then in the full tide of his glory, to meet him at Rome; consulted by the Emperor Maximilian on a projected war against the Turks, D'Aubusson seems now studiously to have provoked the hostilities of the Turkish sultan, which the latter as studiously avoided. His haughty complaints of the piracies of some Turkish vessels received immediate satisfaction; no notice was taken of the embassies sent by the grand-master to Louis XII. of France, who had succeeded Charles VIII., to Ladislaus of Hungary, and other princes, to excite them to a crusade, nor of the assistance afforded to the Venetians, on the invasion of Romania by the Turks, by the grand-master's own nephew, the prior Blanchefort; and a Rhodian vessel having been taken by a Turkish one, all the prisoners were instantly given up. The long-talked-of league was formed at last: it included the kings of Castile, Portugal, and Hungary, the Emperor Maximilian, the Pope, and Louis XII. of France. D'Aubusson was declared at Rome captaingeneral of the crusade, 1501, yet all went wrong. The pope long failed in sending his contingent of fifteen galleys; instead of the preconcerted combined attack of the allied fleet by sea, and of the king of Hungary by land, Ravestein, the French general, made an unsuccessful and premature attempt upon Mitylene, where the grand-master arrived only to find the siege already raised, and the general out of sight, homeward bound. But the grand-master's zeal, or spite, was not to be appeased. In vain did Bajazet send his own son to sue for friendship and freedom of trade; in vain did the war between Spain and France warn him of the little faith to be placed in a league of princes for the defence of the faith; he would still exhaust himself in fruitless exhortations to concord on the one side, in petty acts of spleen on the other, such as taking a few Turkish vessels, stirring up discord between Turkey and Persia, and conquering Santa Maura, which he gave to the Venetians. Where he could not persecute the Moslems, the luckless Jews would serve his purpose as well. He expelled the Jews from Rhodes, except the children, whom he tore from their parents and baptized, "as, being slaves of the Christian princes, they could not have the fulness of paternal power over their children." When the Jews were expelled, he employed himself in making severe enactments against oaths, luxury, and other vice. But his credit was failing with his genius; the Venetians gave up Santa Maura to the Turks, and Ladislaus made his peace; the pope, engaged with other affairs, made no scruple to offend the troublesome grand-master, by disposing of a priory which by right was in the gift of the latter. Tired and disheartened, the old warrior fell ill and died, on the 15th day of July, 1503, at the age of eighty. VOL. IV. Notwithstanding the unbounded praise of his panegyrist, Father Bouhours, who speaks of him as "a man chosen of God amongst the French, to put bounds to the conquests of the Infidels," D'Aubusson appears to have been nothing more than a stubborn though able bigot, perfectly unscrupulous in his dealings with men of another faith, and viewing all questions through the medium of the narrowest fanaticism. His base betrayal of his confiding guest, Zizim, into the hands of the most treacherous of popes, Alexander Borgia, has been frequently commented on; and his whole conduct towards the Mohammedan princes presents a course of double-dealing which has rarely been rivalled, and which is truly worthy of the early friend of Louis XI. of France. (Bouhours, Vie du Grand-maître D'Aubusson, La Haye, 1739.) He is stated to have left a history, in Latin, of the siege of Rhodes, entitled "De servatâ urbe præsidioque suo, et insigni contra Turcos victoriâ, ad Fridericum III. imperatorem relatio," contained in "De Scriptoribus Germaniæ," Frankfort, 1602, (Biographie Universelle, "D'Aubus 8vo. son.") J. M. L. AÚCHMUTY, SAMUEL, was the son of the Rev. Samuel Auchmuty, D.D., of New York, a minister of the Church of England, and was born in 1756. In the contest with the colonies, all the members of his family were decided partisans of the mothercountry, and in 1776 Samuel entered the British army as a volunteer, in which capacity he served three campaigns under Sir William Howe, and was present at several actions, particularly those at White Plains and Brooklyn. He obtained an ensigncy in 1778. From 1783 to 1796 he was in India, and at the latter date had risen to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and