicts we live. The form in which OCCAM, or OCKHAM. WILLIAM OF: born these Schoolmen placed the great question they at Ockham in the county of Surrey about the close discussed, was mainly a grammatical one; but, of the thirteenth century; taught with brilliant underneath that form, those precise problems were success in Paris, in the early part of the fourteenth; debated which divided the followers of Aristotle a Franciscan, like his master, Duns Scotus; the and Plato, which sever Descartes and Hobbes, greatest of the later Schoolmen-by title the 'In- Locke and Kant. If sometimes subtle to a fault, vincible Doctor; the philosopher who gave the and minute apparently to painful affectation-an final blow to the fantastic Realism of the middle error into which the grammatical form of their ages, and perhaps the first effective blow to the speculations inevitably led them-Aquinas, Scoauthority of the Pope; the predecessor of D'Ailly tus, Roscelin, Abelard, and Occam, were neither and Gerson, and, not remotely, the progenitor pedants nor sciolists, but brave divers into the of LUTHER. It cannot be expected that in a depths of human thought: men who struggled work like this, any extensive appreciation can be fearlessly with the difficulties, the doubts, and given of a subject so thorny and strange as the hopes of the Soul: and, by their energy of purpose, Scholastic Philosophy; nevertheless, occasion may eloquence in speech, and the firmness of the grasp be taken of our mention of Occam, to warn the with which they held the tendencies of their time, Student against hastily adopting those crude and they again emancipated the World. Let us note in common views of its deserts, and its place in the illustration, and in general and catholic terms, the history of Thought. Difficult to peruse, as most of inquiries which engaged Occam.-It is universally the writings of these singular disputants unqes- known that Schoolmen became finally divided tionably are, and in great part from the apparent into two great sects—Realists and Nominalists. barbarism of their language, it must not be over- The former, whose leaders were Aquinas and Duns looked that this difficulty and uncouthness be- Scotus, had a subdivision into Thomists and Scolonged almost necessarily to the excessive subtlety tists; the latter-including the Conceptualistsand sagacity with which they attacked the highest following the great names of Roscelin, Abelard, problems that can engage the Human Intellect. and OCCAM. The following were the positions It falls to every new metaphysical school, or rather upheld by Occam.-In those days as now, the first to every great school in a new epoch, to invent in field of dispute was the Theory of Perception. so far its own language: take for example the How do we perceive? How do Mind and Matter writings of the Philosopher of Konigsberg, who, meet? Occam maintains that we know only two strangely enough, was long reputed obscure things, viz., the existence of an object, and the exisand even unintelligible, because of the very pains tence of a mental impression. The notion of he took to render his expression of profoundest images transmitted, he declares a pure fantasy. Thought, about the clearest and most precise, of Certain senses, he says, receive an image of exwhich any language contains a record: nor is theternal objects, (sight, for instance), but this recep

[J.P.N.] OCHTERLONY, SIR DAVID, an officer in the service of the East India Company, disting. in the Nepaulese war, b. in New England, 1758, d. 1825. OCKLEY, SIMON, distinguished for his Oriental learning, and his zeal in promoting the culture of the Arabian language, of which he was professor at Cambridge, was born at Exeter 1678, and died, prematurely, 1720. His principal works are a History of the Saracens,' a 'Life of Mahomet,' a History of the Present Jews,' from the Italian of Leo Modena, 'An Introduction to the Oriental Languages,' and 'The Improvement of Human Reason, exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan,' translated from the Arabic.

O'CONNELL, DANIEL, was born near Cahir Siveen in the county Kerry, on the 6th of August, 1775. In his youth, and subsequently as the hospitable lord of Derrynane Abbey, he lived

