of hydrocephalus in October, 1745. He bequeathed his property, amounting to about £10,000, for the formation of an hospital in Dublin for lunatics and idiots. [W.S.] SWINBURNE, H., a civilian, died 1624. SWINBURNE, HENRY, the descendant of an ancient Roman Catholic family, known as the accomplished writer of Narratives of his Travels in Spain and the Two Sicilies, died in Trinidad 1803. SWINDEN, TOBIAS, rector of Cuxton, in Kent, author of a book strangely entitled, an Inquiry into the Nature and Place of Hell,' died 1720. SWINNOCK, G., a rector of Buckinghamshire, author of Heaven and Hell Epitomised,' d. 1673. SWINTON, JOHN, chaplain to the English factory at Leghorn, author of papers on Etruscan, Phoenician, and Eastern Antiquities, and a contributor to the Universal History, 1703-1777. SWITZER, E., an English horticulturist, last ct. SYDENHAM, CHARLES WILLIAM POULETT, Lord, successor of the earl of Durham as governorgeneral of Canada, was born in London 1793, and continued the mercantile business of his father, J. Poulett Thompson, till 1830. Four years previously he had become a member of parliament, and when the Whig administration was formed, he took office as vice-president of the board of trade and treasurer of the navy. In 1834 he became president of that board, and in 1839 was appointed to the government of Canada, having previously been raised to the peerage. He was killed in Canada by a fall from his horse, 1841. SYDENHAM, FLOYER, an Oxford scholar and translator of Plato, whose death, through indigence and imprisonment for debt in 1788, gave rise to the Literary Fund. SYDENHAM, THOMAS, M.D., a distinguished physician of the seventeenth century, and sometimes called the English Hippocrates, was born in 1624, at Windford Eagle, Dorsetshire, where his ancestors had been settled for many generations. Nothing whatever is known of the history of his boyhood, though it may be concluded from the condition of his family that his early education was not wholly neglected; but we find that in 1642, at the age of eighteen, he entered Oxford as a commoner of Magdalen Hall. His stay there, however, could not have been of long duration, for he shortly afterwards, probably in that very year, joined the army of the parliament, in which two of his brothers were then serving-William, who attained to the rank of a colonel, and was ultimately governor of the Isle of Wight; and Francis, who was a major of horse, and was killed in 1644. How long Thomas Sydenham, who is only known to posterity as the most eminent physician of his time, continued to act as a soldier, or what exploits he performed in that capacity, are points which it is impossible now to ascertain, but he himself speaks of his military career as having extended to several years, aliquot annos; and Sir Richard Blackmore described him as a disbanded officer who entered upon the study of medicine for a maintenance and without any preparatory learning.' He seems to Lave re-entered Oxford in 1646, where he acquired a fellowship in All Souls, and he graduated there in 1648, as M.B. (Bachelor of Medicine). When he settled in London is unknown, but he was certainly there before 1661, as he describes the epidemics of that year. In 1663 he became a licentiate of the College of Physicians, and in 1666 he published his first medical work, which he entitled Methodus Curandi Febres. In 1676 he took the degree of M.D. (Doctor of Medicine) at Cambridge, though not otherwise connected with that university, and in this year the first edition of his Observationes Medica appeared. In 1680 the first edition of the Epistolæ Responsario was published, and in 1683 the Tractatus de Podagra et Hydrope; and in 1685, the collected edition of his works known as the Opera Universa. Sydenham had been long afflicted by gout, which at length undermined his constitution, and he died of that distemper, combined with other maladies, at London on the 29th of December, 1689, in the sixtyfifth year of his age. [J.M.C.] SYDNEY, ALGERNON, the second son of Robert, earl of Leicester, was born about the year 1621. In early youth he fought in the ranks of the parliamentary forces. Whatever sentiments influenced many of the other opponents of Charles I., his opinions, founded on the spirit of Roman republicanism, were inimical to all monarchy, and he proved them in his disgust at the ascendancy of Cromwell. He was abroad at the time of th restoration, and wandered about for some years scattering bitter sarcasms around against the objects of his political enmity. He was haughty and imperious in his own nature, and seems by no means to have courted the literary and social distinction which his genius might have achieved. His Discourses concerning Government,' was a