lation, but which, nevertheless, contained some pieces which had not before appeared in the French language, as the abridged history of the kings of Persia after Mirkhond, which Davity translated from Texeira." Some accounts make the volume published in 1626 to have been a first edition of the whole work; we believe we have described it more correctly as the first volume only; apparently the second was in the press at the time of the author's death. 8. "Origines de tous les Ordres Militaires et de Chevalerie de toute la Chrétienté, par le Sieur T. V. Y. A." fol. Paris, 1635. We believe this to have formed part of his great work just mentioned, and, | from the date, it was probably the part that was in the press at the time of his death. It was included, says Fevret de Fontette, in some of the subsequent editions of that work. (La Vie de Pierre Davity, in the first vol. of Rocoles' edition of D'Avity's great work Le Monde, ou La Description Générale, &c. 1660; Le Long, Bibliothèque Historique de la France, ed. Fevret de Fontelle; Catalogue des Livres Imprimés de la Bibliothèque du Roy (Belles Lettres), Paris, 1750; Biographie Universelle, "Davity, Pierre;" D'Avity, Works.) J. C. M. AVOGA'DRÓ, ALBERTO, a native of Vercelli, lived in the first half of the fifteenth century, and was a dependant of the Florentine chief, Cosmo de' Medici. He celebrated the churches and other edifices erected by his patron, in a rude and inelegant Latin poem of two books, in elegiac verse, which was not printed till it appeared in the twelfth volume of Lami's "Delicia Eruditorum," 17361744. (Mazzuchelli, Scrittori d'Italia.) W. S. AVOGA’DRO, CAMILLO, a Milanese of noble birth, published a small volume of Latin poems on the canonization of San Carlo Borromeo, Milan, 1611, 4to., and an Oration, "De Studio Literario, præcipuè in artibus liberalibus, restaurando," Milan, undated. Some of his Latin poems are in the sixth book of the Epigrams of Ignazio Albani. Avogadro died in 1617.

There was an earlier Camillo Avogadro, or "Camillus Advocatus," who was a native of Brescia. To him, and to his father Matteo Avogadro, Marius Nizolius acknowledges himself to have been much indebted in the preparation of his "Lexicon Ciceronianum," which was first published in 1535. (Argellati, Bibliotheca Scriptorum Mediolanensium, i. 4, ii. 1931; Mazzuchelli, Scrittori d'Italia.) W. S. AVOGA'DRO, FAUSTINO. [AVOGADRO, LUCIA.]

AVOGA'DRO, GIRO'LAMO, a native of Brescia, was the son of Ambrogio Avogadro, who distinguished himself both as a jurist and as a patriotic citizen in the first half of the fifteenth century. Girolamo is known only for an early edition of Vitruvius, which is ascribed to him, under his Latinized name

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of "Hieronymus Advocatus," by Cardinal Quirini. The assertion is made on the strength of some complimentary expressions contained in a letter addressed to Avogadro, in 1486, by the philologer Joannes or Angelus Britannicus, whom he patronized. No one has ever seen this edition; and it is now quite certain that it does not exist. The utmost possible extent of Avogadro's services to Vitruvius is, that he may in some way have assisted in the preparation of the Editio Princeps, edited by Joannes Sulpicius, and published at Rome in or soon after 1480: but even this is merely matter of conjecture. Britannicus, throughout the whole letter, exaggerates so grossly the merits of his rich and liberal patron, that he is likely enough to have derived from something very trifling his vague assertion, that it was owing to Avogadro that a complete and accurate text of Vitruvius was now in the hands of every one. (Mazzuchelli, Scrittori d'Italia; Fabricius, Bibliotheca Latina, ed. Ernesti, i. 484.) W. S.

AVOGA'DRO, GIUSEPPE, Count of Casanova, was born at Vercelli in 1731, of an ancient family. He lived the life of a country gentleman, and published several treatises on topics of rural economy, of which the most recent appeared in 1810. The principal of them are, a treatise on the cultivation and irrigation of meadows, Vercelli, 1783, 8vo.; and another on the cultivation of flax, Vercelli, 1786, 8vo. Count Avogadro was made chamberlain of the king of Sardinia: he was governor of the department of Vercelli during the occupation of Piedmont by the French; and he received further honours under the empire. He died at Vercelli in 1813. (Biographie Universelle, Supplement.) W. S.

