AUGURINUS, CNEIUS GENUCIUS. The "Fasti" of Onuphrius Panvinius, corroborated by the" Anonymous Fasti," edited by Cardinal Noris, and published in the " Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romanarum" of Grævius, give the surname of Augurinus to the Cneius Genucius who, according to Livy and Diodorus, twice held the office of military tribune with consular authority, namely, in B.C. 399 and 396. In his second tribuneship, Genucius, with his colleague, Lucius Titinius Pansa Saccus, commanded the army sent against the Falisci and Capenates. The rashness of the Roman generals led them into an ambuscade; and in the engagement which ensued, Genucius fell in the front ranks, "expiating," says Livy, "his rashness by an honourable death." Titinius rallied his forces on an eminence, but did not venture to descend from it and renew the engage

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The surname of Augurinus is not given to Cn. Genucius by Livy; and as that writer has called him a plebeian, Pighius, in his Fasti," published in the "Thesaurus," &c. of Grævius, has called him Cn. Genucius Aventinensis, assuming that he belonged to the plebeian family of the Genucii Aventinenses. But the second of the two fragments of the • Capitoline Fasti," of which a copy with a dissertation upon each was published by Bartolomeo Borghesi (in two parts, 4to. Milan, 1818, 1820), corroborates the "Fasti" of Panvinius. (Livy, v. 13, 18; Diodorus Siculus, xiv. 54, 90.)

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AUGURINUS, MARCUS GENUCIUS, was consul B.C. 445, with C. Curtius Philo. His year of office was distinguished by violent contention between the patrician and plebeian orders. C. Canuleius, tribune of the plebeians, introduced early in the year a proposition for allowing intermarriages between the two orders; and he with eight more of the tribunes united in proposing that the consulship should be open to plebeians. Genucius and his colleague vehemently opposed both measures, and shared the satisfaction of the patrician body at the news of the revolt of the people of Ardea, the actual hostilities of those of Veii, and the threatened hostilities of the Volsci and the Equi. They trusted that the occurrence of war would divert the plebeians from urging the two propositions of their tribunes. Livy has put into the mouths of "the consuls" and of Canuleius, speeches which may be taken to represent the sentiments of the contending parties. The patricians at length gave way on the question of the intermarriage of the orders, which was legalized; but they held out with respect to the consulship. The consuls held private assemblies of the chief senators, the business of the regular meetings of the senate being hindered by the interposition of the tribunes. At these private assemblies the most violent measures were proposed by C. Claudius, but

overruled by the two Quintii (Cincinnatus and Capitolinus) and others who were more moderate. Ultimately it was agreed to compromise the matter by creating a new office in the place of the consulship, that of the military tribunes with consular power, and admitting plebeians to it. The season for military operations was probably over before this arrangement was concluded, as we read of none during Genucius's term of office. (Livy, iv. 1-6; Dionysius Halicarnassensis, Antiquitates Romanæ, xi. 52, 61; Diodorus Siculus, xii. 31; Niebuhr, History of Rome, Eng. transl. by Hare and Thirlwall, vol. ii. p. 383, seq.)

AUGURINUS, TITUS GENUCIUS, was brother of Marcus noticed above, and apparently, from his earlier prominence in the state, an elder brother. He was consul B.C. 451, with Appius Claudius, but abdicated when the decemvirate was created. He was one of the decemvirs for the first year, but not for the second. In the consulship of his brother Marcus, when in the private assembly of the principal senators it had been agreed to propose the establishment of the military tribuneship, it was intrusted to Titus Genucius to bring the matter forward in the Comitia. (Livy, iii. 33; Dionysius Halicarnassensis, Antiquitates Romanæ, xi. 56, 60.)