posthumous work. It is full of powerful rhetorical arguments—as when in answer to the proposition of Salmasius, that kingly government is typed in the superiority of one kind of animal over another, he answers that this is nothing but the superiority of brutish violence and injustice, and that the type, 'Though it should prove to be in all respects adequate to the matter in question, could only show, that those who have no sense of right, reason, or religion, have a natural propensity to make use of their strength to the destruction of such as are weaker than they-and not that any are willing to submit, or not to resist it if they can-which I think will be of no great advantage to monarchy.' He was permitted to return to England in 1677. Though he had probably deeper ultimate views, his connection with the Ryehouse plot, for which he suffered, was the same substantially as that of Lord William Russell, already referred to. Sydney met his fate with iron firmness, and was beheaded on the 7th of December, 1683. [J.H.B.] SYKES, ARTHUR ASHLEY, a dignitary of the Church of England, and partizan of Hoadley in the famous Bangorian controversy, 1684-1756. SYLVESTER, JOSHUA, one of our inferior poets translator of Du Bartas's Divine Weeks and Works,' born in London 1563, died 1618. TALBOT, P., an Irish Jesuit, 1620-1680. TALBOT, R., an English antiquary, died 1558. TALBOT, WILLIAM, successively bishop of Oxford, Salisbury, and Durham, 1659-1730. His son, CHARLES, Lord Talbot, brought up to the bar, was born 1684. In 1719 he entered parliament, became solicitor-general in 1726, and lord chancellor in 1733; died 1737. CATHERINE, only child of Edward, his second son, author of several elegantly written works, 1720-1770. 1821 he was called to the bar, and first wore the serjeant's gown in 1833. Two years later Serjeant Talfourd became a member of parliament, and published his famous tragedy, followed at intervals by The Athenian Captive,' 'Glencoe,' and the 'Castilian.' In 1849 he was appointed a judge of the Common Pleas, and was on the bench at Stafford, apparently in good health, when he suddenly breathed his last on the 20th March, 1854. 'Ion' is acknowledged to be a fine classical production, abounding in passages of remarkable beauty. The character of Talfourd also was well worthy of his literary fame; perhaps no man was more beloved in his own circle for kindness of heart, and all the virtues of social intercourse. His prose works are a 'Life of Charles Lamb,'' Vacation Rambles,' and a biography of Mrs. Radcliffe. TALBOT, CHARLES, successively earl and duke of Shrewsbury, descended from the famous warrior of that name (next article), was born in 1660. He held the office of lord chamberlain to James II., but actively promoted the revolution of 1688, and became viceroy of Ireland and lord treasurer, d. 1717. TALBOT, JOHN, earl of Shrewsbury, called "The English Achilles,' renowned in the French wars, was the second son of Richard, Lord Talbot, and was born at Blechmore, in Shropshire, 1373. Shakspeare calls him 'The Terror of France' with TALFOURD, THOMAS NOON, the author of historical correctness, his name at the time having 'Ion,' was born at Reading in 1795. He was edureally become proverbial in that country. The cated there at the Dissenters' grammar school, and history of Talbot commences with his call to par-instructed in classical literature by Dr. Valpy. In liament by Henry IV., after which, in 1412, he was appointed lord justice in Ireland, and in 1414 lord-lieutenant. He first went to France in the reign of Henry V., 1420, and nine years later, under the regent Bedford, his exploits had rendered his name a word of terror. At this time, however, the Maid of Orleans (see JOAN OF ARC*) turned the fortunes of war against him, and Talbot became the prisoner of Charles VII. from 1429 to 1432, when he recovered his liberty by ransom. Under date 1433, the French chronicler, Monstrelet, informs us how 'Messire Jean de Thallebot' came into France, where he conquered many cities and fortresses; on this occasion, in fact, he reasserted the English dominion in that country, and for his services was created marshal of the kingdom; at a later period, 1442, the earldom of Shrewsbury was conferred on him. We next hear of him in an embassage for peace 1443, and then, 1446, in his old lieutenancy in Ireland,- our affairs in France meanwhile going to ruin. In 1449 we read in old Monstrelet's annals, how valiantly he led three hundred men to the assault of Rouen, and planted the English flag on the battlements. He seems then to have returned to England again, and in 1451 went back to Aquitaine as lieutenantgeneral with extraordinary powers: once more he led the 'noble English' to victory, and, at