AXTMANN, LEOPOLD, a clever animal-painter born at Fulneck, in Mähren (Moravia), in Austria, in 1700. He was the pupil of John George Hamilton at Vienna, and rivalled that painter in reputation. Axtmann settled in Prague, and died there in 1748. He excelled in painting dogs and horses, and there are, according to Dlabacz, several good pictures by him in Bohemia.

nus Crusius, Oratio de vita et meritis Petri | gern Frau die Frucht abzutreiben?” 12mo. Axenii, Kiel, 1718, 4to.; J. Lass, Husumsche (Biog. Medicale; Axt, Works, except the Nachrichten, 1757; Jöcher, Allgem. Gelehrten- last.) E. L. Lexicon, and Adelung's Supplement; Ersch and Gruber, Allgem. Encyclopädie.) A. H. AXIA or AXSIA Gens, was Plebeian. The name Naso appears on the obverse of some medals, and the name Axius, which is on the reverse, is written AXSIVs, according to the old fashion, like MAXSVMVS and ALEXSANDRIA, which often occur on coins, though in the printed books we find only the x without the s. On the letter X, see" Penny Cyclopædia," article X. (Rasche, Lexicon Rei Numaria.) G. L. AXIONICUS ('Ağióvikos), an Athenian writer, who belonged to the middle comedy. A few fragments of his plays are preserved in Athenæus (iv. 166, vi. 244, &c., ed. Casaub.); they are easily found by the aid of the index in Dindorf's edition. G. L. AXMANN, ANTON. [AXTMANN, LEOPOLD.]

AXSIA GENS. [AXIA GENS.]

AXT, FRIEDRICH SAMUEL, was born at Stadt-Ilm, in 1684; was appointed to the office of Cantor, at Berlin, in 1713; and afterwards held that situation at Königsee. He died at Frankenhausen, in 1745. He published a work called "Annus Musicus." (Gerber, Lexicon der Tonkünstler.) E. T. A'XTIUS or AXT, JOHANN CONRAD, lived at Armstadt in Thuringia. He studied medicine at Helmstädt, and graduated there in 1670. His inaugural dissertation was on the operation of paracentesis in dropsy, and was entitled "Dissertatio Inauguralis de Paracentesi in Hydrope," Helmstädt, 4to. 1670. In 1679 he published a work in 12mo., at Jena, entitled "Tractatus de Arboribus Coniferis," in which he treats generally on the properties of the coniferous tribe of plants, of their secretions, as resin and turpentine, and the mode of obtaining them. To this he added some observations on the action of antimony, entitled "Epistola ad Amicum de Antimonio." In illustrating his subject, he asserted in this letter that Guy Patin had attempted to poison his son with antimony; but this, it appears, was founded on a mistake, and the Faculty of Medicine of Jena obliged him to suppress that part of his work which related to Patin in subsequent editions. He also published in the same year, at Jena, a work entitled Dialogus de Partu Semestri," 12mo. In this essay he points out the fact that children born at the end of seven months' utero-gestation might live, but that they were always weakly. He was right in the first point; but the weakness of such children is not always a consequence. In 1681 he published a work at Jena, entitled "Abortus in Morbis Acutis lethalis, oder Frage ob einem Christlichen Medico Zugelassen, bey einer schwan

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Jäck mentions an ANTON AXMANN, evidently the same name, who painted, in 1735, a picture in honour of St. Catherine on the ceiling of the parish church of a place called Zentbechofen. (Dlabacz, Historisches Künstler-Lexicon für Böhmen, &c.; Jäck, Leben und Werke der Künstler Bambergs.) R. N. W. AXULAR, PIERRE, was born in GasCony, but of Biscayan parentage. He embraced the clerical profession, and became at the age of thirty curate or parish-priest of Sare, a small French town on the border-line between Guipuzcoa and the former French province of Labourd, which, together with French Navarre and Soule, constituted, before the French revolution, the "Pays Basques" of France. After devoting several years exclusively to the study of the Basque language, he published a work entitled " Gueroko Gueró (literally “ After for after”), aut de non procrastinandâ Pœnitentiâ," Bordeaux, small 8vo., 1642, which is considered the most remarkable that has ever been written in that language. "It is singular,” says M. Chaho, " that Axular, putting carefully aside all questions of Catholic mythology or faith, should have composed a mere treatise on universal ethics, referring by turns to St. Augustine and Plato, Ovid and the Bible, Jesus Christ and Sesostris. His style is original, rich, varied, and picturesque, but his phrases are ill-trimmed and inharmonious." The book is divided into fifty chapters, and is dedicated to the memory of Bertrand d'Etchaüz, Archbishop of Tours, the last male heir of a branch of the blood-royal of Navarre.

