(

left also many other works in manuscript, which were in the possession of his descendant R. Chajim David Azulai, among which were a commentary on the Scriptures and another on the Mishna. (De Rossi, Dizion. Storic. degl. Autor. Ebrei, i. 59; Wolfius, Biblioth. Hebr. i. 88, 89, iii. 53, 54, iv. 766, 767; Bartoloccius, Biblioth. Mag. Rabb. i. 15; Acta Eruditor. Lipsiæ, 1687, pp. 8890; Kabbala Denudata, ii. p. ii. 145-186; J. C. Wagenseilius, Sota, p. 1233.) C. P. H. AZULAI, R. CHAJIM DAVID 71 ), a learned Jewish writer, who was living at Leghorn during the latter part of the eighteenth and the beginning of the present century, was the grandson or grand-nephew of Abraham ben Mordecai Azulai, and is the author of several works by which he has acquired a considerable repu- | tation; the most celebrated among these is his Bibliographical work on the Hebrew writers called "Shem Haghedolim" ("The Name of the Great Ones"), the first part of which was printed A.M. 5534 (A.D. 1774), the second part A.M. 5546 (A.D. 1786), and the third A.M. 5556 (A.D. 1796), with the new title of "Vahad Lachacamim" ("The Assembly of the Wise"). (De Rossi, Dizion. Storic. degl. Autor. Ebrei, i. 59.) C. P. H.

AZU'NI, DOMENICO ALBERTO, a distinguished lawyer and antiquarian, was born at Sassari, in Sardinia, on the 3rd of August, 1749. He studied law in the universities of Sassari and Turin. Sassari had, a short time previous to Azuni's entering it, been reformed by the exertions of Carlo Emanuele III. and his enlightened minister Count Bogino. Distinguished professors had been invited from all parts of Italy, and among the students Azuni's contemporaries were Gemelli, Berlendi, Gagliardi, and others since distinguished in Italian literature. Azuni had given indications of talents of no common order from his childhood, and, stimulated by the lively spirit of emulation which animated his academical companions, he devoted himself with enthusiasm to study. He applied himself to the Roman law, and, before he left Sassari, maintained an honourable, though unsuccessful, competition with jurists much his seniors, for the professorship of the Pandect. At Turin he studied the practical branches of his profession; was admitted into the office of the Intendent-General, and appointed Vice-Intendent at Nice.

In 1782 he was appointed Judge of the Consolato of Nice; and the class of cases which were submitted to the decision of this tribunal appear to have first directed his attention to that branch of legal study in which he most distinguished himself. The fruit of his studies in this department were given to the world in 1786-7-8, in his "Dizionario universale raggionato della Giurisprudenza mercantile." This work, in every

practical respect, was a great improvement upon that of Savary, which preceded it. The information respecting geography, manufactures, &c., which, although indispensable in such a work, had been so extended by Savary as to render his publication inconvenient for mere purposes of legal reference, was kept within due limits by Azuni. The dictionary of Azuni, too, is a digest of the mercantile law of Europe, whereas that of Savary contains almost exclusively French mercantile law. The style, though sufficiently precise, is not disfigured by unnecessary technicalities; and, what is the most valuable feature of the dictionary, the authorities are quoted at the end of each article. The dictionary was begun and completed in the brief space of two years, although much of the author's time was necessarily occupied by the discharge of his judicial functions, and his mind harassed by the successive deaths of his wife and children. The universal approbation with which the work was received induced the Grand-Duke of Sardinia to intrust Azuni with the compilation of a Code of Maritime Law-a task the completion of which was prevented by the revolution which ensued in Italy.