the head of less than five thousand combatants, recovered Guienne, aided, indeed, by the treason of Lesparre and others. Twice did Charles, and twice did Talbot, recover Bourdeaux,-the latter, on the first of these occasions, becoming prisoner, when he was treated with great courtesy on account of his valour, and presented by Charles with gifts of horses and gold and silver. In 1453 he marched to the relief of Castillon, then besieged by the French, and was killed by a cannon ball in the eightieth year of his age; one of his sons also fell with him on the field of battle, and the English, no longer sustained by his heroic arm, were soon after expelied from France. See Cyclopædia of Universal Liography. TALIESIN, otherwise PEN BIERDD, which signifies chief of the bards,' one of the most ancient British or Welch poets, between 520 and 570. TALLENTS, F., a nonconf. divine, 1619-1708. TALLIS, THOMAS, the master of William Byrde, one of the greatest of English musicians, was born early in the reign of Henry VIII. The most curious and extraordinary of his works which is still extant was his song of forty vocal parts. This great effort of musical science is carried on in alternate flight, pursuit, attack, and choral counterpoint to the end. This many-voiced piece of Gothicism is terminated by twelve bars of full harmony. Tallis died in 1585, and was buried in the old parish church of Greenwich. [J.M.] TANDY, JAMES NAPPER, one of the leaders of the United Irishmen,' was born in 1757, and became secretary of the Catholic Association at Dublin, where he was a merchant, in 1791. Having escaped to France at the commencement of the government prosecution, he was commissioned as general of brigade in the expedition directed against Ireland under General Rey in 1798. After the failure of this attempt he took refuge in Ham[E.R.]burgh, but was delivered up to the English govern 299 ment, and condemned to death. The sentence, however, was not executed, and Napper Tandy, liberated after the peace of Amiens, died at Bourdeaux, a colonel in the French service, 1803. TANNAHILL, ROBERT, a Scottish lyric, and author of some of the most popular songs which have been written since the time of Burns. He was born in 1774, in humble life, and followed the handicraft of a weaver. His education, as might be expected, was of the most ordinary character, and the necessity of daily toil necessarily restricted his means of improvement. But the love of song was strong within him, and on the loom he frequently composed his sweet but simple strains, having attached to it a small desk, to enable him to put down his thick-coming fancies as they arose. Though his muse was not of a high-rate character, and never continued long on the wing, there is a gentle pathos, and wild thrilling music in such pieces as 'Jessie the Flower of Dumblane,' 'Gloomy Winter's noo awa,' 'Loudon's bonny Woods and Braes,' and some others, which have embalmed them in the hearts and memories of his countrymen. Tannahill was indebted to a Mr. R. A. Smith, a popular composer of his day, for setting several of his pieces to music, and which contributed to their early and permanent notoriety. Like others of the tuneful tribe, this unfortunate son of song was subject to fits of melancholy, which terminated in mental derangement, under the impulse of which he committed suicide in 1810, by drowning himself in a deep pool of the Paisley canal, leaving behind him a name and reputation second to few of our minor and popular song[T.D.] TANNER, THOMAS, bishop of St. Asaph, author of Notitia Monastica,' an account of all the religious houses in England and Wales, Bibliotheca Britannico-Hibernica,' &c., 1674-1735. writers. TAPLIN, WILLIAM, a veterinary surgeon author of works on farriery and horses, died 1807. TARLTON, or TARLETON, RICHARD, a celebrated actor and wit, author of a dramatic piece, entitled 'The Seven Deadly Sins,' died 1589. TASKER, WILLIAM, a translator and poet, rector of Iddesleigh, in Devonshire, died 1800. TATE, FRANCIS, an English lawyer, author of interesting antiquarian works, 1560--1616. TATE, NAHUM, successor of Shadwell as poetlaureate, author of Poems, and of a metrical version of the Psalms, 1652-1715. French wars, and private secretary to George III. and Queen Charlotte, 1775-1839. TAYLOR, JANE, who distinguished herself as a poetical and prose writer for youth, was born in London, where her father exercised the profession of an engraver, 1783. She afterwards removed with him to Colchester, where he became minister to a dissenting congregation. She published her first work, 'The Beggar Boy,' in 1804. The principal of her other productions are 'Essays on Rhyme, on Morals, and Manners,' 'Original Poems for Infant Minds,' 'Rhymes