XXXIII.

Numbers and Panic.

'Tis the many, when they are bold, who show their spirit to be irresistible. But when they are afraid, the more they be, the greater and more full of panic is their fear. For of many and of vile words augmented does it come over them, and of many and dastard complexions and of many and discouraged and distraught faces is it gathered. So that from its greatness it is not easy to extinguish it by word of mouth nor to inspire courage by leading the men against the foe nor nurse2 their spirit by retreat ; but the more vehemently you bid your men the plight they think themselves to be in. consider exactly the position of affairs 4. tories in campaigns against an enemy shall fall to whichever side shall number a greater host, rightly then do thou feel fear on our behalf; in sober earnest 7 then we are in evil case. But if as heretofore battles are decided now also by those who fight well, thou wouldest not be wrong in taking heart. For by the help of the gods thou shalt find that the men willing to fight are more numerous on our side 9 than on theirs.

8

take heart, the worse Now let us by Zeus 3 For if hereafter 5 vic

men

XXXIV.

The Athenians at Salamis.

I am especially indignant, sir, when I hear any one saying that the fact of any one's leaving the city does not constitute betrayal 1, for that even once our forefathers, when they were at war with Xerxes, abandoned the city, and crossed over to Salamis. So insensate is he, and in every way contemptuous (perf. part.) of your fame, as to think right to compare the fairest of achievements 2 with the vilest? For where is not the valour of those famous 6 renowned 3? Who is so niggard of praise 4, who is so utterly void of all love of glory 5 as not to pray to have part and lot (i.e. share) in the deeds of those great men? They did not abandon their city. They changed their ground, making honourable provision against the coming peril. Eteonikos of Lacedaimon and Adeimantos of Korinth, and the fleet of the Eginetans took measures 7, under cover of night, to provide for their own safety; but your ancestors, though abandoned one after another by all the Hellenes, yet freed all the rest—their own despite 9— and compelled them to fight at Salamis on their side against the barbarians. Alone have they got the better 10 of both, alike of their enemies and of their allies, as it was becoming to them to surpass each, the one by doing them service, the other by conquering them in fight.

1 Id. 31.

2 Id. 91. 3 περιβόητος. 4 φθονερός. 5 ἀφιλότιμος. 8 Id. 36. ο βία.

6 ἐκεῖνος. 7 ἔμελλον αὑτοῖς πορίζεσθαι.

ΤΟ

περιγίγνομαι.

XXXV.

Kallistratos.

Who of our old men does not remember, who of our young men has not heard of Kallistratos, whom the state condemned to death, how he made his escape, and on hearing from the god at Delphi that if he returned to Athens, he should get “тà vóμiμa2,” came back, took sanctuary 3 at the altar of the twelve gods, and was put to death 4 none the less? Very rightly. For the punishment of the malefactor is to get "rà vóuiua," and God has rightly granted to those who 5 suffer wrong the right of chastising the guilty party; for it would be strange were the gods to show forth the same signs to the pious and the vicious alike. But I, Sir, am of opinion that divine providence hath oversight over all human affairs.

rights.

}

3

1 Id. 108. 2 i.e., either what was just and fair, or a funeral. The pun might be rendered, should get his φεύγειν.

66

4 ὑπὸ τῆς πολέως ἀποθνήσκειν.

rites.

5 Id. 106.

to chastise," Id. 105. 1 ἡ τῶν θεῶν πρόνοια.

κατα

6 Inf.

XXXVI.

The Games of Hellas.

I will now explain in order to you how we treat young men when first they are beginning to have understanding about what is best for them, and to grow manly in body, and to undergo toil; in order that you may learn wherefore we have proposed to them these exercises, and compel them to subject their bodies to hardship 5. It is not only that they may carry off the prizes in the contests; for to those prizes few out of the whole number attain 3, but with the view of obtaining some greater good by this means for the whole community as well as for themselves. For there is a certain other open game put before all good citizens, and a crown, not of pine nor of olive nor of parsley, but comprising in itself the happiness of man. I mean, for instance 5, freedom, alike of the individual and of Fatherland: and wealth, and fame, and enjoyment of family feasts, and preservation of property; and, in a word, all that a man might pray for as the fairest gifts of Heaven. All these have been interwoven into the crown of which I speak, and accrue to a man from that glorious fame, to which all these exercises and all these labours lead.

· διέξειμι. 5 οἷον λέγω.

2 διαπονέω. 3 χωρέω. 4 ὃς συλλαβὼν ἔχει.

6 συνόλως.

7 συναναπλέχω.

XXXVII.

Alexander before Tyre.

At sea

Alexander dreamed that he was attacking the walls of Tyre, and that Herakles greeted him with the right hand, and brought him into the town. Aristandros expounded this to mean that Tyre would be captured with difficulty, because the labours2 of Herakles were achieved with difficulty. The siege of Tyre was evidently a great achievement 2, for the city is itself an island, and on every side had been fortified with lofty walls. things at that time were plainly rather in favour of the Tyrians 3, because the Persians were still masters of the sea 4, and the Tyrians still had many ships. When however the decision to prosecute the siege 5 prevailed, Alexander determined to construct a mole from the mainland to the town. The place is a shallow strait, in one part, towards the mainland, with little water, and muddy; in the other, towards the town, where the passage is deepest, about three fathoms deep. But there was abundance both of stones and of timber, which they laid on the top of the stones. Stakes were fixed without trouble in the mud, and the mud itself constituted binding matter to fix them to the stones. The energy of the Macedonians in the work, and of Alexander himself, was remarkable. He was on the spot, ordering every detail 9; now urging on with words, now encouraging with the hope of reward those who were most conspicuously and most manfully to toiling in activity.

I

δεξιόομαι.

ΤΟ

2 Id. 91. 3 πρὸς with gen. 4 θαλασσοκρατέω.

5 “ταῦτα ὅμως ἐκράτησε.” χῶμα χωννύναι. 7 τεναγώδης.

8 σύνδεσμος.

9

“ ἕκαστα ἐξηγουμένον.

το κατ ̓ ἀρετήν.