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Axular mingled in his writings all the various Basque dialects, and did not, it is said, reject with sufficient care the use of those Romance corruptions which have crept into the antique Iberian language. He was, however, like all educated Basques, an ardent admirer of his native tongue. "One would say," he writes, in a passage which forms the epigraph of the "Etudes Grammaticales," hereafter referred to, "that all human languages have grown confounded and mixed with one another, whilst the Eskuara still preserves its pristine originality and purity."

With the exception of Oyhénart, Axular appears to be the only great writer in the

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original Basque. Nothing is known of his strategy, and the third exclusively to martial life, except that two of the persons whose law; but in the first, as Mr. Hallam obapproval is annexed to his work call him a serves, he "aspires to lay down great prinman most celebrated," and "of great re- ciples of public ethics." That these hownown." Larramendi, who wrote a century ever are not of a very enlightened character later, calls him the "celebrated Don Pedro is evident from the opening sentence of his de Axular," and says of the book that "it book, in which he praises the Romans for is in the hands of many Basques, and should never having entered on an unjust war, an be in those of all; and would to God that he opinion which, if he was well acquainted had given to light the second part which he with Roman history, must be taken as evipromises at the beginning to the reader!" dence of a singular obliquity of judgment. The work is now very rare, scarcely to be Mr. Hallam himself quotes a passage in which met with out of the Basque provinces on Ayala, though a layman, a lawyer, and a either side of the Pyrenees, but there it re-judge-advocate," asserts the absolute right tains all its popularity, "We have often," says M. d'Abbadie, "seen simple labourers, after the fatigues of the day, take an enthusiastic delight in the pages of Pierre Axular." (Larramendi, Diccionario Trilingue del Castillano, Bascuence, y Latin, fol. San Sebastian, 1745; Chaho, Voyage en Navarre, Paris, 1836; D'Abbadie and Chaho, Etudes Grammaticales sur la Langue Euskarienne, Paris, 1836.) J. M. L.

AYA'LA, BALTHASAR DE, was born at Antwerp about 1548. His father, Diego de Ayala, lord of Voordestein, a Spaniard, married in the Low Countries Agnes de Renialme, and had by her eleven sons and eight daughters. Balthasar was cousingerman of Gabriel Ayala, the physician. He studied law at Louvain, where he also made himself well acquainted with Roman history, and on leaving the university with the degree of licentiate, he obtained the post of "Oidor General," supreme judge, or, as it would be called in English, judge-advocate of the troops of Philip II. in the United Provinces. He was rewarded for his merits with the title of councillor of the parliament of Mechlin, and appeared on the road to higher dignities, when he was carried off by death, at the age of thirty-six, at Alost, on the 16th of August, 1584 (not on the 1st of September, as stated by Foppens).

The only published work by Ayala is his treatise "De jure et officiis bellicis et disciplina militari libri tres," first issued in 8vo., at Douay, in 1582; again at Antwerp, in 1597; and a third time at Louvain, in 1648, with the treatise of Martin Landensis, "De Bello." All the editions are scarce, and all three are in the Bodleian Library. This treatise was not in high estimation: Grotius alludes to it slightingly, and Ompteda, in his "Litteratur des Völkerrechts," drily observes, "the work is rare, but may easily be dispensed with." Recently, however, Mr. Hallam has called attention to it, as the first book, so far as he is aware, "that systematically reduced the practice of nations in the conduct of war to legitimate rules," a merit that has been generally ascribed to Albericus Gentilis, whose treatise "De Jure Belli" was published in 1589. The second division of Ayala's treatise relates to politics and