AVOGADRO, LUCIA, an Italian poetess of the sixteenth century, was born at Bergamo. She was a daughter of the Cavalier Giovanni Girolamo Albano, who afterwards became a cardinal. She married the Cavalier Faustino Avogadro of Brescia, a gentleman whose name has found its way into the list of modern Latin poets through this whimsical mistake, that he has been said to be the author of a poem celebrating his own memory. The poem, addressed to his widow, and entitled "Epicedium Faustini Advocati Equitis ad Luciam Albanam conjugem," is in Gruter's "Delicia Italorum Poetarum," part i. pp. 1-4. It was really written by Giannantonio Taglietti. Lucia's husband died at Ferrara, in 1568; and she herself is supposed not to have survived the end of that year. She is praised by the obscure poet Arnigio, and by a more illustrious friend, Torquato Tasso. Her only poetical remains are a few verses, in two collections of her own times; Ruscelli's "Rime di diversi eccellenti Autori Bresciani," Venice, 1553, 1554, 8vo. ; and the "Rime in morte d' Irene da Spilimbergo," 1561. From the latter of

nets du divin Pétrarque, avec quelques autres poésies de l'invention de l'auteur," Paris, 8vo. 1584. 5. "Des Quatrains de la vie et de la mort," Paris. (Adelung, Supplement to Jöcher, Allg. Gelehrten-Lexicon; Abbé Goujet, Biblioth. Franc. vol. vii. p. 318; De Percel, Biblioth des Romans, vol. ii., p. 13; Biographie Universelle.) A. H.

AVRIGNY, CHARLES-JOSEPH LŒILLARD D', was born in the island of Martinique, about the year 1760. He was sent at an early age to France, and received his education at Montpellier; but whether with a view to any profession is uncertain. A circumstance which occurred to him in his eighteenth year in all likelihood determined the course of his future life. He wrote a poem "On the Prayer of Patroclus to Achilles," the subject for that year of the annual prize of the French Academy. For some reason not exactly known, no successful candidate was named; but the Academy, in their report, declared D'Avrigny's verses worthy of honourable mention.

Not long afterwards D'Avrigny removed to Paris, where he married Mademoiselle Regnault, at that time one of the most admired singers of the Opéra Comique; and this connection induced him to attempt dramatic composition. The French revolution soon broke out, but, in spite of its horrors, the theatres of Paris were as crowded as before. D'Avrigny wrote operas for the establishment to which his wife belonged, and vaudevilles for the minor theatres; occasionally diversifying these labours by the composition of hymns and odes for the republican festivals of the period. In 1801 he contributed to Michaud's work on Mysore the sketch which it contains of the origin and progress of British power in India, an elegant and vigorous essay, which has led French critics to regret that he did not turn his attention exclusively to history. His dramatic pieces were tolerably successful, but have long ceased to be acted; only one of them was ever printed, a little afterpiece called "La Lettre" (Paris, 1795), which it is said the old playgoers of Paris still remember with pleasure.

Under the empire, D'Avrigny, besides being a censor of the press, held a high and lucrative appointment in the bureau of the minister of marine. Poetry was now no longer the business of his life, but he continued to cultivate it as the amusement of his leisure hours. In 1807 he published "Le Départ de la Peyrouse, ou la Navigation moderne," a poem which the "Biographie Universelle" strangely praises as a happy imitation of Cicero's "Dream of Scipio," in his "Tusculans." Avrigny wrote also, with the assiduity of a self-constituted laureate, triumphal odes on the victories of Napoleon; and he began an epic on the conquest of Mexico by Cortes, of which only a single

episode entitled "Marina" was completed. All these are contained in his "Poésies Nationales" (Paris, 1812), to which he prefixed the motto of "Celebrare domestica facta."

At the Restoration D'Avrigny lost his situation in the marine, and his censorship was limited to the revision of dramatic pieces, a task which he performed with great delicacy and to the satisfaction of the irritable class with which he had to deal. On the 4th of July, 1819, he appeared once more in the literary world, as the author of " Jeanne d'Arc à Rouen," a tragedy, which was performed with great applause at the Théâtre Français. In the course of the following year he was made chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Subsequently, on several occasions, he struggled to be made a member of the Academy, but he never obtained this distinction. D'Avrigny died of apoplexy, on the 17th of September, 1823. (Encyclopédie des Gens du Monde; Biographie des Contemporains; Biographie Universelle; Quérard, La France Littéraire.) G. B.

AVRIGNY, HYACINTHE ROBILLARD D', a French Jesuit, was born at Caen, in the year 1675. He took the vows of his order in 1691, studied in a college of Jesuits, and became at length professor of the "Humanities," in what college is not clear, but probably at Alençon. His constitution, naturally delicate, suffered from the severe duties of his professorship; and, by command of his superiors, he exchanged this office for the post of procurator of the college. Besides a care for his health, his superiors were perhaps actuated by an additional and more powerful motive in withdrawing him from his professorship. With the sagacity of members of their order, they discerned in him at this time those mental qualities which he afterwards displayed in his writings. A spirit of fearless investigation and a judgment which disdained the shackles of ecclesiastical authority were never much admired by the Jesuits in any man, and least of all in an instructor of youth. D'Avrigny's new office was less dignified than his professorship, but, being almost a sinecure, left the greater part of his time at his own disposal. His favourite study was history, both ecclesiastical and civil; and the fruit of his leisure exists in two works, which, although published, have not come down to us unimpaired from the hand of their author. The titles of these are-1. "Mémoires chronologiques et dogmatiques pour servir à l'Histoire ecclésiastique, depuis 1600 jusqu'en 1716, avec des Réflexions et des Remarques critiques," 4 vols. 12mo.; without the name of the author, and without imprint, but first printed at Paris, in the year 1720. Reprinted at Lyon and Rouen, and a second edition printed in 1739. 2." Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire universelle de l'Europe, depuis 1600 jusqu'en 1716," 4 vols. (Amsterdam or Paris),