for the Nursery,' a prose tale entitled 'Display,' &c., died 1823. TAYLOR, DR. JEREMY, an eminent bishop of the episcopal Church of England. He was the son of a barber, who resided in Cambridge, and in that town Jeremy was born in 1613. His father having resolved to educate him for the church, he was sent first to the grammar school and afterwards to Caius College in his native town. His brilliant career procured him the patronage of Land, then chancellor of the university, and from being private chaplain to his patron, he was appointed to the rectory of Uppingham. Through the same influence, he was nominated to the office of chaplain in ordinary to Charles I., to whom on the outbreak of his troubles, Taylor rendered important aid by accompanying him on several of the royalist campaigns, as well as by writing in defence of the English hierarchy. During the reign of the parliamentary party Taylor lost his benefice, and retired into Wales, where he supported himself by teaching a school, till he was taken by Lord Carbury into his house in the capacity of domestic chaplain. It was during his residence with that nobleman, that Taylor composed most of those brilliant discourses that have long ranked him among the most eloquent of British divines. Cromwell's spies kept a vigilant eye upon him, and he twice suffered imprisonment during the Protectorate. At the restoration his steadfast loyalty was rewarded by his appointment to the bishopric of Down and Connor, and the vice-chancellorship of Trinity College, Dublin. Besides his far-famed sermons, Taylor was the author of various other works of great repute-the chief of which are Ductor Dubitantium, or Rule of Conscience, Liberty of Prophesying,' and 'Holy Living and Dying. Bishop Taylor died in 1667. [R.J.] TAYLOR, JOHN, commonly called 'The Water Poet,' was born at Gloucester, in 1580, and for å TAVERNER, RICHARD, clerk to the signet in long time followed the occupation of a waterman the reign of Edward VI., author of religious and on the Thames, after which he kept a public house theological works, born in Norfolk 1505, died 1575. in Phoenix Alley, Long Acre. Living at the period TAYLOR, BROOK, a natural philosopher and of the rebellion he was a staunch royalist, but his mathematician, author of Experiments on Mag-manifestations of opinion were rather eccentric netism, and other works, born at Edmonton, in Middlesex, 1685, died 1731. TAYLOR, HENRY, a rector of Hampshire, known as an Arian divine, died 1788. His son, JOHN, well known as a writer of humorous verse by his Monsieur Tonson,' and similar pieces, and proprietor of the 'Sun' newspaper, died 1832. TAYLOR, HERBERT, Lieut.-General Sir, secretary to the duke of York while engaged in the than dangerous. He died in 1654, and was buried in the churchyard of St. Paul's, Covent Garden. His works, published in folio, 1630, possess little interest beyond that which attaches to the quaint conceits and manners of a past age TAYLOR, JOHN, a learned dissenter, who became successively minister of a congregation at Norwich, and tutor in divinity at the then newlyfounded Warrington academy. He is author of several works on theology and moral philosophy, | is co-ordinated to beings, but intellect could speenand is understood to have been of unitarian principles; born in Lancashire 1694, died 1761. TAYLOR, JOHN, a dignitary of the Church of England, whose father was a barber at Shrewsbury, where he was born, 1704. He was a distinguished Greek scholar and civilian, and wrote some valuable works; died 1766. TAYLOR, JOHN, an English oculist, known by his travels, of which he wrote a narrative, last cent. TAYLOR, SIR ROBERT, the son of a London stone-mason, who became a famous architect and sculptor, and served as sheriff, 1714-1788. late nothing but illusions. Now if this be absurd, TAYLOR, WILLIAM, author of ' English Synonymes,' and a 'Survey of German Poetry,' was the son of a merchant at Norwich, where he was born 1765. He became an intimate friend of Southey at the close of the century, and editor of a local paper, the Norwich Iris, after which he distinguished himself in the metropolis as a reviewer and critic, died 1836. TAYLOR, WILLIAM COOKE, a miscellaneous writer in high repute for his indefatigable industry, the versatility of his talents, and the accuracy of his works, was born at Youghal, in Ireland, in 1800, and died of the pestilence which ravaged that country in 1849. Among his works are 'The Life and Times of Sir Robert Peel,' 'Manuals of Ancient and Modern History,' History of Mohammedanism,' Revolutions of Europe,' and 'The History of the House of Orleans.' pists of this country, and first president of the Bible Society; born in Devonshire 1751, died 1834. We are indebted to