When the French took possession of Nice, Azuni retired to Turin, where he was received with coldness, being suspected of a predilection for revolutionary political principles. He proceeded, in consequence, to Florence, where he published, in 1795, the first edition of his "Sistema universale dei principii del Dritto Maritimo dell' Europa." In the first part of his work he treats in general of the sea, and the rights which may be acquired over it; in the second, of the maritime law of Europe in time of war, principally with a view to place the rights of neutrals in a clear and satisfactory point of view. A second edition of this work was published at Trieste, in 1796-7; and a translation of it, by Digeon, appeared at Paris, in 1798. In 1805 an improved French version was published by the author himself. In the same year in which his system of maritime law appeared, he published an essay on the invention of the mariner's compass, which he had read, on the 10th of September, at a meeting of the Royal Academy of Florence. In this treatise Azuni attributes the invention to the French nation, an opinion which was zealously controverted by Professor Hager of Pavia. Without pretending to settle the controversy, it may be admitted that Azuni's political sentiments appeared to have biased his reasoning in no slight degree.

Azuni had been politely received by Bonaparte at his entry into Nice; and this reception, together with his predilection for the French party in politics, induced him, about 1798, to transfer his residence to Paris. He published there, in 1799, an Essai sur

66

l'histoire de Sardaigne," which he extended, in 1802, into an "Histoire géographique, politique et naturelle de la Sardaigne." The object of this work was twofold: in the first place, to supply, what was at that time a desideratum, a compendious view of the civil and natural history of the island; and, in the second place, to invite the French government to remodel its institutions.

Azuni remained at Paris till 1806, and was a member of the commission appointed by the minister of foreign affairs to prepare the draft of the "Code de Commerce." During this time he was not altogether idle as an author. In 1803-4 he communicated two papers to the Academy of Marseille :1. "Notice sur le Voyage maritime de Pitheas de Marseille." 2. "Seconde notice sur les Voyages maritimes de Pithéas."

In 1807 Napoleon appointed Azuni president of the Court of Appeal at Genoa. The department of Genoa elected Azuni its delegate to the Legislative Council, on the 3rd of October, 1808. In 1811, a change having taken place in the constitution of the Genoese tribunals, Azuni was nominated to preside in the “Camera della Compagnia di Genova," and created a member of the Legion of Honour, and of the "ordine della riunione." When the French power in Italy was overthrown in 1814, Azuni continued to reside at Genoa, in strict seclusion, till called upon by the king, Victor Emanuele, to fill the office of judge in the Consolato of Cagliari.

The works published by Azuni during his residence at Genoa, under the French government, are:-1. "Appel à l'Empereur des vexations exercées par le Corsaire l'avventurier contre les négocians Liguriens," Genoa, 1806. 2. "Observations sur le poème du Barde de la Forêt Noire," Genoa, 1807. 3. "Origine et progrès du droit maritime," Paris, 1810. This is an historical sketch of the growth of the law which he had embodied in his dictionary and system of maritime jurisprudence. 4. "Discours prononcé par M. Azuni en faisant hommage au Corps Législatif d'un ouvrage intitulé Du contrat et des lettres de change, par M. Pardessus," Genoa, 1810. 5. "Consultation pour les Courtiers de Commerce près la Bourse de Marseille," 1812. 6. "Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des voyages maritimes des navigateurs de Marseille," Genoa,

1813.

From the time of Azuni's return to his native island, in 1814, as judge of the Consolato of Cagliari, he continued to reside in it till his death. He received, at the same time, the appointment of keeper of the Royal library at Cagliari. The European reputation he had acquired, made his countrymen receive him with pride. He died at Cagliari, on the 23rd of January, 1827. To this period of his life belong the following

publications: :-1. "Système universel des Armemens en course," Genoa, 1816. 2." Recherches pour servir à l'histoire de la Piraterie," Genoa, 1816. 3. "Osservazioni polemiche dell' autore della storia di Sardegna sull' opera intitolata Compendiosa descrizione, &c. del P. Tommaso Napoli,' Genoa, 1816. 4. " 'Trattato della publica Amministrazione Sanatoria in tempo di Peste," Cagliari, 1820. He left in MS., 1. "Progetto di Codice di Legislazione Marittima del 1791." 2. "Dissertazioni sullo stato naturale dell' uomo; e sui pericoli derivanti della libertà della stampa." 3. "Osservazioni sul Codice de Commercio del Regno d' Italia." 4. "Considerazioni sugli oziosi e mendici in Sardegna." 5. "Sull' arresto personale dei debitori di mala fede."