AUGURINUS, LUCIUS MINUCIUS ESQUILINUS (Florus erroneously calls him Marcus Minucius), was consul B.C. 458, with C. Nautius Rutilus. According to Livy, Minucius had the conduct of the war against the Æqui, who, under their leader Clœlius Gracchus, had occupied Mount Algidus. The timidity of Minucius first incurred a defeat and then allowed the enemy to surround the Roman camp by a line of circumvallation. Five horsemen managed to escape just before the blockade was completed, and carried the news to Rome. L. Quintius Cincinnatus was chosen dictator in this emergency, and with the aid of Minucius and his army defeated the enemy, and forced them to pass under the yoke. The stern dictator withheld from the consul's army all participation in the plunder, and rebuked Minucius, as destitute of" the spirit of a consul." Valerius Maximus and Dionysius say that Cincinnatus compelled him to resign his office. Fabius Quintus was chosen his successor. Niebuhr rejects a considerable part of the narrative of Livy, but admits the defeat and blockade of Minucius by the Æqui, and his rescue by a Roman army sent to his relief. L. Minucius, apparently the same person, was a member of the second decemvirate, B.C. 450. (Livy, iii. 25, seq. 35; Dionysius Halicarnassensis, Antiquitates Romanæ, x. 22, seq. 58; Florus, i. 11 (Bellum Latinum); Valerius Maximus, ii. 7; Dion Cassius, Historiæ Romanæ, librorum priorum fragmenta, xxvii. ed. Reimari; Niebuhr, Roman History, Eng. translation, ii. 262.)

AUGURINUS, LUCIUS MINUCIUS, was, by the favour of the plebeians and the sufferance of the senate, created Præfectus Annona at the time of the dreadful scarcity B.C. 439. The efforts of Minucius to obtain a sufficient supply of corn were ineffectual; and so great was the famine that many of the poorer plebeians in despair drowned themselves in the Tiber. But what Minucius with all his official resources corld not do, was to some extent effected by the great liberality of Spurius Mælius, a rich Roman eques. Minucius, according to Livy, discovered and denounced to the senate the treasonable designs concealed under this show of munificence, and Mælius was eventually slain by C. Servilius Ahala, master of the horse to the Dictator L. Quintius Cincinnatus. Minucius sold to the plebeians at a low price the store of corn which Mælius had laid up, and the popularity which he obtained with one of the orders by this distribution, and with the other by his denunciation of Mælius, led to his receiving the honours of a bull with gilded horns and a statue just without the Porta Trigemina. Some traditions stated that he passed over from the patrician to the plebeian order, and that he was chosen as an eleventh tribune of the plebeians, in which character he quelled a sedition by reducing the price of meal. Niebuhr has vindicated the innocence of Mælius. This L. Minucius appears in history at the same period as the L. Minucius who was consul B.C. 458, and probably decemvir B.C. 450; and, from anything to the contrary that appears in Livy, they may have been one and the same person, though regarded by modern writers as two different persons. Pliny indeed in one place calls the Præfectus Annonæ, Publius, but in another place accords with Livy in calling him Lucius. (Livy, iv. 12, 16; Pliny, Hist. Nat. xviii. 4 (with the notes of Dalechamp and Desfontaines given in Lemaire's Bibliotheca Latina), xxxiv. 11; Niebuhr, Roman History, Eng. transl. ii. 414, seq.; Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum, v.)

AUGURINUS, MARCUS MINUCIUS, was consul B.C. 497, with A. Sempronius Atratinus. According to Livy, the festival of the Saturnalia was instituted and a temple dedicated to Saturn (according to Dionysius, on the ascent from the Forum to the Capitoline hill) in his consulship; but other writers refer the institution of the Saturnalia to an earlier period. He was consul again with the same colleague in B.C. 491. In this consulship, according to Livy and Dionysius, there was a dreadful famine; and the proposal of C. Marcius Coriolanus to keep back a supply of corn which had come from Sicily, from the plebeians, until they had surrendered the franchises which they had formerly extorted from the patricians, provoked the enmity of the plebeians, and led to the banishment of