filled the office of adjutant-general. During that period he served two campaigns on the Malabar coast and in the Mysore, and assisted at the first siege of Seringapatam, under Lord Cornwallis. He returned home in 1797, and in 1800 he was sent from England, with the rank of colonel, to take command of a force to be despatched from the Cape of Good Hope to attack the French posts at Kosseir and Suez, on the Red Sea. On arriving at Jidda, his command merged in that of General Baird, whom he found there at the head of the Indian army; but he was appointed adjutant-general, at first to that army, and afterwards to the whole British forces in Egypt. He remained in that country during 1801 and 1802, and in 1803, on his return to England, was honoured with the Grand Cross of the Bath. In 1806 Sir Samuel Auchmuty was ordered to take command of the British troops in South America, with the rank of brigadier-general. On his arrival he found affairs in a critical position, G the main body of the troops already on the spot being shut up in Buenos Ayres, on account of the recapture of that city by the Spaniards. He landed on the 5th of January, 1807, on the island of Maldonado, of which possession was still kept by the remnant of the British forces. Seeing the necessity of instant action, he determined on the attack of Monte Video, a city so well fortified that it was often called "the Gibraltar of America." The whole of his force, amounting to 4800 men, was accordingly landed near the city on the 18th of January, and on the 20th it sustained an attack from a well-appointed Spanish force of 6000 men, which was repulsed with great loss to the Spaniards. Regular siege was then laid to Monte Video, and a breach effected, notwithstanding the great strength of the works, which mounted 160 pieces of cannon. Intelligence arriving that 4000 men and 24 pieces of cannon were approaching for the relief of the place, the general determined on an immediate assault, which, on the morning of the 3rd of October, was made with complete success. The British loss amounted to 600, and on the side of the Spaniards there were 800 killed, 500 wounded, and 2000 taken prisoners. After this brilliant action, little more was done by Sir Samuel Auchmuty until he was superseded, on the 9th of May, by General Whitelocke, whose incapacity caused the loss of the advantages which his predecessor had gained. For the taking of Monte Video, Sir Samuel received the thanks of both houses of parliament. In 1810 Sir Samuel Auchmuty sailed again for India, as commander-in-chief in the presidency of Fort St. George, and in the next year he commanded the troops at the reduction of the island of Java. He landed on the 4th of August, 1811, Batavia was taken on the 8th, and on the 18th the island surrendered by capitulation. For this service also Sir Samuel received the thanks of both houses. In 1813 he returned to England, and was made lieutenant-general in the army, but he was not afterwards engaged in active service. He died suddenly, in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, on the 11th of August, 1822, in his sixty-sixth year. At the time of his death he was commander of the forces in Ireland. (Allen, American Biographical and Historical Dictionary, i. 58; Gentleman's Magazine, lxxx. 301, xcii. 184, 471; Annual Biography and Obituary, vii. 312-14; Narrative of the Operations of a small British Force employed in the Reduction of Monte Video, by a Field-Officer of the Staff, London, 1807, pp. 5-21.) J. W. AUCKLAND, LORD. [EDEN.] AUCLERC, GABRIEL ANDRE', born at Argenton in Berry, about the middle of the eighteenth century, became an ardent advocate of revolutionary principles, and endeavoured to substitute for the Christian religion the rites of ancient paganism, taking himself the name of Quintus Nantius, and the pretended garb of a pontiff. His household, however, ended by being the sole proselytes whom he could muster for the celebration of his rites, although he continued, even for years after the restoration of the Christian worship, to appear in public in his long pontifical robes. His tenets, which consist of a few moral views with a farrago of miscellaneous dogmas, are to be found in a work entitled "La Thréicie, ou la seule voie des Sciences divines et humaines, du culte vrai et de la morale," Frankfort (Paris), 1799, 8vo., though not in all their original boldness. His style is said to be somewhat impassioned, but incoherent and incorrect. He subsequently