him for the complete edition of the life of Sir William Jones. TAYLOR, ROWLAND, rector of Hadleigh, in Suffolk, burnt alive in the reign of Mary, 1555. TAYLOR, SILAS, an antiquarian writer, keeper TEIGNMOUTH, JOHN SHORE, Lord, an Oriof the government stores at Harwich, 1624-1678. ental scholar and administrator, connected with the TAYLOR, T., a puritan divine, 1576-1632. Indian government in the time of Warren HastTAYLOR, THOMAS, usually called 'the Plato-ings, afterwards closely allied with the philanthro nist, was born in London, 1758, and became clerk in a banking-house, afterwards assistant secretary to the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce.' He devoted all his leisure to the study of Greek literature and the revival of the Platonic philosophy, for which he was eminently qualified by his keen philosophical insight, the richness of his imagination, and the graces of his diction. He was fortunate enough to find two munificent patrons in the duke of Norfolk and a retired tradesman named Meredith, the latter of whom settled upon him a pension of £100 a-year, while they both supplied him with the expenses of publishing his valuable editions of Plato and other masters of the Grecian philosophy. Mr. Taylor was not simply a translator, though a translator of such works would need to possess rare talents and indefatigable industry; he was also a commentator upon his originals, and carried an the war against Locke, in behalf of the Platonic doctrine of ideas, which regard the soul, not as a tabula rasa, but as a plenitude of forms. One of his concise arguments may here be cited: If the soul possess another eye different from that of sense (and that she does so the sciences sufficiently evince) there must be, in the nature of things, species accommodated to her perception different from sensible forms. For if our intellects speculate things which have no real subsistence, such as Mr. Locke's ideas, its condition must be much more unhappy than that of the sensitive eye, since this TELFORD, THOMAS, a celebrated civil engineer, a striking instance of the many on record of men who have by the force of natural talentunaided save by uprightness and persevering industry-raised themselves from the lowly estate in which they were born, to take rank among the master spirits of their age. Telford's father was a shepherd of Eskdale in Dumfriesshire, where Thomas, his only son, was born in August, 1757. His father died when he was an infant, and thus the care of Telford's early years devolved upon his mother, for whom he cherished an affectionate regard, and evinced true filial piety. He had the immense advantage peculiar to Scotchmen at that time, of the parish school education; but at the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to a mason in Langholm. The construction of small bridges, farm buildings, Scotch churches and manses, were the opportunities afforded him of obtaining practical knowledge. In his autobiography he has expressed his sense of the value of this humble training, observing, that although convenience and usefulness only are studied in such buildings, yet, as there is not sufficient employment to produce a division of labour in building, he was under the necessity of making himself acquainted with every detail of procuring, prepar provement of the outfall of the Seine river, by which the drainage of about 30,000 acres of richest sea land was secured, and that of some 80,000 acres greatly improved. This was finished in 1830. He was employed by Swedish governments in the construction of the Gotha canal, and often consulted by the Russian government.-Before leav ing Eskdale Telford had acquired some distinction as a poet, and corresponded with Burns, recommending him to take up other subjects of serious nature similar to the Cottar's Saturday Night. He is said to have taught himself Latin, French, Italian, and German. He has left valuable contributions to engineering literature in the articles architecture, bridge, civil architecture, inland navigation, in Brewster's 'Edinburgh Encyclopædia," and in his autobiography. He was F.R.S.L. and E. Telford became president of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1820, and remained so till his death in 1834.