abjured the faith of the Reformers in the Franciscan Church in Stirling.

of Edinburgh, the Earls of Rothes, | the young queen. His natural brother Cassilis, and others, and made James John was a man of sterner stuff, of an Stuart, the prior of St. Andrews, Pitten-iron will and of unbounded energy, weem, and Maçon, so ill that he was a zealous defender of the established never the same man again. It came on faith. His first great preferment was after a banquet, and just after the re- when he was abbot of Paisley; but in fusal of the crown matrimonial. Was 1546 he became archbishop of St. Anit not due to poison? One would like drews. No doubt it was due to his to know what were really the two mal-influence that his brother the regent adies from which Lord Ruthven was suffering when he rose from his bed and got on his armor with difficulty, The archbishop had a heavy task; and almost staggered up the secret for not only had he his own ecclesiasstair, as he made his way to Mary's tical duties to attend to, but he had to apartment in Holyrood to murder Riz- guide his brother the regent in every zio. He tells us that he was forty-six difficulty, and he never failed to keep a years old, and had two infirmities - the watchful eye on the interests of his one called the inflammation of the liver, own great family. His brother the the other the consumption of the reins duke was next heir to the throne, and and kidneys—and that they had kept the archbishop's ambition was unhim bedfast for three months. He had bounded. But his health broke down been attended by the queen's French doctor, and by Dr. Preston, and by Thomas Thomson, apothecary. He died of his illness at Newcastle on the 13th of May, 1566. One would like to know what exactly was the matter with Darnley when he left Stirling immediately after the baptism of his son, at which he had not appeared. It is often said to have been small-pox, but at no stage of its course did its features correspond with that malady. Poisoning is suggested by some; but though the vomiting might well have resulted from that, the blotches could scarcely be so explained. Into other suggestions which have afforded material for ingenious discussion I shall not at present enter; but shall remark in passing, that the evidence which connects with his name a skull in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England is in my judgment utterly futile.

under the strain, and he became affected with asthma, the paroxysms recurring every eight days and lasting on each occasion for twenty-four hours. This malady brought him nearly to the point of death, and all the skill that was available here failed to give him any relief; so he called to his assistance one of those wandering doctors of the day, Dr. William Cassanate, a man of Spanish descent, but a native of Besançon in Burgundy, and born on the 5th of October, 1515. These were the days of horoscopes, and so we often get information as to the day and the hour at which a birth had taken place; so was it with Cassanate. I do not know where he studied; but he was a man evidently of much ability, with a keen eye to his own interests, a courtier by nature, time-serving, and much at home in the atmosphere of courts. We are told that he could change There is one case regarding which we opinions as the exigencies of the day have wonderfully precise information. required and profit by political confuJohn Hamilton, the Archbishop of St. sion, and he was most happy when Andrews, was the half-brother of the along with his professional work he unstable Duke of Hamilton, who had could take a part in court business and been regent in Mary's early days, and try to make the bowls run in such a way who swayed about in a weak way from as would please his chief patrons for the side to side, ultimately accepting the time being. He was fond of the good title of Duke of Chatelherault, and re-things of this life, and he delighted in linquishing his regency into the firmer elegant company and gaiety and pleashands of Mary of Guise, the mother ofure. He made a large income, but he

doubtless interest him, and at length on physicians of those days, was much to Lyons, where he expected the Scot- addicted to philosophy and mathemattish representative; but for eight-and- ics; but having taken to medicine, he thirty days he waited in vain. Patients speedily attained a great practice. were flocking to him, and he was busy Henry II. as dauphin, and afterwards enough — great nobles and soldiers, as king, was his constant friend. wealthy citizens and poor people, Among the most grateful of his patients crowded to him for help.

At length Cassanate arrived with a letter from the archbishop himself, stating that it was impossible for him to leave Scotland at the time, the fact being probably that the archbishop was afraid to leave his more facile brother, for fear that he would let power slip away from between his fingers when the strong man was absent; so he begs Cardano to continue his journey on to Scotland. He arranges for the costs and for the comforts of his journey, and closes his letter in words like these "Farewell, most learned Cardanus, and visit our lares, to find us not so much of Scythians as you perhaps suppose." The letter was dated from Edinburgh, 4th February, 1552. So Cardano agreed, and using as much as possible the water-way of the Loire, arrived in Paris, and there, like many another before his day and since, he had a grand time of it.

I

was Catherine de Medicis, who be lieved that his skill had saved her from a state of childlessness, and gave him on the birth of her first-born ten thousand dollars, ordering that a like sum should be paid to him at the birth of each succeeding son or daughter. think that Cardano liked Pharnelius better than he liked Sylvius. He says he was a pale, lean man of about fifty, who loved his study, and was full of domestic affection. He was the professor of medicine in the university, and the first court physician; but he must have puzzled Cassanate greatly, for he had an undisguised contempt for court society.

Cassanate stated the facts of the case, and discussed them along with the French authorities; but Cardano was cautious, said as little as possible, and let the others bear the weight of the responsibility. They agreed upon a plan of treatment.