Coriolanus, in whose favour Minucius pleaded, but in vain. Dionysius has put some long speeches into the consul's mouth on this occasion. According to the same writer, Minucius was one of the ambassadors sent from Rome to Coriolanus when (B.C. 488) he attacked Rome at the head of a Volscian army. Dionysius reports a long speech of Minucius on this occasion. (Livy, ii. 21, 34, seq.; Dionysius Halicarnassensis, Antiquitates Romanæ, vi. 1, vii. 20, seq. viii. 22, seq.; Niebuhr, Roman History, Eng. transl. ii. 234, &c.)

AUGURINUS. Some modern writers give this name to MARCUS MINUCIUS, tribune of the people B.C. 216 (the second year of the second Punic war), who proposed and carried the nomination of three eminent men as Triumviri Mensarii, or commissioners for advancing money on security from the treasures of the state, an expedient adopted only in great emergencies, and at this time occasioned by the scarcity of money. Livy simply calls the tribune M. Minucius, and we know not on what authority he is assigned to the family of the Augurini. (Livy, xxiii. 21.)

AUGURINUS, PUBLIUS MINUCIUS. The "Fasti" of Idatius, and the " Anonymous Fasti" edited by Cardinal Noris, give the name of Augurinus to Publius Minucius, whom Livy mentions as consul with T. Geganius (B.C. 492). Their consulship was distinguished by a dreadful famine, which would have been destructive to the slaves and plebeians, but for the care of the consuls, who sent for corn from Sicily and Etruria; and by the foundation of a colony in the hills about Norba, and the augmentation of the number of colonists at Velitræ, or, according to Dionysius, the re-establishment of a colony there. Livy states that the year was one of rest both from foreign warfare and domestic sedition; but Dionysius relates some violent contentions between the plebeians and the patricians, and notices a hostile incursion into the territories of Antium by a party of volunteers under Coriolanus. He passes on Minucius and his colleague the encomium, that they safely guided the vessel of the state through a stormy and dangerous period, and that their administration was characterized rather by prudence than by good fortune. (Livy, ii. 34; Dionysius Halicarnassensis, Antiquitates Romanæ, vii. 1, 2, 12—19.)

AUGURINUS, QUINTUS MINUCIUS, was the brother, as appears from the "Capitoline Fasti," of Lucius Minucius, who was consul B.C. 458, and was blockaded on Mount Algidus by the Equi. Quintus was consul the year after his brother, with Caius Horatius Pulvillus. The early part of their consulship was disturbed by the attempts of the plebeians, under the leadership of their tribunes, to carry the propositions of Terentilius (as to which see Niebuhr, “Roman History," Eng. transl. ii. 277, seq.) for a revision of the laws. The con

enemies relaxed their severity. In the castle of Bürglitz, to which he was transferred, he was indulged with pen and ink, and occupied his time in composing works in behalf of the Bohemian Brethren. He was repeatedly offered his liberty on condition of passing over to the doctrines of either the Roman Catholics or the Utraquists, the only two confessions then allowed in Bohemia; and on one occasion he declared his readiness to conform to the Utraquists if they would not insist on the ceremony of a public recantation, but they refused to concede him the indulgence. At length, in 1564, the death of the Emperor Ferdinand I. set him at liberty, after an imprisonment of sixteen years, but on the condition that he should not teach or preach. The Bohemian Brethren made him their chief director, and he died in that capacity, at Jung-Bunzlau, the principal seat of the sect, on the 13th of January, 1575.