published, it is said, a recantation, in the shape of a poem in three cantos, under the title of "Ascendant de la Religion, ou récit des crimes et des fureurs, de la conversion et de la mort Chrétienne qui ont eu lieu récemment dans la ville de Bourges," anonymous, Bourges, 1813; and died two years after. (Biographie Universelle.) J. M. L. AUCOUR, JEAN BARBIER D'. [BARBIER.] AUDA, DOMENICO, a Franciscan monk, of Lantusca, in the province of Nizza. He lived during the early part of the seventeenth century, and is known by two medical works which he published. He officiated as a priest in the convent of St. Francis at Rome, and was afterwards attached, according to Jöcher, to the hospital of the Holy Ghost in "Saxia Aromatarius.” His first work was published at Rome, in 1655, and contained a short account of marvellous secrets. It was entitled "Breve Compendio di maravigliosi Segreti," 12mo. This work is divided into four books, the first of which treats of medical secrets; the second, of secrets appertaining to various things; the third, of chemical secrets; and the fourth, of medicinal astrology. The first three books of secrets consist of receipts of various kinds, supposed to be good in particular diseases. The fourth book contains general remarks on the means of preserving health, and is not at all confined to an astrological view of the subject. This work was republished at Rome in 1660, at Venice in 1663, at Turin in 1665, at Milan in 1666, and again at Venice in 1692 and 1716. His second work is sometimes quoted as having the Latin title "Praxis Pharmaciæ utriusque dogmaticæ et chimice;" and an Italian edition in 12mo. is referred to by Mazzuchelli, as having been published at Venice in 1683. In the British Museum library there is an edition of this work published at Venice in 1670, with the title "Pratica de' Spetiali che per modo di Dialogo contiene gran parte anco di Theorica," 12mo. It consists of directions for forming various medicinal preparations, which are arranged according to their form, as pills, plasters, ointments, electuaries, &c. With this work are bound up two others by the same author, and which were published at Venice at the same time. The title of the first is "Trattato delle confettioni nostrane per uso di casa;" the other was an appendix to the Secrets, and entitled "Nuova aggiunta di Segreti." The date of his birth or death is not recorded. (Mazzuchelli, Scrittori d' Italia; Jöcher, Allgem. Gelehrten-Lexicon, and Adelung, Supplement; Auda, Works.) E. L. AUDEUS, or AUDIUS (Avdaîos, Theodoret; Audios, Epiphanius; Audæus, Jerome), founder of a sect in the fourth century after Christ. He was born in Mesopotamia, and obtained great reputation there by the holiness of his life and the earnestness of his zeal. He was in the habit of boldly rebuking the sins of presbyters and bishops, plainly telling them, when he noticed their love of money, their luxurious self-indulgence, or their departure from what was then deemed the faith and discipline of the church, that "such things ought not to be." This severity of reproof, not pleasing those of the clergy who were lax in conduct, drew upon him much ill-will, which was manifested by insult and contradiction. This treatment he long bore with patience, not wishing to separate himself from the church; but at length, worn out by it, he determined on separating; and many others withdrawing with him, they formed a dissenting community or sect, variously called by the Fathers" Audæans," 66 Audians," " Odians," "Vadians," and "Basians." Among the separatists were several bishops and presbyters, and by one of these seceding bishops Audæus was himself ordained to the episcopal office. According to Jerome, Audæus had obtained great reputation in Cole-Syria, and from that Father's brief notice of the Audæans (Chronicon, A.D. 344) it may be inferred that the sect rose in ColeSyria. Audæus, in his old age, was banished by the Emperor (it is uncertain by which of the emperors) into Scythia, on the accusation of the bishops (we may presume of the country where he lived) for inducing the people to withdraw from the communion of the church. In his exile, he withdrew into the country then occupied by the Goths, and instructed many of that nation in Christianity, established monasteries among them, and inculcated celibacy and the strictest ascetic observances. The time of his death is not known, but it must have been before (and was probably some years before) the expulsion of the Christians from