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of the pope to depose princes. Ayala had
also written a treatise of temporary politics,
"De Pace, on the impolicy of con-
cluding peace, in 1597, a year before the
treaty of Vervins. It is mentioned with
scanty commendation in a letter by Justus
Lipsius to the author's brother Philip de
Ayala, who was afterwards ambassador from
Philip II. to Henry IV. of France, and died
in 1619. (N. Antonius, Bibliotheca Hispana
Nova, edit. of 1788, i. 181; Foppens, Bib-
liotheca Belgica (which contains a portrait of
Ayala), i. 121; Paquot, Histoire Litter aire
des Pays Bas, i. 247; Hallam, Literature of
Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seven-
teenth Centuries, ii. 125-244; Ompteda,
Litteratur des Völkerrechts, i. 169, ii. 615;
Ayala, De Jure Belli.)
T. W.

AYA'LA, BERNABE DE, a Spanish painter of Seville, of the seventeenth century. He was the scholar of Zurbaran, whom he closely imitated, and with considerable success in colouring and in the style of his draperies. There are an Assumption of the Virgin, and some other works by Ayala, in the church of S. Juan de Dios at Seville, much in the style of Zurbaran. He was one of the founders of the Academy of Seville in 1660, and was connected with it until 1671, in which year, or in the year following, he probably died.

There were two sculptors of Murcia, brothers, of this name, of the latter part of the sixteenth century: FRANCISCO and DIEGO DE AYALA. Francisco studied at Toledo with Pedro Martinez de Castañeda, and, soon after his return to his native place, he acquired the reputation of being the best sculptor of Murcia. He made the great altar of the parochial church of Jumilla, in which he was assisted by his brother Diego. The two bas-reliefs of this altar, representing the Assumption and St. Iago, executed by Francisco, are works of great merit. Francisco also completed in 1586 the altar of the parochial church of Andilla in Valencia, which was commenced by Josef Gonzalez, but was interrupted by his death in 1584. (Cean Bermudez, Diccionario Historico, &c.) R. N. W.

AYA'LA, DIEGO LOPEZ DE, a canon of Toledo in the sixteenth century, is only

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known as the author of two translations from them. In 1725 Ayala published anonythe Italian into Spanish. One, which is mously an account of the obsequies of the anonymous," El Laberinto de Amor," 1553, same prince, whose birth he had thus cele4to., is from the Philocopo" of Boc- brated; 2. "Relacion de las Reales Exequias caccio, itself a version of the well-known que se celebraron por el Señor D. Luis Pritale of Floris and Blancheflor [ASSENEDE]: mero, Rey de España,” Madrid, 1725, 4to. the other is from the " Arcadia" of Sanna- He was also the author of-3, a similar zarius, Toledo, 1547, 4to. The passages "Relacion de las Exequias," Madrid, 1725, which are in verse in the original of the 4to., of his patron Don Juan Manuel Fer"Arcadia" are given in verse in this trans- nandez Pacheco, Marquis of Villena, the first lation from the pen of Diego Salazar. The director of the Spanish academy, which had prose of Ayala is elegant and correct. (N. been founded by Philip V., in imitation of Antonius, Bibliotheca Hispana Nova, edit. the French. 4. Demonstracion historica of 1788, i. 295.) T. W. del religioso Estado de S. Pedro Pascual," AYA'LA, GABRIEL, was born at Ant- Madrid, 1721, 4to., a controversial work on werp at the commencement of the sixteenth the Life of St. Pedro Pascual, in opposition century. His father's name was Gregory to Ferreras, the historian of Spain, which had Ayala, and he belonged to a family of the unusual effect of inducing his candid antaSpanish extraction. Gabriel studied at Lou-gonist to confess himself in the wrong. 5. “Vavain, and took the degree of Doctor of Medicine there in 1556. He then established himself in Brussels, and in the course of a short time was appointed Medicin pensionnaire of that city. He practised his profession with great success, and published at different times Latin verses on medical subjects. These were collected and published at Antwerp in 1562, with the title "Carmen pro vera Medicina ad eundem de Lue pestilenti, elegiarum liber unus," 4to. At the same time and place he also published a collection of epigrams, entitled "Popularia Epigrammata medica," 4to. These epigrams are anything but epigrammatic, of which the author seems to have been fully aware, if we may judge from the following preface:

"Qui nos esse minus breves queratur,
Nec satis pro Epigrammatis facetos;
Attendat, medica esse quæ hic canuntur,
Et Galenica non Catulliana."