tion accompanies the act of perceiving, and does | condition, has, we doubt not, a similar and sinnot constitute it. There are but two partial causes gular Destiny to fulfil. of sensation-the Subject which feels; and the Object, that is perceived:-further, we know nothing and need not inquire. And so of objects remembered: he rejects with equal decision the theory then in vogue, that we perceive or image what is past, through effect of Resemblances of objects continuing, as essences or shadows in the Mind: he says that Recollection is a power of the mind, and that we cannot define it more minutely. So also with regard to general terms or notions. They result from the action of the Intellect, on things perceived. Intelligible Species or Entities, representing general ideas, he utterly repudiates. The Mind, which has the faculty to perceive objects, has also a power to abstract, to compare, to differentiate, to combine. And so, it forms conceptions corresponding to these operations, and expresses their results. There was a prevalent belief or position connected with this subject, in reference to the Divine mind. His attributes of Justice, Goodness, Wisdom, &c., were imagined separate Entities, with which he held council, on proceeding to act. No! said Occam, these are modes or forms of the Supreme Reason; they are Attributes, and not Entities. The Nominalism of Occam as thus expressed, certainly does not reach that of Hobbes and Locke; nor indeed can we easily distinguish it from views that would not be termed Nominalist, in these our modern times. But is it not easy to recognize, in the basis of such disputations, the most important difficulties of Philosophy-those very problems that agitate us still? One thing at least is clear ;-questions of such sort regarding all things Human and Divine, clothed in any garb-even in the grammatical-could not be presented with the ardour of an Abelard, or the logic of Occam, without stirring men's souls to an extent, so that no dogma of Popish Infallibility, could lay the tumult again. Occam, as we have said, was therefore a legitimate progenitor of Luther: but another point of most anxious interest is inseparable from the subject we contemplate, we mean the singular influence on the fates of the World, of the genius of the French or Gallic race. It may be taken now almost as an historic maxim, that the Teuton originates Thought, France diffuses it, and the Anglo-Saxon realizes it, and gathers its good fruits. How strange in the providence of God, that Paris, even under its inost absolute Monarchs, should have been the source-moral as well as material-of mightiest Revolutions! Is it that the peculiar genius of the Gallic Race, endows it with the gift to foresee, as well as the facility to be dazzled, by new Ideas? Paris when most Catholic, was, par excellence, the seat of those intellectual strifes which ultimately destroyed the Pope: Paris when most absolute, was, through the popularity of the Encyclopædists, the centre of those influences which first introduced the wildest Republicanism into Europe: Paris under a profound despotism, ploughed up the roots of every despotism in the old Continent: Paris, now, in its fresh anomalous

Derrynane Abbey.

much amid the wild scenery, and as wild population of his native district. It is still a scarcely accessible territory, with but scanty road communication through the narrow gaps in the mountain ranges, and so sterile, as to present even a part of Ireland thinly peopled.-It is impossible to look at O'Connell's career and character without believing that the spot with which his career was so closely connected, had a characteristic influence on his mind. His father was a petty landowner. Whether O'Connell was of high or humble birth, has been a matter ever disputed. He claimed high descent, and it was conceded to him by his Irish followers; but this is one of the characteristics without which that singular people would never acknowledge leadership. It was necessary as a point of policy that he should be reported to come of the true old blood, and when he swept through the crowd in his great family coach, broadly emblazoned with a quartered shield and conspicuous supporters, it was evident that the large-built, handsome, rather highly dressed man, who looked around with the air of an Eastern prince, was by no means the democratic leader of

O'CONNOR, CHARLES, a catholic clergyman, author of works elucidating Irish history, d. 1828. O'CONNOR, RODERICK, king of Connaught, in the time of the conquest of Ireland by Henry 11. O'CONNOR, TURLOGH, called 'the Great,' a king of Connaught, who aimed at the entire sovereignty of the country, 1088-1156.

ODINGTON, WALTER, commonly called 'Walter of Evesham,' being abbot of that monastery, distinguished in music and astronomy, 13th cent.

ODO OF KENT, a Benedictine monk, who became successively prior of St. Saviour's and abbot of Battle Abbey. He is the author of some learned writings, and was a friend of Becket, died 1200.

OFFA, the successor of his uncle, Ethelbald, as king of Mercia, was placed on the throne after a successful insurrection in 757. He greatly extended his kingdom, and added that of the East Angles to it by treacherously murdering Ethelbert. In his latter years, he made peace with his conscience by the foundation of St. Alban's Abbey, and an annual payment to the pope, known in after ages as Peter's pence. Died 796.