1725, 12mo.; Paris, 1731, 12mo.; a new edition, with additions and corrections by Father Griffet, 5 vols. Paris, 1757, 12mo. Neither of these works was published during the life of the author. Of the former it is said that upon its completion he lent the MS. to a friend, a member of his own order, who, finding in it some startling revelations respecting the Jesuits, immediately submitted it to the inspection of his superiors, who resolved that it could not be printed without much suppression and alteration, and Father Lallemant was ordered to revise and prepare it for the press. The expression of their opinion was conveyed to D'Avrigny, as it may be supposed, in no very mild or measured terms; and, with a frame already attenuated by sickness, the mortification which he experienced hurried him to his grave. He died either at Quimper or Alençon, in the year 1719.

D'Avrigny's reputation as an historian is deservedly high. His works, even mutilated as we possess them, are evidently the productions of a cultivated and vigorous mind. Impartiality and candour are apparent throughout; they abound in curious anecdotes and philosophical reflections; the narrative is well sustained, and the author's style not without grace. It is much to be regretted that a century and sixteen years of civil and ecclesiastical history, from the pen of an author evidently competent for his task, should not have escaped the scissors of his ecclesiastical censor. Of the "Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire universelle," which underwent the same revision as the ecclesiastical memoirs, the Abbé Artigny assures us that the original MS. contained a complete narrative of the mysteries of the War of the Succession, in which the French were so shamefully beaten; besides many other curious revelations which are not in the printed work. It may be mentioned also that the work as we possess it justifies the cruelties exercised towards the Protestants of the Palatinate, although the author himself really stigmatized them as opposed to the spirit of Christianity. Notwithstanding the mutilated shape in which they were published, the ecclesiastical memoirs were condemned three several times: first, at Rome, by a decree dated the 2nd of September, 1727; afterwards, in a pastoral letter of M. de Tourouvre, Bishop of Rodez, on the 19th of June, 1728; and finally, in the "Assertions Dangereuses" of the parliament of Paris, in 1762. (Moréri, Dictionnaire Historique; Gachet d'Artigny, Nouveaux Mémoires d'Histoire, de Critique, et de Littérature, vol. i. 463-465; Le Long, Bibliothèque Historique, vol. i. 329, vol. ii. 612; Biographie Universelle.)

G. B. AVRIL, JEAN, Sieur de la Roche, and Prior of Corzé, a French poet of the sixteenth century, was a native of Pont-de-Cey, near Angers. His only publications were

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some occasional verses, among which were Regrets sur la Rupture de la Paix, l'an 1568," and "Ode sur les Victoires obtenues par Monseigneur le Duc d'Anjou," both of which were printed together in 1570. In 1578 he published also "Le Bienveignement à Monseigneur entrant en Anjou," a poem intended as a welcome to the Duke of Anjou, whom he had probably secured as a patron. Avril translated from the Latin into French verse the first two books of the "Zodiac" of Manzoli; but the success of Scévole de SainteMarthe's imitations of that writer deterred Avril from making his performance public. La Croix du Maine tells us that Avril was living at Angers at the time he wrote, 1584; and nothing further is known of his history. (La Croix du Maine and Du Verdier, Bibliothèques Françoises, ed. Juvigny, i. 445.)

J. W.

AVRIL, JEAN JACQUES, the name of two distinguished French engravers, father and son.

The elder was born at Paris in 1744, according to Joubert; Brulliot says 1736, probably from Huber; but as Avril died as recently as 1832, the later date, 1744, is more probably correct.

He studied originally architecture, but decided eventually upon engraving, and became the pupil of J. G. Wille. His works amount to five hundred and forty, and many of them are of large dimensions: they are executed with great taste and technical skill, and his subjects are well chosen. They are marked with his name or initials.

Among his best plates are the following, of ten after Lebarbier:-the Horatii and Curiatii, Penelope and Ulysses, Coriolanus and Veturia, Lycurgus, Virginia and Icilius, and Cincinnatus receiving the ambassadors of Rome; the last two were exhibited in the Louvre in 1804. Also the following, after other masters:-four marine landscapes after J. Vernet; Ste. Geneviève, after C. Vanloo; the Taking of Courtray, after Vandermeulen; the Passage of the Rhine, after Berghem; the family of Darius, and the Death of Meleager, after Le Brun; the Raising of Lazarus, after Le Sueur; the Journey, in 1787, of Catherine II. of Russia, and the Accession of Alexander I., after Demeys, ordered by the Emperor Alexander I.; besides many after Rubens, N. Poussin, Albani, and others, several of which were for the Musée of Robillard and Sauveur.

Avril was a member of the French Academy of Painting, &c.; his reception-piece was a plate of Study attempting to stay Time, after Menageot; the same piece was also Menageot's reception-picture into the Academy.

The younger Avril was born at Paris, according to Gabet, in 1771, and was the pupil of his father. He obtained, in 1804, the second great prize given by the National Institute, for line engraving; and he has en