DREW, SAMUEL, a methodist preacher, celeb. as a metaphysician for his 'Essay on the Immateriality and Immortality of the Soul,' 1765-1833. DRUMMOND, GEORGE, distinguished for his public spirit as provost of Edinburgh, and in the rebellion of 1745, 1687-1766.

DRUMMOND, JAMES, third earl of Perth, a descendant of Andrew, king of Hungary, distinguished as chancellor of Scotland, as a partizan of James II., 1638-1716.

DRUMMOND, THOMAS, inventor of the light kn. by his name, and under secry. for Ireland, d. 1840. DRUMMOND, WM., a Scotch poet, 1585-1649. DRUMMOND, SIR WM., F.R.S., a political negotiator and classical and antiquarian au., d. 1828. DRURY, JOSEPH, a classical scholar and divine, head master of Harrow, acknowledged by Lord Byron as the best and worthiest friend he ever possessed,' 1750-1834.

esteemed of the early English poets, most admired | Spanish school which had become so popular, and for his pastorals and chivalrous subjects, born at whose chief merit was sought in complex ingenuity Harshull in Warwickshire, 1563, buried in West- of plot, have little literary value; and they are minster Abbey, 1631. tainted, as deeply as any plays of their time, by the moral depravity which disgraced the restored English stage till after the close of the seventeenth century. Indeed, the pain which one feels in seeing the intellectual powers of Dryden wasted on his serious dramas, is aggravated when we contemplate the moral degradation displayed by his comic ones.-Hardly less mortifying is it to know, that the great poet was conscious of his own inaptitude for the writing of plays; and that he panted to display, on a field better adapted to his diffusive genius, the pomp of imagery, the strength of passion, and the magnificent skill of versification, which he felt to be but ill bestowed on his heroic and tragic pieces of theatrical declamation. It was the cherished dream of his life to give to the English language a national epic, whose theme would probably have been the exploits of the romantic King Arthur. There are, in fact, two circumstances only that can at all console us for the lamentable misapplication of Dryden's labour. In the first place, the writing of his heroic plays served as his apprenticeship to the art of versification and expression. Out of his rhymed dialogue arose that mastery of the English heroic couplet which he was the first to acquire, and in which no succeeding poct has nearly equalled him. Secondly, the prefaces, dedications, and essays, with which he accompanied his dramas, exhibited him at once as the earliest writer of regular and elegant English prose, and as the first who can be said to have aimed in our language at anything like philosophical criticism. After the Restoration, dramatic composition was almost his only employment. Of his heroic plays of this period, which

DRYDEN, JOHN, born in 1631, was the grandson of Sir Erasmus Dryden, or Driden, of CanonsAshby, in Northamptonshire. From his father, the third son of the family, he inherited a small estate, yielding fifty or sixty pounds a-year. He was sent from Westminster School to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he resided till 1657. For the next three years he was engaged in public business in London, under his mother's cousin, Sir Gilbert Pickering, a puritan, and a partizan of Cromwell. His principal kinsmen on the father's side belonged to the same party. Thus trained and thus connected, he began his literary career by verses on the death of the Protector; but his disinclination to the principles in which he had been brought up, and the vacillation of opinions by which he was distinguished through life, showed themselves very speedily.-The Restoration, occurring when he was in his thirtieth year, excluded him for the time from government employment and patronage; and he at once devoted himself to literature as a profession. Having to rely on it for support, he did not long content himself with obscure drudgery in prose, or with verses, though he wrote many, on public events. Yet his 'Annus Mirabilis,' celebrating the eventful year 1666, presaged his eminence as a descriptive and didactic poet. But the stage, now restored, and becoming the fashionable amusement, offered itself as the only means through which his pen could furnish a livelihood; and, in the course of twenty-five years, he wrote twenty-seven dramas. The most remarkable of these were his Heroic Plays, pieces of a kind which, imported from France, was the favourite during the greater part of the reign of Charles II. These have aptly been described by Sir Walter Scott as being just metrical romances of chivalry thrown into the form of dialogues. In this unnatural but seductive class of compositions Dryden was unsurpassed; and, amidst all their exaggeration and unreality, his Tragic Dramas are works of great genius. His Comedies, belonging to the

poetic and chivalrous spirit that is wonderfully showed that his warm imagination burned as attractive:

The alarm-bell rings on the Alhambra's walls;
And from the streets sound drums and atabals!