a republican people. He had an uncle who rose | notorious Feargus O'Connor, and one of the prinhigh in the military service of France, of whom he cipal actors in the Irish rebellion of 1798, was used to speak as ashamed to own that his nephew originally a barrister, and having the good fortune occupied the humble position of an avocat. He to escape punishment, after that event went to was educated at St. Owen and Douay, and at first France, where the first Consul appointed him destined for the church, but the relaxation which general of division. In 1809 he married the admitted Roman Catholics to the bar, opened for daughter of the famous Condorcet, niece on her him a more brilliant career. He kept his terms at mother's side to Marshal Grouchy, and in 1834 the Middle Temple, and was admitted to the Irish purchased the chateau of Bignon from the heirs of bar in Easter term, 1798. He was a very hard Mirabeau, where he died 1852. student, and is described by Sir Jonah Barrington as having 'bottled' a quantity of legal knowledge for subsequent use. His great characteristic, indeed, as a daring leader of the people against the existing order of things, was the wonderful sagacity with which he could march along the boundary line of strict legal action without crossing it, or committing either himself or his followers. At the Irish bar he was beyond all question the first advocate of his day, whether for oratory or a ready adaptation of the law. And thus, when it is known that he collected large subsidies from his fellow-countrymen in the form of what was termed the patriotic rent, it must at the same time be remembered that he gave up a practice as lucrative as the Irish bar could afford. His later career is intimately connected with the recollections of all who have paid attention to the passing politics of the day. It may be mentioned, however, as chronologically fixing the commencement of his historical career, that it was in the year 1809 that he first came forth as a champion of the Irish Roman Catholics, by boldly proposing, in a small meeting of the body in William-Street, Dublin, the establishment of a general committee. In 1815 he made himself unpleasantly notorious, by killing in a duel Mr. D'Esterre, who challenged him for calling the corporation of Dublin beggarly. When the Catholic Association,' afterwards formed by him, was denounced by the law, he found means of evading the penalties, and reconstructing the association on a firmer basis. When he proceeded systematically to obtain elections of persons who could not take the oaths, statesmen saw the necessity of concession, and the Roman Catholic Emancipation Act was passed. After the Reform Bill he became conspicuous as the head of a parliamentary body, who, acknowledging his leadership, and voting together, were called 'O'Connell's Tail.' About the year 1840 he struck out the agitation for the repeal of the union, which became a failure in his hands. In January, 1844 the government of Sir Robert Peel resolving to grapple with him and the repeal agitators, began criminal proceedings, and obtained a conviction, followed by a sentence of imprisonment, but it was reversed in the House of Lords. O'Connell, however, was now an old man-the trial shook his nerves and his position. It was followed by the miseries of the potato blight, and on the 15th of May, 1847, he died during a sojourn in Italy, which was called a pilgrimage, and supposed to partake of a penitential or religious char[J.H.B.] O'CONNOR, GENERAL ARTHUR, uncle of the

acter.

OGDEN, SAMUEL, a learned minister of the Church of England, born at Manchester 1716, master of Halifax school 1744-1753, and, finally, rector of Lawford and Stansfield; died 1778. He is the author of same popular 'Sermons.'

OGILBY, JOHN, an ingenious Scotchman, dist. as a literary speculator and author, 1600-1676.

OGILVIE, JOHN, a Scottish divine and poet, author of Philosophical and Critical Observations on Composition,' Evidence of Prophecy,' and an epic poem entitled 'Britannia,' 1733-1814.

OGLETHORPE, JAMES EDWARD, an English officer, who distinguished himself in the German wars under Prince Eugene, and afterwards as chief founder of the colony of Georgia. Being sent in pursuit of the rebels in 1745, and not overtaking them, he was tried by court-martial, and honourably acquitted. Born in Surrey 1698, died 1785.

Ŏ'HALLORAN, SYLVESTER, an Irish antiquarian, author of an Introduction to Irish History,' a 'General History of Ireland,' &c., 1728-1807.

O'HARA, KANE, an Irish dramatist, died 1782. O'KEEFE, J., an Irish comedian, 1746-1833. OLDCASTLE, SIR JOHN, commonly called the good Lord Cobham,' was a domestic of the court of Henry V., and is both the first author and first martyr of our nobility. Becoming a disciple of Wickliffe, he devoted his wealth and energies to the propagation of the reformed doctrines, for which he was hung in chains and then burnt alive, 1417. His life has been written by Gilpin. OLDFIELD, ANNE, an Eng. actress, 1683-1730.

ORMEROD, OLIVER, a Church of England OLEY, BARNABAS, a learned divine, who be- minister and polemical writer of the time of James came archdeacon of Ely after the restoration, and I., author of The Picture of a Puritan,' and 'The died 1686. He published the works of Dr. Jack-Picture of a Papist,' died 1626. son and Herbert's Country Parson.'

OTWAY, THOMAS, was born in 1651, at his father's parsonage in Sussex. From Winchester school he was sent to Oxford, but left the university for London in his twenty-first year, without a degree. Going on the stage, he failed completely, and began to write plays in 1675. His tragedy of 'Don Carlos' was extremely popular; two or three comic pieces, though very indifferent, were licentious enough to please the debauched patrons of the theatres: the author was likewise a jovial OPIE, JOHN, the famous historical painter, companion; and one of Charles II.'s natural sons was son of a carpenter, and was born in the neigh-procured for him, in 1677, a commission in the