the Gothic territory, which took place in A.D. 372. After the death of Audæus, the leading bishops of the sect were Uranius in Mesopotamia and Silvanus in the territory of the Goths. The sect, however, soon diminished, and as those of the Gothic territory were expelled with other Christians, the remain 83 ing members of the body, when Epiphanius wrote, were to be found chiefly at Chalcis near Antioch and in the neighbourhood of the Euphrates. There is some uncertainty as to the leading tenets of Audæus and his followers. Epiphanius ascribes the separation of Audæus to the persecution which his zeal had entailed on him, rather than to any important divergence from the then prevalent doctrine of the Church. He distinctly says that the Audæans were chargeable with "defection and schism, but not with heresy;" and that "he (Audæus) and his followers were most correct in their belief, though over pertinacious in a trifling matter." That he held orthodox views of the doctrine of the Trinity is also expressly stated; the "trifling matter" of which Epiphanius speaks was his explanation of the passage that God made man "in his own image," an expression which he in sisted was to be understood of man's bodily form. He and his followers supported this opinion by an appeal to those passages of Scripture in which eyes, ears, and hands, or other members are ascribed to God. From their thinking and arguing thus, some of the other Fathers, Augustin and Theodoret, charged them with anthropomorphism, and apparently not without reason, notwithstanding the testimony of Epiphanius to the soundness of their faith. They differed from the Catholic Church also in the time of observing Easter, which they regulated so as to make it coincide with the Passover of the Jews; charging the Church with having altered the time to please the Emperor Constantine, and alleging the authority of the pseudo "Apostolical Constitutions." According to Epiphanius these were the only peculiarities of the Audæans, but Theodoret adds some others. He says that Audæus was charged with holding that darkness, fire, and water were uncreated; but that his followers concealed their opinion on this point: the charge, however, from Theodoret's mode of stating it, seems to have rested on a mere rumour. He also charges them with giving absolution to sinners on condition merely of confessing their sins, while passing between their sacred books (of which he says they had many spurious, besides the genuine ones, and that they revered the spurious most, as being most mysterious) arranged in two lines. Whether this charge had any foundation is not clear. The followers of Audæus were, according to Epiphanius, remarkably strict in their morals, and Theodoret admits that they alleged the vices of the Catholics as the cause of their separation; Theodoret, indeed, charges them with doing much worse things themselves, but he does not say what these things were. (Epiphanius, Against Heresies, No. 70; Augustine, De Haresibus, c. 50; Theodoret, Fictions of the Heretics, book iv. No. 10; G 2 Petau (Petavius), Dogmata Theologica (De Deo, Deique proprietatibus) lib. ii. cap. 1, § viii. ix.; Tillemont, Mémoires, tom. vi. pp. 691, seq. ed. 1704.) J. C. M. AUDEBERT, GERMAIN, was born at Orleans in the year 1518. After finishing his education in France, he proceeded to Italy to complete his study of the law. He resided three years in Bologna, under the tuition of Alciati, and afterwards travelled through the whole of Italy. On his return to his own country, he was offered very high legal places, but he always refused them, and contented himself with the humble one of an Elû of Orleans, in which he died on the 24th of December, 1598, after a service of fifty years. He was so highly esteemed, that, on the king (Henri III.) creating a president and lieutenant in each election, he specially ordered that during his life Audebert should take precedence of those officers in the election of Orleans. As an author Audebert is known by three poems in Latin hexameters, in praise of the cities of Rome, Venice, and Naples, which procured him some honours beyond those which usually attend a literary reputation. For his poem on Rome, Pope Gregory XIII. conferred on him the dignity of a Knight; and for that on Venice, the senate sent to him at Paris the collar of Saint Mark, which was presented to him by the ambassador of the republic before a numerous assembly. Besides these works, Audebert is said to have written a great number of