preserved by Sir W. Dugdale :-John Essex, marbler; Thomas Stevyns, coppersmith; John Bourde, of Corffe Castle, marbler; Bartholomew Lambspring, Dutchman and goldsmith of London; John Prudde, of Westminster, glazier and painter on glass; John Brentwood, citizen and steyner (painter) of London; and Kristian Coleburne, another painter, of London.

The style and matter of the following extract, concerning Austen, from the abovementioned document, are worthy of attention. "Will. Austen, citizen and founder of London, xiv. Martii 30 H 6, covenanteth, &c. to cast, work, and perfectly to make, of the finest Latten to be gilded that may be found, xiv. images embossed, of lords and ladyes in divers vestures, called weepers, to stand in housings made about the tombe, those images to be made in breadth, length, and thickness, &c. to xiv. patterns made of timber. Also he shall make xviii. lesse images of angells, to stand in other housings, as shall be appointed by patterns, whereof ix. after one side, and ix. after another. Also he must make an Hearse to stand on the Tombe, above and about the principal Image that shall lye in the Tomb according to a pattern; the stuffe and workmanship to the repairing to be at the charge of the said Will. Austen. And the executors shall pay for every image that shall lie on the Tombe, of the weepers so made in Latten, xiii.s. iv.d. And for every image of angells so made v.s. And for every pound of Latten that shall be in the Hearse x.d. And shall pay and bear the costs of the said Austen for setting the said images and hearse.

"The said William Austen, xi. Feb. 28 H 6, doth covenant to cast and make an Image of a man armed, of fine Latten, garnished with certain ornaments, viz. with Sword and Dagger; with a Garter; with a Helme and Crest under his head, and at his feet a Bear musted [muzzled], and a Griffon perfectly made of the finest Latten according to patterns; all which to be brought to Warwick and layd on the Tombe, at the perill of the said Austen; the executors paying for the Image, perfectly made and layd, and all the ornaments, in good order, besides the cost of the said workmen to Warwick, and working there to lay the Image, and besides the cost of the carriages, all which are to be born by the said executors, in total xl. li."

It has been disputed what Latten signifies, whether brass or tin; but as this monument, which exhibits great mastery for the period, still exists, the dispute may be very satisfactorily settled: it is, like other sepulchral monuments of the kind, of brass. Flaxman, in his review of the progress of sculpture in England, notices this monument, and pronounces it equal to anything that was done at the same time in Italy, although Donatello and Ghiberti were then living. It appears

from the text quoted that Austen was not the designer of the figures, for his contract was, to found them in brass from "patterns made of timber." However, it is possible, though not probable, that he was the maker also of the patterns. Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, died in 1439.

For other particulars contained in the document quoted, see the respective articles of the above-mentioned artists. (Sir W. Dugdale, Antiquities of Warwickshire, &c., p. 446; Flaxman, Lectures.) R. N. W.

AUSTIN, JOHN, was born in the year 1613, at Walpole, in the county of Norfolk. He received the rudiments of his education in the public school of Sleeford, and in 1631 was admitted a pensioner of St. John's College, Cambridge. He resided at Cambridge until the year 1640. About this time, or earlier, he became a convert to the Roman Catholic faith, and having found it necessary to leave the university in consequence, he removed to London with the intention of studying the law. He was entered a student of Lincoln's Inn, and from the tenor of his writings there is reason to believe that he distinguished himself in the legal profession; but the turbulence of the times and his religious tenets prevented him from continuing in it as a means of subsistence. During the civil war he resided for some time in the family of a Staffordshire gentleman, named Fowler, as tutor. About the year 1650, however, he relinquished this employment and returned to London. In a postscript to one of his works, the second part of the "Christian Moderator," published in 1652, Austin alludes to a mournful event, by which he was unexpectedly called into the country; and we find that after this date he was enabled to live in the metropolis as a private gentleman, whence it is concluded that he had acquired some property by the death of a relation. His residence was in Bow Street, Covent Garden, where he continued during the remainder of his life. He died in the summer of 1669, and was buried in the parish church of St. Paul.