Cardano had a busy time enough in Paris. Patients of all kinds crowded to him, and if he did not see the youthful Scottish queen, he heard a good deal about her, and was called upon to treat one of her brothers. Which brother I do not know; but perhaps it was James Stuart, the prior of St. Andrews and Pittenweem, as well as of Maçon in France, and who afterwards was the regent of Scotland. dano was consulted by one of Mary's brothers, and this particular brother was in Paris about that time. Soon, however, he left Paris and sailed down the Seine to Rouen, thence he passed to Boulogne and Calais, took ship for

At all events Car

One would give a good deal to know the details of a little dinner-party, consisting of Dr. Cardano from Milan, Dr. Cassanate from Edinburgh, and two of the heads of the profession in Paris; Jacques de la Boe, who, according to the custom of the time, was known as Sylvius; and Jean Fernel, who was spoken of as Pharnelius. These four met together at dinner to discuss the nature and the treatment of the case of the archbishop. Sylvius was professor of anatomy in Paris, and Cardano describes him as a merry little man of seventy, quite bald, and full of jokes ; and besides a great many practical suggestions with regard to the archbishop's case, he took the opportu- England, and reached London on the nity of doing his best to enlist Cardano in the ranks of those who were opposing and persecuting Vesalius, whom he declared to be a most unworthy man, and an impious confuter of the works of Galen. Pharnelius, like many other

3d of June. He rested there three days, busy enough with practice and with interviews all the time, then started for Edinburgh. It took him twenty-three days to reach the Scottish metropolis, but on the 29th June he

the profession there could deal very recorded; for they include not only

that of a person whose hands were cut off, and of a man and woman run through their body with swords, but of a woman after she was buried, and had lain two days in the grave!

Queen Mary's own physician while she resided in France had been Jacques Lusgerie (or Lugerie), and he continued to be in correspondence with her during her life in Scotland and her English captivity. He is mentioned by the queen in a letter to Catherine de Medicis, 12th March, 1565. By his advice Queen Mary "keepit a diet" before she went north on her great tour when the power of the Gordons was broken, and in May, 1571, she wrote to Beaton requesting him to send her a physician from France, with the advice of, or recommended by, Lusgerie. Very likely he may have selected, in 1579, a French physician, Duval, who was sent over to treat her for a very dry cough which attacked her in the month of June of that year.

vigorously with intruders; for I find that on August 1, 1593, complaint was made to the Common Council by the Corporation of Surgeons that Awin, a French surgeon, was practising the art of surgery within the liberties of Edinburgh, which being heard and considered by the Council, they decreed th the said Awin shall desist from exer cising the said art within the city and liberties of Edinburgh under the pain of imprisonment, and the payment of a fine of £20 Scots for each offence other than the following branches of surgery - viz., cutting for stone, curing of ruptures, couching of cataracts, curing the pestilence, and the distemper of women occasioned by childbirth. These exceptions seem very curious, and we know that for some of them it was not unusual to seek foreign assistance. We know that about that time those who could afford it were apt to go to Paris for surgical help. In July of 1563, for example, Heury Sinclair, Bishop of Ross, took ship to France to try to get cured of confirmed calculus; and the "Diurnal of Occurrents" says that he was shorn for the stone in Paris on the 28th of September of the following year. But he died of the disease after all in Paris, in June, 1565. The Regent Morton was operated upon for hernia in Edinburgh, no doubt performed by local practitioners; and the position of the profession was such that we find that even during the wretched days when Queen Mary was just about to be married to Both well, on the 11th May, 1567, she found time to grant a letter "to the cunning men of the occupation and craft of chirurgeons, freeing them from the duty of attending hosts and wapinschaws, and also from passing on Dr. Thomas Francis also saw her. inquests and assizes, in order that they He was a native of Chester, and edumight have the greater occasion to cated at Christ Church, Oxford. As study the perfection of the said craft early as 1551, we find him supplying to the uttermost of their energies." In the place of king's professor of physic, 1562, Robert Henderson, a surgeon, re- probably as deputy for Dr. John Warceived from the Council of Edinburgh ner. He was admitted fellow of the twenty merks in acknowledgment of College of Physicians in 1560, and is services rendered, and great and un- described as "Vir probus atque doccommon cures. The cures were re-tus, et eadem Universitate (Oxon.) promarkable enough if they are correctly lector publicus medicinæ." He was a

Of Arnault, her French physician, who treated her so vigorously at Jedburgh, I have not been able to get much information; but I have a few notes regarding some of the doctors who were in attendance upon her in England.

There was William Leveret, who saw her at the instance of Lord Shrewsbury, and who practised at Newark in Nottinghamshire, and died there at the age of sixty-eight. His epitaph describes him as physician, thrice alderman, of godly life, zealous in God's religion, a benefactor to the poor, and one whose soul resteth with Jesus Christ in heaven. He was a man much trusted in his day, and Shrewsbury seems to have had confidence in him.