smaller poems, many of which would probably have been printed by his son Nicolas, but for his premature death. He died five days only after his father, and they were interred together in the cemetery of SainteCroix at Orleans, where a superb monument was erected to their memory. The "Venetia," appeared at Venice, 1583, 4to., from the press of Aldus; "Roma et Parthenope," together at Paris, 1585, 4to.; and the three collected, at Hanover, 1603, 4to. They are also given in the "Delitiæ Poetarum Gallorum," vol. i. The original edition of the poem on Venice is accompanied by some pieces from the pen of Nicolas, and by the recommendatory verses of Sannazarius and others. (Sammarthanus, Gallorum Doctrina Illustrium Elogia, lib. iv., 24; Niceron, Memoires pour servir à l'Hist. des Hommes Illustres, xxiv. 84-90; Moréri, Dictionnaire Historique (ed. Drouet), i. 498.) J. W. AUDEBERT, JEAN BAPTISTE, a French painter and engraver, distinguished also as a naturalist, born of poor parents at Rochefort, in 1759. He went to Paris at the age of seventeen, in order to learn painting and engraving; and he eventually distinguished himself as a miniature painter. M. Gigot d'Orcy, receveur-général des finances, having noticed Audebert's ability, employed him (1787) to make some drawings of the rarest specimens in his valuable collection of objects of natural history. He sent him also to England and to Holland, to make drawings of a similar kind. Many of the illustrations in the "Histoire des Insectes" of Olivier were from the drawings of Audebert. These engagements gave Audebert a great taste for the pursuit; he devoted himself with enthusiasm to the study of natural history; and he afterwards distinguished himself by two original works, which would have been followed by a complete series of others on natural history, had his labours not been suddenly terminated by death in 1800, in his forty-second year. His first work was "L'Histoire Naturelle des Singes, des Makis, et des Galéopithèques,” published in 1800, containing sixty-two plates in folio, all of which were drawn, engraved, and explained by himself. The plates were printed in oil-colours, after a method devised by himself. The next, on birds, was a more splendid work, but was not published until after his death in 1802, by M. Desray. This was the "Histoire des Colibris, des OiseauxMouches, des Jacamares, et des Promérops.” Two hundred copies were printed in folio, with the names in letters of gold; one hundred in large quarto; and fifteen in very large folio, of which the whole text was printed in gold. The original set of drawings upon vellum were bound up in one volume, and were in the possession of M. Desray, the publisher, who also published the following work, which Audebert left incomplete, "L'Histoire des Grimpereaux et des Oiseaux de Paradis," &c., for which M. Vieillot wrote the text. Both the works on birds were also published together, in 2 vols. folio, under the title "Oiseaux dorés, ou à reflets métalliques." Audebert intended to illustrate the whole of animated nature in a similar manner. For some time before his death he was busy rearing spiders. He directed the printing of the work" Les Oiseaux d'Afrique," by Le Vaillant, as far as the thirteenth part. His method of printing in oil-colours and in gold has been of the greatest service in the illustration of works of natural history: by some metallic preparations he contrived to imitate in print every shade of gold. Audebert, to his other accomplishments, added that of dramatist: he wrote some comedies. (Biographie Universelle.) R. N. W. AUDEBERT, SAINT. [AUBERT, SAINT.] AUDEFROI THE BASTARD was one of the earliest and most remarkable among the trouvères, or poets of the Langue d'Oil, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Nothing is known of his life, but M. Paulin Paris, the first who published in the original the few of his pieces which have been preserved, in his "Romancero Français" (Paris, 1833, in 12mo.), conjectures, from the circumstance of his compositions being generally placed among those of the poets of Artois, that he belonged to that province, and also, from the envoy of several of them being made to a Seigneur de Nesles, that the author was a contemporary of Jean de Nesles, who took the cross in 1200. Five songs bearing his name, the abridged translation of which is to be found in Legrand d'Aussy's "Recueil des Fabliaux," are all that have been published; though ten others similar in style, but thought to be of an