"Mr. Austin," says Dodd ("Church History"), "was a gentleman of singular parts and accomplishments, and so great a master of the English tongue that his style continues to be a pattern for politeness. His time was wholly spent in books and learned conversation; having the advantage of several ingenious persons' familiarity, who made a kind of junto in the way of learning, viz. Mr. Thomas Blount, Mr. Blackloe, Francis Saint Clare (C. Davenport), Mr. John Sergeant, Mr. Belson, Mr. Keightley, &c.; all men of great parts and erudition, who were assistants to one another in their writings."

As a writer Austin was in many respects superior to his contemporaries: his style is occasionally fluent and graceful, and although by no means " a pattern for politeness," his

principal work, the "Christian Moderator," | may still be read with pleasure. He was an able and ingenious advocate of the Romish faith, and deserves to be ranked among the more distinguished Roman Catholic authors of Great Britain.

It is almost impossible to trace our English| Romanists through the various disguises which they were compelled to assume in the publication of their writings. The following, however, may be regarded as a tolerably accurate, although necessarily an incomplete list of such works as there is good authority for ascribing to Austin:-1. "The Christian Moderator; or persecution for Religion condemned by the light of nature, law of God, evidence of our own principles. With an explanation of the Roman Catholic belief concerning these four points: their Church, Worship, Justification, and Civil Government," Part i. London, 1651, 4to. A second part appeared in the following year, and a third part in the year 1653. The first two parts ran through four editions before the end of the year 1652. The "Christian Moderator" is the best known of Austin's works. It was published under the pseudonyme of William Birchley, and was attributed by an anonymous writer (the author of the "Beacon flaming with a non_obstante," London, 1652) to Christopher Davenport, better known by the name of Sancta Clara. Anthony Wood, however, informs us that John Sergeant assured him it was the production of Austin, who was his particular friend. Dodd and Butler are of the same opinion. In this work Austin assumes the disguise of an Independent, who deplores the bitterness and animosity prevalent among the various sects of Christians towards each other. He condemns persecution for religion as contrary to the spirit of Christianity; and argues from reason and Scripture in favour of an unlimited toleration of all religious creeds. He is even disposed to extend this toleration to his Roman Catholic fellowcountrymen, although much shocked by the more odious tenets usually ascribed to them. He pretends, however, to hold a conference upon these with a Roman Catholic recommended to him by a particular friend, and puts into the mouth of his antagonist so ingenious a defence of the more prominent Roman Catholic doctrines, that the reader is soon enabled to recognise in Mr. Birchley not the antagonist, but the champion of Popery. He next passes on to enumerate all the hardships and cruelties inflicted on the Roman Catholics of Great Britain during a long series of years. He commends their patience, moderation, and piety, and concludes by an energetic appeal to the Independents to grant them such civil rights and indulgencies as were extended to other sects and communions. "The Christian Moderator" is upon the whole an ingenious plea for the Roman Catholics of Great Bri