He was under an engagement to write plays for
the king's theatre, which gave him an income of
more than three hundred a-year: in 1665 his cir-
cumstances were a little improved by his uncom-
fortable marriage with Lady Elizabeth Howard,
daughter of the earl of Berkshire; and in 1670
he received, with a salary (irregularly paid) of
two hundred a-year and the famous butt of wine,
the joint offices of historiographer-royal and poet-
laureate. In the latter part of Charles's reign the
fashion in dramatic matters began to change: and
this, with jealousies of playwrights and courtiers,
gave birth to the celebrated burlesque play called
'The Rehearsal,' of which Dryden, under the nick-
name of Bayes, was the principal victim. Politics
now offered to the laureate a new kind of theme,
of which he availed himself by publishing, in 1681,
his 'Absalom and Ahithophel,'the best of all poet-
ical satires. The Medal' and 'Mac-Flecknoe,'
works of the same kind, followed immediately.
Now, likewise, he began to write tragedy in blank
verse, All For Love' being his most successful
experiment of the kind. In the Religio Laici,'
also, he presented to the public, in 1682, his first
elaborate attempt at didactic poetry. The tone of
hesitation, and the character of the arguments,
adopted in this defence of the Church of England,
betrayed a state of mind leading by an easy pro-
gress to the change of faith which the poet soon
avowed. In 1685, soon after the accession of
James II., Dryden was received into the Church of
Rome. His conversion secured him in court favour,
and was rewarded by an addition of a hundred
pounds a-year to his pension. But it was pro-
bably sincere; and the new creed was unflinch-
ingly adhered to when it had become unprofitable
and dangerous. It produced rich poetical fruit in
'The Hind and the Panther,' in which the dryness
of dissertation is enlivened by ingenious allegory.-
The Revolution, taking place in the poet's fifty-
seventh year, deprived him of his pensions, and of
his royal and courtly patrons; but it neither low-
ered the place which he held as the first poet of
his time, nor damped the ardour of his literary
exertions. The last twelve years of his life, though
spent in hard toil and under heavy discouragements,
produced some of his best works. In 1690 he gave
to the stage his tragedy of Don Sebastian,' the
best and most interesting of his serious plays. In
1697, amidst many other labours, he threw off at a
heat his 'Alexander's Feast,' one of the most ani-
mated of all lyrical poems, though not conceived
in the highest tone of lyrical inspiration. In the
same year appeared his nobly spirited translation
of Virgil, for which he had trained himself by pre-
vious versions from the classics published in the
volumes he called 'Miscellanies. Lastly, in the
spring of 1700, were published his Fables,' in
which, imitating in verse the prose of Boccaccio,
and remodelling (not always for the better) the
antique poetical pictures of Chaucer, he not only

brightly as ever, but that his metrical skill had been increasing to the close of his life. That life was about to end. Gout and gravel had long disturbed him; and erysipelas in one of his legs, terminating in mortification, destroyed him on May-day, 1700. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, between the grave of Chaucer and that of Cowley. [W.S.]

DUCHAL, JAMES, an Irish divine, 1697-1761. DUCK, ARTHUR, an Engl. jurist, 1580-1649. DUCK, STEPHEN, an English poet, died 1736. DUCKWORTH, SIR J. T., an Eng. admiral, dist. in the West Indies during the late war, 1748-1817. DUDLEY, EDMUND, a minister of state under Henry VII., executed with Empson at the commencement of the following reign, 1462-1510. His son JOHN, duke of Northumberland, and father of Lord Guildford Dudley, whom he married to Lady Jane Grey, executed for treason, 1502-1553. AMBROSE, another son of the duke, called the Good Earl of Warwick, 1530-1589. ROBERT, his fifth son, earl of Leicester, celebrated as the favourite of Elizabeth, 1532-1588. SIR ROBERT, son of the last named, and the Lady Douglas, celeb. for his skill in hydraulic engineering, 1573-1630.