Azuni wrote elegantly and correctly both in French and Italian. He was also well acquainted with the Greek, English, German, and Spanish languages. His writings are more popular than profound. His best works are his Dictionary, his "System of Maritime Law," and his "History of the Origin and Progress of Maritime Jurisprudence and Legislation," which have generally been received as authorities since their publication. The best edition of the Dictionary is that published by Ricci, at Leghorn, in 1834. As a writer who contributed materially to develope the modern doctrine of international law with regard to neutrals, and as a participator in the compilation of the "Code de Commerce," Azuni's name is likely to survive. (Giuseppe Manno, Sketch of Azuni's Life in Tipaldo, Biografia degli Italiani illustri del Secolo XVIII.) W. W.

AZZA'RI, FU'LVIO, was born at Reggio, in Lombardy, about the middle of the sixteenth century. Having embraced the military profession, he attained the rank of captain. Hewas also a member of the Accademici Politici of Reggio, and is known as the author of a "History of Reggio," written in Latin, and consisting of several books. This history in its original form was never published; but his brother Ottavio Azzari having epitomized it, it was printed at Reggio in 1623, 4to. (Mazzuchelli, Scrittori d'Italia.) G. B.

AZZARI'TI, a teacher of music, at Naples, is known as the author of a work entitled "Elementi Pratici di Musica," Naples, 1819. E. T.

AZ-ZARKA'L (Abú-l-kásim Ibn 'Abdi-rrahmán), was born at Cordova about the beginning of the eleventh century of the Christian æra. Having, when young, removed to Toledo, where the study of the mathematical sciences was vigorously prosecuted, he made great progress in astronomy and became chief astronomer to Al-mámún Ibn Dhí-n-nún, king of that city. Az-zarkál is said to have been the inventor of an hypothesis to account for the diminution of the sun's eccentricity, which he thought had

taken place since the days of Ptolemy, and | the motion of the sun's apogee. He was likewise the inventor of an instrument much used in astronomical observations during the middle ages, and called zarcalla, or zarcallicum, after his name. He constructed for Al-mámún, and close to the palace of that prince, in Toledo, a clepsydra, or water-clock, of extraordinary dimensions, the description of which may be read in Al-makkarí, as well as a planisphere, or astrolabe, upon an entirely new principle. Upon the death of Al-mámún (in June, A.D. 1077), Az-zarkál attached himself to the court of Al-mu'tamed, King of Seville, for whom he continued to work till he died. The Life of Az-zarkál is in the "Biographical Dictionary" by Al-kiftí; but that author, as well as Casiri and D'Herbelot, gives him a different name, Abú Is'hák Ïbráhím Ibn Yahya An-nakkásh (the engraver), and Az-zarkál. Indeed we should be tempted to believe them to have been two distinct personages, were it not that both bore the surname of Az-zarkál, and both are said to have been the inventors of the zarcalla and to have resided at Toledo. There is in the library of the Escurial (No. 967) a work by Az-zarkál containing one hundred astronomical problems, besides a treatise upon the manner of using the instrument of which he was the inventor. These remarks may be taken as supplementary to the article ARZACHEL, under which name the scientific pretensions of this astronomer are discussed. (Casiri, Bib. Arab.-Hisp. Esc. vol. i. p. 393; Al-makkarí, Moham. Dynast. vol. i. pp. 81, 383; Lalande, Histoire de l'Astronomie, vol. i. pp. 120, 127; D'Herbelot, Bib. Or., “Zarkallah.”) P. de G. AZZE'MINO, PA'OLO, a Venetian artist, of the early part of the sixteenth century, who acquired his name from the species of niello, or damask-work, in which he distinguished himself, called All' Azzemina, or Alla Gemina, a name apparently corrupted from the name of the place most celebrated at that period for such work, Damascus: works of the kind are called also Damascheni. Paolo was famous for engraving and inlaying with gold or silver, suits of armour, shields, swords, and other implements of war. The art of inlaying or encrusting metals with other metals has been called in English, Damaskening or Damaskenating; in French it is termed Damasquinure. It was practised by the ancients-there are specimens still extant; and Larcher, Millin, and others suppose it to be what Herodotus terms kollēsis (kóλλnois), in speaking of the iron stand made by Glaucus of Chios for the cup or vase dedicated by Alyattes, King of Lydia, in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Glaucus was the inventor of the art kollēsis, and it was sometimes called the art of Glaucus, or гaúkov τέχνη. Κόλλησις is rendered in Latin by ferruminatio, which signifies generally weld