tain, well drawn up by a sagacious lawyer. An answer to the "Christian Moderator' was published under the title of "Legenda lignea," &c. by D. Y., London, 1652, 8vo. 2." The Oath of Abjuration arraigned,” London, 1651, 4to. This work was also published under the pseudonyme of W. Birchley. 3. "Reflections upon the Oaths of Supremacy and Allegiance; or the Christian Moderator, the fourth part by a Catholic gentleman, an obedient son of the Church and loyal subject of his Majesty," 1661. The size and place of publication are not mentioned. 4. “Booker rebuked; or Animadversions on Booker's Telescopium Uranicum or Ephemeris for 1665." London, 1665. Probably a broadside. This was the joint production of Austin, Sir Richard Baker, and John Sergeant. It was written to puff Baker's "Catholic Almanack,” and, according to Wood, "made much sport among people at the time of its publication." 5. "Devotions in the antient way of Offices: with Psalms, Hymns, and Prayers for every day in the week and every holiday in the year," 2nd edition, 2 vols. Rouen (London?), 1672, 8vo. This was a posthumous work edited by Sergeant: the prayers are supposed to have been written by Keightley, a friend of Austin. When or where the first edition was published is unknown. There was an edition at Paris in the year 1675, and a third volume of the work was written, but never published. "An edition," says Butler, was published by the celebrated Dr. Hicks for the use of his Protestant congregation. From the publisher of this edition it was generally known among Protestants as Hicks's Devotions." 6. "A Letter from a Cavalier in Yorkshire to a Friend." Dodd mentions this publication, but without any imprint or notice of its contents. 7." A punctual Answer to Dr. John Tillotson's Book called the Rule of Faith." No imprint mentioned: an unfinished work; only six or seven sheets printed. 8. "The Four Gospels in one." No imprint. "An useful work," says Butler, "deserving to be reprinted and generally read." Besides the publications already mentioned, Austin is said to have written several anonymous pamphlets against the Assembly of Divines at Westminster. (Wood, Athena Oxonienses, Bliss's edition, vol. iii. 149, 150, 1226, 1227; Dodd, Church History of England, vol. iii. 256, 257; Butler, Historical Memoirs respecting the English, Irish, and Scotch Catholics, vol. ii. 330.)

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G.B.

AUSTIN, or AUSTINE, ROBERT, D.D., of whose personal history we are unable to find any particulars, was the author of a quarto pamphlet published at London, in 1644, entitled "Allegiance not Impeached: viz. by the parliament's taking up of arms (though against the king's personall commands) for the just defence of the king's person, crown, and dignity, the laws of the

land, [and] liberty of the subject: yea, they are bound by the words of the oath, and trust reposed in them, to doe it;" in which he attempts to support his argument partly by the oath of allegiance itself, and partly by the principles of nature and law, as laid down by Lord Chancellor Elsmore [Ellesmere] and twelve judges in the case of Robert Calvin, one of the Post-nati, or persons born in Scotland after the accession of James VI. (of Scotland, or James I. of England) to the English throne, but before that country was united with England under the general name of Great Britain, in an action tried to prove whether he was an alien or not. In this curious pamphlet the author's name is written Austine, but in a small catechism published by him in 1647, entitled "The Parliament's Rules and Directions concerning Sacramental Knowledge," it is given Austin. J. T. S. AUSTIN, SAINT. [AUGUSTINE, SAINT.] AUSTIN, REV. SAMUEL, was born at Lostwithiel, in Cornwall, about the year 1606, became a batteller of Exeter College, Oxford, in 1623, took the degree of A.B. in 1627, and that of A.M. in 1630, "about which time," observes Wood, "being numbered with the Levites," he "was beneficed in his own country." While at college he contracted a friendship with Drayton and other young men of poetical talent, and published, in 1629, in a small octavo volume, "Austin's Vrania, or the Heavenly Muse, in a poem full of most feeling meditations for the comfort of all soules at all times." This poem is in two books, which comprise, according to a second title-page, "a true story of man's fall and redemption." The first book is dedicated to Dr. Prideaux, whom Austin styles "the especiall favourer" of his studies; and prefixed to it is an address to his poetical friends Drayton, Browne, and Pollexfen, and to other poets of his time, urging them to devote their talents to sacred subjects. "What other things he hath written or published (besides various copies of verses printed in Latin and English in other books)," observes Wood, "I know not, nor any thing else of him, only that he had a son of both his names," for an account of whom see the next article. (Wood, Athene Oxonienses, ed. Bliss, ii. 499; Fasti Oxonienses, i. 430, 456.) J. T. S. AUSTIN, SAMUEL, the son of the above, was born in Cornwall, about the year 1636; became a commoner of Wadham College, Oxford, in 1652; took the degree of A.B. in 1656, and afterwards went to Cambridge for a time. Wood styles him "a conceited coxcomb," and says that "over-valuing his poetical fancy more than that of Cleveland, who was then accounted by the bravadoes the hectoring prince of poets,' he fell into the hands of the satyrical wits of this university (Oxford), who, having easily got some of his prose and poetry, served him as the wits