DUDLEY, SIR H. B., a noted journalist, politician, and dramatic writer, long known as a man of pleasure in London, and a magistrate, 1745-1824.. DUDLEY, THE RIGHT HON. J. W. WARD, earl of, foreign secretary under Canning, 1781-1833. DUDLEY, THOMAS, an English engra., 17th c. DUFF, a king of Scotland, 968-973.

DUGARD, WM., an English classic, 17th cent. DUGDALE, SIR WILLIAM, the famous herald, author of the Monasticon Anglicanum,' and other historical and antiquarian works of great value, disting. for his adherence to Charles I., 1605-1686.

DUKE, RICH., an Engl. div. and poet, d. 1711. DUMARESQ, H., an Eng. officer, dist. in most of the battles of the late war, and at Waterloo, 1792-1838.

DUNBAR, GEORGE, a celebrated Greek scholar and professor of Greek in the university of Edinburgh, author of a Greek lexicon, 1774-1851.

DUNBAR, W., a Scottish poet, 1465-1535. DUNCAN I., k. of Scotland. See DONALD VII. DUNCAN II., usurped the thr., and assass. 1059. DUNCAN, ADAM, Lord Viscount, a Scotch admiral, dist. for his victory over De Winter, the Dutch commander at Camperdown, 1731-1804.

DUNCAN, ANDREW, a Scot. phys., 1745-1828. DUNCAN, MARK, a Scotch phil., 17th century. DUNCAN, MARTIN, a controv. div., 1505-1590. DUNCAN, W., a Scotch logician, 1717-1760. DUNCOMBE, W., an Engl. dram., 1690-1769. His son JOHN, a miscel. wr. and poet, 1730-1786. DUNDAS, SIR DAVID, a Brit. gen., 1736-1820. DUNDAS, H., Visc. Melville. See MELVILLE. DUNDAS, ROBERT, a Scotch judge, father of Lord Melville, 1685-1753. His elder son, of the same name, member for Edinburgh, and president of the Court of Session, 1713-1787.

DUNDAS, THOMAS, a Brit. officer, 1750-1794. DUNDRENNAN, LORD, THOMAS MAITLAND, a distinguished Scotch judge, 1792-1851.

85

DUNGAL, an Irish philos. writer, 9th century. [ nature, or the question, what is? was superseded DUNLOP, WM., a Scottish divine, 1692-1720. by previous conceptions of what might or should DUNN, S., an English mathematician, last cent. be. The Franciscans gloried in Duns Scotus, as DUNNING, JOHN, Lord Ashburton, the cele- their rivals the Dominicans extolled Thomas brated counsel for Wilkes, attorney-general, chan- Aquinas. Aquinas was the more orthodox, and Scocellor for Lancaster, &c., 1731-1782. tus was at least semipelagian. Scotists and ThoDUNS SCOTUS, JOHN, 'the subtle doctor,' was mists divided the medieval schools, and the forborn about A.D. 1265. The place of his birth has mer as being realists, were opposed to the Occanot been satisfactorily ascertained, Scotland, Eng- mists who were nominalists, or held that universal land, and Ireland laying claim to the honour. terms were simply names, and not the signs of acSome point to Dunse, in Berwickshire, as the spot tual existences. The 'Opera Positiva of Duns of his nativity, and others contend for Dunstance, Scotus are very numerous, and have not been in Northumberland. The probability is that he printed; but his 'Opera Speculativa were pubwas of Scottish extraction. He received his ear-lished in 12 folio volumes at Lyons in 1639, the liest education at a Franciscan monastery in New-editor being an Irishman of the name of Luke castle, and afterwards studied at Merton College, Wadding. Six of these tomes are filled with the Oxford, in which he became professor of theology famed prelections on Peter Lombard, already rein 1301. His prelections on the 'Sentences' of Peter Lombard are said to have been attended by a crowd of 30,000 students, then resident in Oxford. Though such a statement appears to be a romantic exaggeration, it certainly proves the prodigious fame of the lecturer. In 1307 the philosopher removed to Paris, by command of the general of his order. He had already gained great notoriety in the French capital by a public disputation on behalf of the immaculate conception of the Virgin. Immense applause attended his lectures in Paris, and he was styled Doctor subtilis. In 1308 he was ordered to Cologne to found a new university there, and defend the same theological dogma. On arriving at that city, the inhabitants met him in a body, and he was drawn into the ancient town in a triumphal car. Soon after his arrival, however, he was seized with apoplexy, and died in November, 1308, at the early age of fortythree. Duns Scotus excelled in the knowledge of canon and civil law, in philosophy, mathematics, and theology. His mind was eminently fitted for abstruse discussion, and subtle dialectics, and was sharpened into a morbid acuteness and pertinacity by continued practice. He displayed keenness and versatility in detecting invisible distinctions; in multiplying hypotheses which differed from each other only in some verbal incidents; in untwisting every thought and proposition as by an intellectual prism; in speculating upon themes above the reach of human knowledge, and in the multiplication of ingenious theories without proof to sustain them, or utility to recommend them. Hypothesis supplanted investigation, and the interpretation of