ing; in damask-work, however, a process very analogous to welding must take place, and the above interpretation of the Greek word, used by Pausanias as well as Herodotus for the same piece of work, may be correct. (Cicognara, 'Storia della Scultura ; Millin, Dictionnaire des Beaux Arts; Herodotus, lib. i. c. 25; Pausanias, lib. x. c. 16.) [ALYATTES.] R. N. W. AZZI NE FORTI, FAUSTINA DEGLI, a lady of Arezzo, whose Italian verses are praised by her countrymen, died in 1724. Her works are comprised in a volume containing odes, sonnets, madrigals, eclogues, and other small poems, and entitled "Serto Poetico di Faustina degli Azzi ne' Forti," Arezzo, 1694, 1697, 4to. Specimens of her compositions have been inserted in various collections, some of which are enumerated by Mazzuchelli. (Mazzuchelli, Scrittori d'Italia; Galleria di Minerva, ii. 189, 1697; Lombardi, Storia della Letteratura Italiana, iii. 301.)

W. S.

AZZI, FRANCESCO MARI'A DEGLI, a native of Arezzo, and brother of Faustina degli Azzi, was born in 1655. He lived in his native town as a citizen of rank and distinction, and enjoyed considerable reputation as a poetical amateur. He died in 1707. His poetical works are collected in a volume bearing the title "Genesi, con alcuni Sonetti Morali, del Cavalier Francesco Maria degli Azzi," Florence, 1700, 8vo. The "Genesi" is a series of sonnets, treating events in the Book of Genesis, and each preceded by a prose argument. The poems of Azzi have been much commended by the Italian critics. He left unfinished a translation of Homer into Italian ottava rima. (Mazzuchelli, Scrittori d'Italia; Galleria di Minerva, iv. 60; Crescimbeni, Storia della Volgar Poesia, v. 262; Quadrio, Storia e Ragione d' Ogni Poesia, i. 203.) W. S.

AZZIO, MÁRCO, an Italian gem engraver, of the sixteenth century, probably of Bologna; he is celebrated by Bumaldi in his "Minervalia Bononiensia." (Cicognara, Storia della Scultura.) R. N. W.

AZZO I., Alberto, and his brother Ugo, sons of Oberto II., Marquis of the Holy Palace, were the first Marquises of Este (about 1012). With these two brothers commenced the hostility of the House of Este against the German emperors. In 1014, having assisted Arduino, Marquis of Ivrea, who had been called to the throne of Italy by the Italian nobles since 1002, against the Emperor Henry II., on his second descent into Italy, the two marquises of Este were placed under the ban of the empire, deprived of their estates, and thrown into prison; but they soon escaped or were released and regained possession of their lands, which comprised at this time, besides Este, Rovigo and Mouselice. On the death of Henry II. (1024) they strenuously op

