talents fo great, and fervices fo ufeful to his country, as were thofe of Dr Roebuck, fhould have turned out of fo little account to himself and his family. But this is, in fact, no uncommon cafe. The great benefactors of fociety have never been men actuated by gain or intereft, but thofe whofe ambition was fixed on promoting the convenience and happinefs of men. The Doctor had in fact too little regard for money, and was generous in the extreme. It must be confeffed, too, that his confidence and ardour prevented him from fore feeing fome of the difficulties and obftacles he met with, and frequently tempted him to lay out large fums, in the profecution of fome of his projects, without fufficient economy, and, of course, without proper returns. His open, unfufpicious tem per, alfo led him frequently to put too much truft and confidence in fome of thofe who had the charge of his works, which proved to him the caufe of many cruel difappointments. But even from his errors and failure

the public have derived advantage and it is furely indifputable, that a man, who paffed fixty years in ac quiring knowledge, and enlightening his countrymen, is well entitled to the gratitude of his country. During his life, his public fervices were not altogether overlooked. He often met with flattering marks of approbation from many liberal and public-fpirited noblemen and gentlemen in this country; and the City of Edinburgh, then under the aufpices of Provost Drummond, when they honoured him with the freedom of their City, was pleafed to add in his diploma, "That it was given for eminent fervices done to his country." But enough has not yet been done. Some farther tribute is due to his memory: For there is a juft debt of gratitude conftituted against the public, which cannot be confidered as difcharged, as long as the Widow of Dr Roebuck, whofe fortune was funk in these great undertakings, is left without any provision for her immediate of future fupport.

day amounts to 11. 10s. 5d. a year. we must be fenfible there are very few incapable of sparing fomething from their earnings. It must, however, be confeffed, that, taking the prefent ftate of the poor into confideration, the refolution neceffary for accumu lating fuch a faving is very great, and it will never be accomplished except promoted by a previous tuition. To this end the tontine fcheme was put in practice, and it is certainly the most laudable and effectual inftitution of the kind that ever was thought of:

it is one other addition to promote the ability of rifing to pecuniary independence, for there are many people who, having once acquired a trife before hand, would be induced to go U 4

on, that now defignedly fpend ever thing they get poffeffion of. Tontines, however, are yet in their infancy, and at prefent exift only in fome great cities; a caution is therefore necef fary, not to fuffer one to fail from mifmanagement or fraud; for, fhould that ever be the cafe, there will be a general top from one end of the Kingdom to the other. This irrefolu tion to fave, and not the want of fuf ficient wages, is a radical caufe of a continuance in poverty; elfe whence is it, that in London at leaft, fo many of the labouring poor can afford to be abfent from their work on Monday? It is a faying, that Saint Monday is the greate vagabond in the kalen dar.' The ufual wages of a porter, and a common labourer, are twelve fhillings a week*, and there are many who are, in a general way only, fober and induftrious, thet contrive to fnp port a wife and two children decently and in health by their own wages, and by fome trifle befides, which is earned by the former. A man, therefore, poff ffed of a trade, and who gets a guinea, or twenty-five fillings a week, can blame himielf only if he does not rife above dependance.

Another caufe is buying unprofitable food, and the mitmanagement of it afterward; tea, with bread and butter, is a very improper breakfast for any person that works hard. So are cheese and porter; the fo mer of thefe has very little nourishment, and the latter is too costly.

Every thing that will contribute to fave only one penny a day in a poor family, fhould be confidered as an ob ject of importance; and a more eafy means is not to be found, than baking a fort of bread which is as whole fome as any other, and yet cheaper. This is a very common practice in America; but experience has proved, that here, the gipfey under the hedge,

or the beggars in the streets, would fcorn it.

Feeding pigs, cats, dogs, and birds, affift in keeping people poor; the first are intended for profit; but as the poor never calculate their expences, fo they never know the real worth of any thing. A pig. if it runs about, confumes time in looking for it, it frequently gets into the pond; it eats up the fcraps of the family where there should be none; it occafions the boiling of victuals fimply for the fake of the pot liquor, and that is the mode of dreffing food which retains in it the leaft nourishment of any other; then this ftunted, half starved crea ture, must be fatted, and will, in the end, coft more than three times the value of the meat. As to the other animals, people never pretend to keep them for profit; what they confume is evidently a total lofs.