(Eloy, Dict. Hist. de la Médecine; Ayala,
Works.)
E. L.
AYA'LA, JUAN INTERIAN DE, or in
Latin JOANNES INTERAMNENSIS
AJALEUS, a writer both in Spanish and
Latin, was born in Spain about the year 1656.
He entered the order of the Virgin Mary for
the Redemption of Captives, and was for
some time professor of the Hebrew language,
and afterwards of theology, at the university
of Salamanca: he had retired with a pension,
and was residing at Madrid at the time of his
death, on the 20th of October, 1730, at the
age of seventy-four.

The works of Ayala in Spanish, are-1. "Relacion de las Demonstraciones de accion de Gracias que celebrò la Universidad de Salamanca por el nacímiento del Principe Luis" ("An Account of the Rejoicings at the University of Salamanca on the Birth of Prince Louis, the Son of Philip V., during the war of the Succession"), Salamanca, 1707, 4to. Mayans y Siscar, who praises the work, adds that Ayala was the real author of several orations and poems to be found in it, with the names of other writers attached to

rios Sermones predicados en diversas ocasiones," 2 vols. Madrid, 1720-22, 4to., a collection of sermons of no extraordinary merit. On the whole his best production in Spanish was (6) his translation of Cardinal Fleury's "Historical Catechism, containing an abridgment of Sacred History and the Christian Doctrine," first privately printed at the expense of Don Juan Pacheco, at whose request the translation was made, and reprinted and published at Valencia in 1728, at the desire of Mayans. It is spoken of with high commendation for the purity of its Castilian style. Ayala edited, in 1727, the translation and exposition of the first Psalm by Luis de Leon, and added a preface of his own.

The best works of Ayala are in Latin :7. "Humaniores atque Amoniores ad Musas Excursus, sive Opuscula Poetica," Madrid, 1723, 8vo. In hendecasyllabic verse Ayala possessed a remarkable talent, and some of his poems in this collection have a grace and elegance which few Latin poets of the eighteenth century could rival. 8." Pictor Christianus eruditus" ("The Learned Christian Painter, or a Treatise on the Errors which are often committed in the representation of sacred personages, both in sculpture and painting"), Madrid, 1730, fol. The subject of the work is curious; the execution displays both learning and taste. The French have two works of the same kind, one by Méry, in 1765, and the other by Molé, in 1771, both of a date much subsequent to Ayala's, of whose labours they probably availed themselves.

Ayala is now however best known by the part he bears in the entertaining collection of the letters of Emmanuel Marti, dean of Alicant, which was published during Marti's lifetime by Mayans y Siscar, and in the still more entertaining biography of Marti by the indefatigable Mayans, prefixed to the letters. By this work we are agreeably introduced to a little knot of learned Spaniards, who, during the first quarter of the eighteenth century kept alive in the Peninsula the love

served a fourth king of Castile, Henry III., son of John I., in whose reign he died, in the year 1407, at the age of seventy-five, at Calahorra. He held for some time the office of Chanciller Mayor, or High Chancellor.