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His works, all of which are in Bohemian, are-1. "O Zawazach krz'estianskych Zakona Krystowa" ("On the Duties of the Christian Religion"). 2. "O Pokussenjch" ("On Temptations"). 3."Ohlassenj a Ozwanj proti Knjz'ce Petra" (" Answer to the priest Peter," with whom he was engaged in a controversy). 4. "Jana Augusty a Kniez' stwa Kalissneho Prz'e" ("The Controversy between J. Augusta and the Calixtine Priesthood"). 5. "Spis gmenem wssy Gednoty swe k geho Milosti cysarz'ske do Augspurka poslany" ("A Letter in the name of the Congregation sent to his imperial Majesty at Augsburg"). 6. A funeral Oration on Justina de Kunstadt, of which Pelzel does not give the original title. 7. " Regstrz'jk a Rzecz'i" ("An Abridgment of the Doctrine of the Bohemian Brethren and Sermons"). This abridgment, which was written in prison, was not accepted by the Brethren till after several alterations had been made in it, a circumstance which highly offended Augusta, and seems to have occasioned his intended passing over to the Utraquists. Augusta had a controversy with Martin Klatowsky, a Utraquist, who, in 1544, published a work entitled "Rozsuzowanj," &c. ("Examination of some Articles in the controversial Writings of John Augusta, in which he attacks, under the name of Priesthood, every form of Christianity except the sect of the Waldenses"). Jan Blahoslaw, the successor of Augusta in the bishopric of the Brethren, published a long Life of him in the Bohemian language, from which Pelzel extracted these particulars. (Pelzel, Abbildungen Böhmischer und Mährischer Gelehrten und Künstler, ii. 67, &c.) T. W. AUGUSTENBURG. [CHARLES CHRISTIAN, DUKE OF SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN-SONDERBURG-AUGUSTENBURG; HOLSTEIN.]

AUGUSTI, CHRISTIAN JOHANN WILHELM, was born on the 27th of October, 1771, in the village of Eschenberge |

near Gotha, where his father, Ernst Anton Augusti, was then pastor. He was the grandson of Friedrich Albert Augusti, the converted Jew. After having received his early education from an uncle at Girstädt, who also made him acquainted with the elements of Hebrew, in 1787 Augusti entered the gymnasium of Gotha, where his teachers, and among them especially Kaltwasser, Manso, and Döring, laid the foundation of that love of classical and historical studies, to which the greater part of his subsequent life was devoted. In 1790 he entered the university of Jena for the purpose of studying theology. Here Griesbach exerted a great and stimulating influence upon him. After the completion of his academical course at Leipzig, in 1793, he spent five years without having any public office, living in obscurity, and struggling with various difficulties. His theological and philological studies, however, were continued with great zeal, and he also commenced his literary career by contributing to the "Theologische Blätter," and by the "Exegetisches Handbuch des Alten Testaments," which he wrote in conjunction with Höpfner. In 1798 he began his career as a teacher at Jena, as a privat-docent in the philosophical faculty. His lectures on Oriental literature were highly valued, partly on account of their intrinsic merits, but more especially on account of the liveliness and humour with which he treated his subjects. In 1800 he became professor extraordinary, and three years later he was appointed the successor of Ilgen as professor of Oriental literature. In 1804 he married Ernestine Wunder, with whom he lived very happily until his death. The familiar intercourse with the distinguished men at Jena, where philosophical and theological investigations were pursued with extraordinary activity and freedom, rendered the period which now followed the happiest of his life. The critical spirit of theological investigation, which had been called forth by Griesbach, was, however, not followed up by Augusti, for he was a man of too positive a character to become an innovator, and he took his stand upon the forms that were established. He was one of the first German theologians in the beginning of the present century who recognised the importance of established forms of belief, and endeavoured to support them by his writings. Among the works of that period which were written previous to his abandoning the critical philosophy, we may mention his continuation of Berger's "Praktische Einleitung_ins_Alte Testament;" "Apologieen und Parellelen theologischen Inhalts;" "Memorabilien des Orients;" an edition of the apocryphal books of the Old Testament; "Lehrbuch der Christlichen Dogmengeschichte," Leipzig, 1805, 8vo., and "Historisch-Kritische Einleitung ins Alte Testament," Leipzig, 1806,