E

EACHARD, J., an English theol., 1636-1697. EARLE, JABEZ, a dissenting minis., 1676-1768. EARLE, JOHN, a learn. prelate and royal., au. of 'Microcosmography,' bp. of Salisbury, 1620-1665. EARLOM, R., an engrav. of London, 1740-1822. ECHARD, LAURENCE, an English historian and divine, author of a history of England which was in repute until Rapin's appeared, 1671-1730.

EDEN, SIR F. M., a statistical writer, d. 1809.
EDEN, SIR M., afterwards Lord Henley, a

ferred to. The industry that could by its own composition amass such a huge collection of MSS. during so short a life, must certainly have been equal to the genius of the great schoolman. [J.E.] DUNSTABLE, JOHN, an Eng. musician, 15th c DUNSTAN, ST., an English statesman and pre late, abp. of Canterbury, and absolute master of the kingdom under Edward the Martyr, 925-988. DUPPA, BRYAN, an Eng. prelate, 1589-1662. DUPUIS, T. S., an Eng. musician, 1733-1796. DURELL, JOHN, a learned divine, 1625-83. DAVID, a supposed descendant of the preceding, distinguished as a biblical critic, 1728-1775. D'URFEY, TH., an Engl. song-writer, d. 1723 DURHAM, JAMES, a Scotch divine, 1622-58. DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, earl of, one of the great leaders of the movement for reform, born 1792, member of parliament for his native county 1813, married to the daughter of Earl Grey, 1816, distinguished as a parliamentary_reformer, 1821, member of the cabinet under Earl Grey, 1830, mission to Russia, 1833, ambassador to Russia, 1835-37, gov.-gen. of Canada, 1838, d. 1840.

DURHAM, ADMIRAL SIR P. C. CALDERwOOD, memorable for his escape from the Royal George, and his services in the last war, 1777-1845. DURY, JOHN, a Scotch divine, 17th century. DYER, SIR E., a pastoral poet, born 1540. DYER, GEO., a famous scholar and miscel. wr., editor of Valpy's edition of the classics, 1755-1841. DYER, JOHN, an English poet, 1700-1758. DYER, SIR J., an eminent lawyer, 1512-1582. DYER, SAM., a learned writer, 1725-1772. DYER, WILLIAM, a nonconfor. div., 17th cent.

diplomatist and ambassador during the late war, died 1802.

EDGAR, a Saxon k. of Eng., reigned 959-975. EDGAR-ATHELING, grandson of Edmund Ironside, and neph. of Ed. the Confessor, the rightful heir to the crown worn by the latter and by Harold. EDGAR, kg. of Scotl., son of Malcolm III. and Margaret, sister of Edgar Atheling, rgnd.1097-1107.

EDGEWORTH, MARIA, was born in Berkshire on New-Year's Day 1767. She was a daughter of