The habit which poor people are in of giving their children money to buy fruit and tarts, if frequent, becomes a bad practice; if now and then only, and for ripe fruit, it is of fervice to them: at any rate it affilts to increase expences, and fhould, therefore, be avoided, where industry and management are to be the fteps to fortune. For there can be no doubt, that, in Great Britain at least, any one poffeffed of mental and bodily health, has by the ability, by faving and perfeverance, to arrive at a comfortable independence from the lowest indigence. Numberlefs are the inftances which might be brought in proof. We have feen the eldest fon of a peer, who poffeffed every advantage which a good education, a fine perfon, and elegant manners could give him, by a courfe of the utmoft profligacy and extravagance, in want of bread eat, and driven at length to the neceffity of enlifting as a common foldier. And we have

alfo

alfo known a man, whofe origin was fo low as to be an errand boy, become governor of the bank of Eng

land, alderman, fheriff, lord-mayr, and member of parliament for the city of London.

9. By want of attention to the morals of the poor.

10. By permitting profligate characters to fill the religious miniftry. 11. By non-refidence, and neglect of incumbents.

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12. By not affording to a poor or diftreffed man the means of earning a living.

13. By falfe economy in detecting crimes.

14. By permitting mendicity. 15. By fuffering feditionists to efcape punishment.

16. By allowing temptations to lie in the way of poor people, as game, and wood in forefts.

17. By fuffering the escape of fraudulent, extravagant, and fpeculative bankrupts.

18. The fale of fpirituous liquors, and lottery tickets.

19. By laying high duties on foreign commodities; and thereby encouraging smuggling.

fwer made was, "We are too rich, too lazy, and too proud."

"Since this, we have done fome thing to retrieve our characters. I have the happinels of knowing feve ral gentlemen, who take confiderable plea fure in walking, and others, whofe excurfions are before the public.

"Mr Hucks, in his Tour through Wales, 1794. fays, "We are fo completely metamorphofed, that I much doubt if you would recognise us through our difguife: we carry ἐσ our clothes, &c. in a wallet or knap. fack, from which we have not hitherto experienced the flighteft inconvenience: as for all appearance and gentility, they are entire ly out of the queftion-our object is to fee, not to be feen; and if I thought I had one acquaintance, who would be ashamed of me and ડ my knapfack, feated by the fire "fide of an honeft. Welch peafant in a country village, I thould not only make myfelt eafy on my own account, but fhould be induced to pity and to defpife him for his Be weakness.",

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" I shall now notice other modes adopted by pedeftrians, in long excurfions. The Reverend Mr Warner ("Walk through Wales," 1798, 8vo.) had a jpencer fitted up with a large fportfman's pocket to carry his linen, &c. and Mr C. who accompanied him, had fide-pockets annexed to his coat; but neither anfwered perfectly their wishes.

"A party whom they met had taken another way: a handfome leather bag covered with net-work was fufpended from the fhoulder, and hung under the left arm like a fhooting bag, and proved no inelegant addition to the perfon.

"Another party had their port

manteau on a little poney which they kept before them; but this was, it feems, "more plague than profit;" and they foon entered into a treaty for its fale.

"It is requifite that a walker fhould have about him all his real neceffaries; thefe are but few, a fingle change of linen, a pocket map, compafs, &c. which take but little space, and may be provided for thus:-A fmall neat bag made with oil-cafe and lined, about fifteen inches every way, made to button deep to prevent rain from penetrating, and four buttons to faften two fhoulder belts, will form a knapsack of small weight and attended with no inconvenience, except the falfe fhame which may arise from its pedlar-like appearance, but which good fenfe will foon overcome; but to secure you a polite reception and a better bed, you may carry it in your handkerchief through a town. This fize is large enough for two perfons, although it mult not be lefs for one; a light small umbrella would be a defirable addition.

The Ifland of Man.

"The name of Man is fuppofed to refer to its fituation as to the furrounding kingdoms, from the Saxon word Mang, fignifying among; others fuppofe the word to originate from Maune, the name of St Patrick, the apoftle of the Island, before he affumed that of Patricius. By Cæfar it is called Mona*; by the inhabitants Manning; and by people in general Man.

"Its ancient bearing was a ship; but the arms are now, and have been for centuries, Gules, three armed legs proper, or rather argent, conjoined in fels, at the upper part of the thigh, flefhed in triangle, garnished and fpurred topaz. So long as the King of

Man