older date, have been given in the original with the before-mentioned five, by M. Paulin Paris. He is considered by Legrand as the inventor of the Romance. These five short poems, entitled respectively "Belle Argentine, Ammelot, Lai d'Idoine, Lai d'Isabeau, and Lai de Béatrix," contain each a love-tale, concluding generally with some catastrophe which unites the lovers; they are composed of a various number of stanzas, each ending with a burden which is the same throughout. One of them, " Belle Argentine," which recounts the misfortunes, wanderings, and final restoration of a wife turned adrift by her husband for the love of her maid, is supposed to allude to the conduct of Philip Augustus towards his queens Isemberge and Agnes of Méranie, each of whom, in turn, was repudiated by him. Another, "Isabeau," has reference to the Crusades. There is much grace and pathos in these short poems, the simplicity of which forms a great contrast with the artificial mechanism of the works of the troubadours. Take for instance Argentine's departure : 66 : 'Argente has risen to her feet, whether she will or no; weeping she takes her leave, sad and wroth; she begs all the barons to help her children. Then she kisses them weeping, and they in turn have embraced her. When she must part from them, she becomes almost mad." On her return: "When the lady hath recognised her fair children, such joy hath her heart that she almost faints. She would not say one word for a whole kingdom; she demeans herself as though her soul were parting; near her are her children seated on a bench." The following is a sample of the language, taken from the last-quoted stanza : "Quant recomnéus a ses biaus enfans la dame Tel joie en a son cuer qu'à pou que ne se pame. The burden is: "Who hath married a | He learnt painting of Mierhop and J. van Cleef; and in 1685 he went to Rome, and entered the school of Carlo Maratta, who, from an etching which he saw from one of his own pictures, advised Audenaerde to follow engraving. This he did, but did not entirely give up painting; and during the seventeen years which he lived in Rome, he engraved many prints after Maratta. Frey and Audenaerde were Maratta's favourite engravers. Audenaerde was a clever etcher, but he never used the graver with any great degree of skill or freedom; his best prints are those in which he used both the point and the graver. It was the advice of Maratta, that, in historical engraving, the etchingneedle should be used as much as possible, and the graver only for those effects which could not be obtained with the needle. Waterloo carried out this principle to great perfection in landscape-engraving. There are or were some altar-pieces by Audenaerde at Ghent; the best was that of St. Peter in the monastery of the Carthusians. As a painter, he was a good colourist; but he painted few pictures. His prints, on the other hand, are numerous; the best of them are some of those which he engraved after Maratta, particularly the following:-Agar in the Desert; David with the Head of Goliath; Bathsheba in the Bath; Christ on the Mount of Olives; a Pietà; a San Filippo Neri; the Martyrdom of San Biagio; and Apollo and Daphne. He made also, according to Gandellini, copies of Andreani's woodcuts of Mantegna's "Triumph of Julius Cæsar," and a print of Guido's Aurora in the Rospigliosi Palace at Rome, a picture which Frey likewise engraved. Huber mentions a set of medallion portraits of the family of the Cardinal Barbarigo, which was commenced by Audenaerde for that cardinal, after whose death, however, the work was for some years suspended. It was completed by the cardinal's family, and was published at Padua in 1762, under the title" Numismata virorum illustrium ex gente Barbarica," and was sold at the Barbarigo Palace for twelve zecchini. Every portrait is accompanied with emblems, and Latin verses, of which Audenaerde was the author. Among his prints is one from the Descent from the Cross, by Daniele da Volterra, at Rome. There are prints also by him after Domenichino, Annibal Carracci, Pietro da Cortona, Bernini, and others. His works are marked sometimes with an R and a v upon an A, and sometimes with R. v. A. G., the G signifying Gandensis, or of Ghent. He died at Ghent in 1743. (Descamps, La Vie des Peintres Flamands, &c.; Gandellini, Notizie degli Intagliatori, &c.; Heineken, Dictionnaire des Artistes, &c.; Huber, Manuel des Amateurs, &c.) R. N. W. AUDE'NTIUS, a theological writer of uncertain date. All that is known of him |