and taste for classical studies, daily complaining at the same time of the ignorance and indifference they saw around them. The letters between Marti and Ayala occupy the sixth book of the collection, and are full of the high-flown compliments then so cus- Fernan Perez de Guzman, who is the oritomary between scholars. In a letter to ginal authority for most of the facts relating his friend Borrull, in the third book, we find to the life of Ayala, states that "he was very Marti however complaining of the loquacity fond of the sciences, and gave himself much of Ayala, his incessant recitations from to books and history, so that although he was Martial and his own compositions, and a a good knight enough and of great discretion want of that "gravity "in his deportment in the ways of the world, he was naturally which Spaniards are so seldom deficient in. inclined to the sciences, and passed much of Mayans, who in his "Specimen" gives us his time in reading and study, not in works the information that the "N." of the third of law, but philosophy and history. Through book thus spoken of is the "Ajalæus" of him (por causa del)," he adds, "some books the sixth, is himself not very consistent are known in Castile that were not so before, in the style in which he alludes to Ayala such as Titus Livy, which is the most notable in his different works, the "Specimen," history of Rome, the Falls of Princes, the the "Vita Martini," and the 66 Episto- Morals of St. Gregory, Isidore 'De summo larum Libri VI.," from which this notice bono,' Boethius, and the history of Troy. He is chiefly derived. Some agreeable Latin drew up the history of Castile from Don poems by Ayala are inserted in the letters of Peter up to Don Henry III., and he made Marti. (Maiansii Epistolarum Libri VI., a good book on hawking, for he was a great edit. of 1737, pp. 286-290, &c.; Majansius, hunter, and another book called 'Rhymes of Specimen Bibliotheca Hispano-Majansiana, the Palace' (Rimado del Palacio)." This p. 155-157; Martinus, Epistolarum Libri passage in Guzman has proved a fruitful subXII. lib. vi. &c.) T. W. ject of commentary to the investigators of the AYA'LA, PEDRO LOPEZ DE, the literary antiquities of Spain, among others to most popular of Spanish chroniclers, was the Nicolas Antonio, his annotator Bayer, and Sanson of Fernando Perez de Ayala, adelantado chez,whose remarks we shall endeavour to conof the kingdom of Murcia, and was born in dense. 1. The translation of Livy was made 1332. He was early a favourite of Pedro, at the express command of King Henry III. or Peter the Cruel, King of Castile, but and was taken not from the original, but from passed over to the party of Don Henry of the French version of Pierre Le Berceur or Trastamarre, the illegitimate brother of Peter, Berchorius. The version of Ayala was printed who revolted against that prince, and drove without his name, at Salamanca, in 1497, in him from Castile. When Peter returned, folio, and again at Cologne in 1552 or 1553. accompanied by an English army under the 2. "La Caida de Principes," a translation of command of Edward the Black Prince, and Boccaccio's work on the Fall of Princes, was defeated Don Henry at the battle of Najera, first printed at Seville in 1495, in folio, and a on Saturday the 3rd of April, 1367, Ayala second time at Alcala de Henares, in 1552, was present on Henry's side. He tells us in of the same size. Only a portion of it is due his own chronicle that he fought on foot in to Ayala, the remainder is by Garcia de the vanguard, and, bore the banner of the Santa Maria, dean of Compostella. 3, 4, 5, Vanda, a brotherhood of knights, and in the and 6. The "St. Gregory," the "Isidore," list of the names of the captives he gives his and the "Boethius," appear to be still latent own. He was carried to England, where he in manuscript, if in existence; and the "Hiswas kept in chains in a dark dungeon, the tory of Troy" can only be conjectured to be horrors of which he describes in his poems. a versified translation of Ægidius de Columna At length he was released by the payment of on that subject, of which there is a copy at a large ransom, and, on his return to Castile, the Escurial, or another in prose, which is became one of the council of Don Henry, extant at the royal library of Madrid, both in who, by the assistance of Bertrand Duguesclin manuscript. 7. "The History of Castile' and a French army, had finally triumphed is considered the best of the old Spanish over his legitimate brother. In the reign chronicles. The most complete edition of it of Don John the First, the son of Henry, is that entitled "Cronicas de los Reyes de he was no less in favour, and accompanied Castilla, Don Pedro, Don Enrique II., Don that king in his expedition to take possession Juan I., Don Enrique III.," with the emenof Portugal, when the Master of Avis, the dations of Zurita and the corrections and illegitimate son of King Peter the Severe, laid notes of Don Eugenio de Llaguno Amirola, claim to the crown, and, with an inferior 2 vols. 4to. Madrid, 1779, 8vo. It forms force, totally defeated the Castilians in the the first two volumes of seven of a collecbattle of Aljubarota, on the 14th of August, tion of Castilian chronicles, which it is much 1385. On this occasion also Lopez de Ayala to be regretted was carried no further. had the misfortune to be taken prisoner. He | There was to be a third volume of Ayala, to

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