—In all the relations of life he commanded respect and esteem. He was of athletic form, and reached the age of seventy without any serious illness. It was only late in life that he had any fixed residence. Even in London he lived in an hotel, for many years in the Salopian at Charing Cross, (now the Ship") but from 1825 he resided in 24 Abingdon-Street, where he died on the 2d September, 1834, at the age of seventy-seven. His mortal remains were interred in Westminster Abbey. [L.D.B.G.] ing, and employing every kind of material, whether | looked with greatest self-complacency, is the im it be the produce of the forest, the quarry, or the forge; and this necessity, although unfavourable to the dexterity of the individual workman who earns his livelihood by expertness in one operation, is of singular advantage to the future architect or engineer, whose professional excellence must rest on the adaptation of materials, and a confirmed habit of discrimination and judicious superintendence.' In 1780 Telford went to Edinburgh, and enlarged his field of observation during two years' employment there, on the splendid improvements of that city then commenced. He then went to London, and was employed in the works of the quadrangle of Somerset House, where he says he obtained much practical information.' He was afterwards engaged as superintendent on various buildings at Portsmouth Dockyard. In 1787 he removed to Shrewsbury, to superintend alterations on Shrewsbury castle. Here he erected the new gaol, finally, in 1793, became county surveyor, an office which he continued to hold as long as he lived. Telford's first bridge was over the Severn at Montford, consisting of three elliptical stone arches, one of 58 feet, the others of 55 feet span. In 1795 he erected the Buildenas iron bridge of 130 feet span. Henceforward his attention was almost solely devoted to civil engineering,-The Ellesmere canal, with its magnificent Christe and Pont-y-Cysylte viaducts, occupied him chiefly from 1795 to 1805. In 1801 Telford was deputed by government to report on the works desirable for the improvement of the internal and external intercourse and trade of Scotland. In consequence of his reports the Highland roads and bridges were made, the Caledonian canal cut, and many ports and harbours made and improved, all of which works he superintended. The Caledonian canal was opened in 1823. It was a gigantic work for the period; but has not proved of much use, or to have been very perfectly executed.-In his extensive practice in bridge building he improved the general practice of engineers of this country, by adopting the important principle of making the spandrils hollow, and supporting the roadway upon slabs laid upon longitudinal walls, instead of filling up the haunches with a mass of loose rubbish, which may press injuriously upon the arch, and often proves of serious inconvenience when the masonry of the bridge needs any repair. Telford improved the Macadam system of road-making, and carried it into effect on the Holyhead roads, for which he was long engineer under the commissioners. The Menai suspension bridge on this road is a noble example of Telford's engineering skill and boldness in design, and even now in juxtaposition with the Britannia Tubular bridge, fairly divides with that great work the admiration of the intelligent observer-The St. Katherine docks, London, are from Telford's design, and were executed under his direction. There are innumerable happy details in the engineering, for an account of which we must refer to the plates attached to his autobiography. The work of civil engineering, on the success of which Telford seems to have TEMPLE, a well-known name in the history of English statesmanship, was first borne by SIR WILLIAM TEMPLE, secretary to Sir Philip Sidney, who died in his arms; he afterwards accompanied the earl of Essex to Ireland, and became provost of Trinity College, died 1626. His son, SIR JOHN, became master of the rolls and privy councillor in Ireland in the reign of Charles II., and was an eyewitness of the Irish rebellion, of which he wrote a history, published in 1641. SIR WILLIAM, son of the latter, was the statesman and diplomatist who played such an important part in the period of William and Mary, and is also known as a miscel laneous writer, 1628-1700. TEMPLEMAN, PETER, a physician of London, who became keeper of the reading-room in the British Museum, author of several works, 1711-69. TENISON, THOMAS, archbishop of Canterbury, author of The Creed of Hobbes Examined,' 'Remains of Sir Francis Bacon,' and 'Sir Thomas Browne's Tracts,' 1636-1715. TENNANT, SMITHSON, professor of chemistry in Cambridge, and a discoverer in that branch of science; born at Selby, in Yorkshire, 1761, d. 1815. TENNANT, WILLIAM, a Scottish poet and philologist, professor of Oriental languages at St. Andrews, author of 'Anster Fair,' died 1843. TENTERDEN, CHARLES ABBOT, Lord, an eminent lawyer, who succeeded Lord Ellenborough as lord chief justice of the King's Bench, was born at Canterbury, where his father was a hair-dresser, 1762. He acquired an extensive practice as a barrister in the Oxford circuit, on which he entered in 1775, and in 1802 he distinguished himself by |