the first marriage of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, of | lished for many years; while, in the meantime, it Edgeworth's-town, in the county of Longford; suggested 'Sandford and Merton' to Mr. Edgebut she never was in Ireland, unless for a few worth's friend Mr. Day. It was at length inserted months in childhood, till 1782. In that year her in Miss Edgeworth's Early Lessons,' which afterfather, succeeding to the family estate, took up wards received a continuation from her father; his residence on it: and there his daughter's life while her Parent's Assistant,' like all other parts was chiefly spent. Indeed, the only exceptions of the series that came from her pen, showed a were short visits to England, France, and Scot- striking superiority in all respects over the portions land, and two years passed at Clifton, on account that were not hers. Another joint work was the of the delicate health of members of the family. Essay on Irish Bulls,' published in 1803; and, The history both of Miss Edgeworth's authorship, Mr. Edgeworth having died in 1817, there apand of her life, was closely dependent on her affec-peared, in 1820, his Memoirs,' of which the first tionate and respectful association with her father. volume was written by himself, and the second by He was a man of much miscellaneous knowledge, his daughter. The series of Miss Edgeworth's sanguine and speculative, who possessed great novels began in 1801 with 'Castle Rackrent;' which mechanical ingenuity and originality, and exhibited was followed by the 'Moral Tales,' Belinda,' in other pursuits a singular mixture of benevolence, 'Leonora,' 'The Modern Griselda,' 'Popular Tales,' self-esteem, and eccentricity. He sat in the Irish the 'Tales of Fashionable Life,' and 'Patronage;' parliament which was elected in 1798, and advo- and Harrington and Ormond' appeared in 1817. cated the views of the party of which Lord Charle- The venerable authoress reappeared with 'Helen' mont was considered as the head. But his favourite in 1834, and closed her labours more recently with Occupations, besides mechanical contrivances and the child's story of Orlandino.' She died at experiments, were the improvement of his estate Edgeworth's-town in May 1849. [W.S.] and of the condition of his tenantry, and the education of the many children who gathered round him in the course of four marriages. Mr. Edgeworth's experience, as a landlord and magistrate, placed at the disposal of his daughter that large stock of incidents and characters which she used in her novels with so much shrewdness, humour, and kindly feeling; and though these works were written exclusively by herself, they were always submitted to his revisal. His zeal in the training of his children, and his constant desire for improving the current methods of education, made the father and daughter joint authors in works intended for the use of youth.-The most ambitious of those joint productions is the series of essays entitled Practical Education,' first published in 1798, and afterwards reprinted and altered more than once.

EDGEWORTH, RICHARD LOVELL, an Irish gentleman, cel. as an essayist, and for several ingenious inventions. Among the latter is his claim to the telegraph. His 'Memoirs' were begun by himself and continued by his daughter, 1744-1817.

EDGEWORTH, ROGER, a learned div., 16th c. EDITH, ST., a natural daughter of Edgar, k. of England, embraced the relig. life and died 984. EDMONDES, SIR T., a minister of state in the administr. of Sir Francis Walsingham, 1563-1639. His son, SIR CLEMENT, a class. scholar, 1566-1622. EDMONDSON, H., an Engl. gram., 1607-1659. EDMONDSON, J., a wr. on heraldry, d. 1786. EDMONDSTONE, a Scot. painter, 1795-1853. EDMUND THE MARTYR, from whom Bury St. Edmund's is named, king of the East Angles, 855, put to death by the Danes 870.

EDMUND I., suc. as k. of Engl. 941, killed 947. EDMUND II., surnamed 'Ironside,' succeed. 1016, shared the crown with Canute, and m. 1037.

EDMUND DE LANGLEY, earl of Cambridge and duke of York, fourth son of Edward III., guardian of the kingdom during the absence of Richard II., 1399, which he betrayed to the duke of Lancaster, afterwards Henry IV., died 1402.

EDMUND PLANTAGENET, earl of Kent, brother of Edward II., executed through the craft of Mortimer 1330.

EDMUND, ST., abp. of Canterbury, died 1242. EDRED, a Saxon king of England, 946-955. EDRIDGE, H., an English painter, 1768-1821. EDWARD. The Saxon kings of England of this name are EDWARD THE ELDER, son and successor of Alfred the Great, reigned 901-925. EDWARD THE MARTYR, son and suc. of Edgar, at the age of fifteen, 975; mur. 978. EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, Son of Ethelred and suc. of HardiThe series of story-books, however, is really more canute, 1041, died 1066. In the Norman line valuable as well as better known. It had been they are-EDWARD I., whose son was the first begun in 1778, with the first part of Harry and prince of Wales, 1272-1307. EDWARD II., his Lucy,' written by Mr. Edgeworth and his second son and successor, deposed 1327, mur. by the conwife Honora Sneyd; but this story was not pub-nivance of his queen and Mortimer 1328. ED