posed the election of Conrad II., and of fered the crown of Italy to King Robert of France; and on his refusal, successively to his son Hugues, to Guillaume IV., Duke of Aquitaine, and to his son the Count of Angoulême, afterwards Guillaume V. The duke was induced to meet his adherents in Italy, but finding little concert among them, and unwilling to embroil himself with the Holy See by the deposal and creation of certain bishops, as was required of him, he returned to Aquitaine, and no claimant remained to oppose Conrad. Alberto Azzo I. died about 1029, and was succeeded by his son Azzo II. J. M. L. AZZO II., the son of Azzo I., in 1045 held two Plaids at Milan as lieutenant of the Emperor Henry III. Already the wealthiest of the Italian nobles, he became the founder of the greatness of the house of Este by various alliances, and chiefly by his marriage with Cunigunda, sister of Guelf III., Duke of Carinthia and Marquis of Verona. Guelf III. died, and left his extensive domains, including large estates in Swabia, to his nephew Guelf IV., the eldest son of Azzo II. After the death of Cunigunda, Azzo took to wife Garsende, sister of Herbert, Count of Maine, the inhabitants of which province, after its conquest by William of Normandy (1058), called in the aid of the Italian prince. Azzo took possession of it whilst William was engaged on the conquest of England; but his son Ugo, whom he left in Maine on his return to Italy, was easily expelled by William in 1072. Azzo's power in Italy, however, still continued to increase; he was, with the Countess Matilda of Tuscany, a member of the synod held at Rome by Gregory VII. in 1074; three years after, on the occasion of the famous penance of Canossa, he was one of the nobles whom the Emperor Henry IV. deputed to the pope to solicit the removal of the interdict which the pope had pronounced against him. About the same time Azzo married his second son Ugo to the daughter of Robert Guiscard, the Norman, now master of the greater part of Southern Italy. A still more important alliance was that which he negotiated (1089) between his grandson Guelf V., son of Guelf IV. (created Duke of Bavaria in 1071), and the Countess Matilda. The pope (Urban II.) willingly assented to the marriage for the increase of the power of the Holy See, of which both the houses of Tuscany and Este were devoted adherents; and the ceremony was performed without the knowledge of Henry IV., who was greatly incensed on hearing of it. Alberto Azzo II. died in 1097, at the age of more than a hundred years. His donations to the church were very considerable; he is stated to have given fifty estates to one monastery, that of the Vangadizza on the Adigetto. He left three sons-Guelf IV. of Bavaria, from

whom the royal house of Brunswick descends, Ugo, and Folco; the last-named prince was the ancestor of the house of Este properly so called.

Several other Azzos (III., V., VI., VII., and VIII. chiefly) play a somewhat conspicuous part in the intricate history of Northern Italy during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Azzo VI. may be mentioned as having married Alisia, a daughter of Rinaldo, Prince of Antioch, whilst he gave his two daughters in marriage, the one to Manuel Comnenus, Emperor of Constantinople, the other to Bela, King of Hungary. His estates comprised the greater part of the marches of Verona, Vicenza, Padua, Treviso, Trento, Feltro, and Belluno. (Muratori, Delle Antichità Estensi, vol. i., Annali d'Italia, vols. vi. to viii.) J. M. L.

AZZÓ VII., while yet in his infancy, succeeded to the estates and titles of his father Azzo VI., conjointly with his elder brother Aldovrandino, and on the death of the latter remained sole Marquis of Este and Ancona. His first wars were with Salinguerra, the chief of the Ghibeline faction in Ferrara, over which town the Marquises of Este claimed to exert an influence; afterwards with the infamous Ezzelino da Romano, podestà of Verona, and the head of the whole Ghibeline party in Northern Italy. In 1236, when the Emperor Frederic II. had crossed the Alps on the invitation of Ezzelino, and the latter had left Verona unguarded to join the Emperor, Azzo of Este and Ramberto Ghisilieri, podestà of Padua, made an attempt upon that town; but during the absence of the Marquis of Este, Frederic marched upon Vicenza, of which Azzo was rector, took and sacked the place, and gave it over to Ezzelino, whom he left as his lieutenant on his return to Germany. The Guelfs immediately rose again, and Azzo VII. received from the hands of the podestà of Padua the standard of that republic, with the fullest powers for the defence of the March; but he had scarcely quitted the town when the Ghibeline faction gave it up to Ezzelino, and Azzo then made his peace. Two years after hostilities again broke out in the March of Treviso; Azzo was deprived of almost all his estates, and compelled to shut himself up in Rovigo. The Emperor however (1238) appears not to have approved of these hostilities; he spent the greater part of the winter of this year in Padua, invited the Marquis of Este to his court, treated him with much favour, negotiated a marriage between Rinaldo d' Este, son of Azzo, and Adelaide, daughter of Alberigo da Romano, Ezzelino's brother, and was present at the ceremony. In vain Ezzelino besought him to beware of the only traitor noble who yet "kicked against the pricks," telling the Emperor to "strike the snake on the head, that the body might be more easily secured:" the