did Tho. Coryat in his time," and published them, accompanied by a number of satirical commendatory verses by various hands, under the title of "Naps upon Parnassus; a sleepy Muse nipt and pincht, though not awakened." This little volume, which was printed at London, in 1658, "by express order from the Wits," contains also, in prose, "Two exact Characters, one of a Temporizer, the other of an Antiquarian ;" and it is prefaced by an "Advertisement to the Reader," signed Adoniram Banstittle, alias Tinderbox. Austin himself published, in 1661, "A Panegyric on King Charles II.," in which he promised to publish more poems, in case that should be well received. But what prevented him," observes Wood, "unless death, which happened about the plague year in 1665, I cannot tell." (Wood, Athena Oxonienses, ed. Bliss, ii. 499, iii. 675; Fasti Oxonienses, ii. 192.) J. T. S.

AUSTIN, WILLIAM. [AUSTEN, WILLIAM.] There was likewise à designer and engraver of this name, who was a pupil of George Bickham, and lived in London about the middle of the eighteenth century. He was also drawing-master and printseller: as an engraver his ability was very moderate: he is not noticed by Strutt. He is known for a few landscapes after Vanderneer, Ruysdael, Zuccarelli, and a few others; also for a set of ten prints of views and buildings of Palmyra and of Rome, in ruins and restored, The Ruins of Palmyra, and views of ancient Rome in its original splendour;" and for some political caricatures of the French, which are scarce. (Heineken, Dictionnaire des Artistes, &c.; Huber, Manuel des Amateurs, &c.) R. N. W.

AUSTIN, WILLIAM, of Lincoln's Inn, who died January 16, 1633, at the age of forty-seven, and was buried in the church of St. Mary Overies, Southwark, appears, from a letter addressed to him by Howell in 1628, to have written a poem upon the passion of Christ, which Howell urged him strongly to publish. He did not, however, as far as we can ascertain, publish anything himself, although the following works by him were published after his death:-1. "Certain devout, godly, and learned Meditations" upon the principal fasts and festivals of the Church, published in folio, in 1635 according to Lowndes, or 1637 according to Granger, with an engraved title and portrait of the author, of whose piety it is said the work gives a high idea. 2. "Hæc Homo, wherein the excellency of the creation of woman is described, by way of an essay," published in 1637, in a small volume, with an engraved title containing a portrait of the author, and a portrait of Mrs. Mary Griffith, to whom the book is dedicated. He appears to have borrowed some hints for this work from Cornelius Agrippa "De Nobilitate et Præcellentia Fœminei Sexûs." 3. A note by

Bindley, appended to the last edition of Granger, says that Austin was the author of an English translation, with annotations, of Cicero's "Cato Major, or the Book of Old Age," of which translation a second edition was published at London, in 1671. Granger also states that Austin wrote his own funeral sermon, on Isaiah xxxviii. 12, but does not say whether it was published. (Granger, Biographical History of England, fifth edition, 1824, iii. 143, 144; Howell, Familiar Letters, tenth edition, 1753, pp. 225, 226, or part i. letter cxix.; Lowndes, Bibliographer's Manual, i. 84, 85; Le Neve, Monumenta Anglicana, 1600 to 1649, p. 146.) J. T. S. AUSTIN, WILLIAM, of Gray's Inn, who may possibly have been a son of the preceding, though we find no biographical particulars concerning him, published in 1664, in an octavo volume, dedicated to Charles II. "Atlas under Olympus; an heroick poem," which was followed, in 1666, by a small volume entitled “Επιλοίμια ἔπη; or the Anatomy of the Pestilence, a poem, in three parts, describing the deplorable condition of the city of London under its merciless dominion, 1665; what the plague is, together with the causes of it; as also the prognosticks and most effectual means of safety, both preservative and curative.”

J. T. S. AUSTIN, WILLIAM, M.D., in the early part of his professional life practised medicine at Oxford, where he was so much esteemed both for his skill and for his excellence in private and social life, that, about 1783, when he proposed to leave the university, he was offered 1200l. a year if he would remain; but he declined the offer, and came to London, where he maintained for a short time as high a reputation. In 1786 he was elected physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital; but in 1793, in the midst of a most brilliant and lucrative career of practice, he was cut off by a fever, at the age of forty.

Dr. Austin was eminent among the chemists of his time, and occupied himself in endeavours to analyze some of the gases, which, under the influence of Lavoisier and Priestley, were then favourite subjects of chemical inquiry. On these he published two papers in the "Philosophical Transactions:" namely, "Experiments on the formation of volatile Alkali, and the affinities of the phlogisticated and light inflammable Airs" (nitrogen and hydrogen), in the 78th volume, 1788, p. 379; and Experiments on the Analysis of the heavy inflammable Air" (carburetted hydrogen), in the 80th volume, 1790, p. 51. A more important work was his "Treatise on the Origin and Component Parts of the Stone in the Urinary Bladder," London, 1791, 8vo. This contains the substance of the Gulstonian lectures delivered at the College of Physicians in the preceding

year, and was one of the first attempts to discriminate the several kinds of urinary calculi. The attempt failed through want of accuracy and variety of chemical analysis, for the calculi were chiefly tested by the rough application of heat and alkalis; and not less through the opinion which Dr. Austin entertained, that calculi were formed almost exclusively from the hardened mucus of the urinary passages. The facts which led him to this conclusion were those which proved that many calculi are formed, from the first, in the urinary bladder, and that others are enlarged in the bladder by the addition of substances which do not appear to be derived from the urine; and for collecting and very clearly describing facts of this kind he deserves the credit of having given the first medical account of the phosphate of lime calculi, and of having first insisted upon the necessity of attending, in the treatment of stone, as much to the state of the bladder as to that of the urine. But he erred in supposing that mucus is the chief, and urine only a subordinate, source of the materials of which calculi in general are formed; and the facility with which his error was disproved prevented his truths from attracting the attention which they deserved. (Gentleman's Magazine, vol. Ixiii. 1793; Journal of St. Bartholomew's Hospital; Austin, Works.)

J. P.

AUSTINE, ROBERT. [AUSTIN, ROBERT.]

AUSTRIUS, SEBASTIAN, a physician who lived in the sixteenth century, and published books at Strassburg and Basle. His first work was on the preservation of health, and was published in 8vo. at Strassburg in 1538, with the title "De secunda Valetudine tuenda in Pauli Æginetæ librum explanatio." He published another at Basle, in 1640, on the diseases of children and infants, with the title "De Infantium sive Puerorum, morborum et symptomatum dignotione et curatione liber," 8vo. It was republished again at Lyon with a different title, in 32mo., in 1549. It consists principally of a selection of remarks on the diseases of young persons, from Greek, Latin, and Arabian writers. (Adelung, Supplement to Jöcher, Allgem. Gelehrten-Lexicon.) E. L.

AUTELLI, JA'COPO, an Italian mosaicworker of the seventeenth century. He was musaicista to the Grand-Duke of Tuscany; and there is, says Lanzi, in the imperial gallery of Florence a curious mosaic (what the subject is he does not say), upon which Autelli worked sixteen years, from 1633 till 1649, though with many assistants, and Poccetti and Ligozzi had worked upon it before him. It is octagonal, with a design in the centre and a frieze all round it. The central design is by Poccetti, the frieze by Ligozzi; the other designs are by Autelli. (Lanzi, Storia Pittorica, &c.)

R. N. W.