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Macedonia. He addressed the people in their public assembly, but in the midst of his speech he was seized with a fit of apoplexy. He was carried to Pergamus, and died there in B.C. 197, at the age of seventytwo, and after a reign of forty-four years. Attalus was one of the greatest kings of his dynasty. When he succeeded his cousin, Eumenes I., he had little except a wellstocked treasury, and this he employed in delivering the country from a formidable enemy, and in forming a kingdom. He was a great general, a liberal and faithful friend and ally. Polybius glories in the idea that Attalus died in defending the liberty of Greece. Attalus was a man of singular modesty, and a kind husband and father. By his wife, Apollonis, or Apollonias, a woman of no rank, to whom Attalus was sincerely attached, he had four sons, Eumenes, Attalus, Philetærus, and Athenæus: Eumenes succeeded him on the throne of Pergamus. Pergamus was at that time, like Alexandria, one of the great seats of art and learning, and Attalus, like most members of his family, loved and encouraged them. It has even been supposed that he wrote on subjects of natural history, but there is no satisfactory evidence for this. (Polybius, iv. 48, 49, v. 77, 78, x. 41, 42, xvi. 1, &c., xvii. 2, 8, 16, xviii. 24, xxii. 2, &c.; Livy, xxvi. 24, xxvii. 29, 30, 33, xxviii. 5, &c., xxix. 10, &c., xxxi. 14, &c. 44, &c., xxxii. 8, 27, 33, &c., xxxiii. 2, 21; Pausanias, i. 8, § 1, 5, § 5, 8, § 1, 25, § 2, x. 15, § 3; Strabo, xiii. p. 624; Eusebius, Chronicon. Armen. p. 347; Diogenes Laertius, iv. 8; Pliny, Hist. Nat. viii. 74, xxxiv. 19, § 24, xxxv. 49; Athenæus, xv. p. 697.)

Eumenes to meet and receive them. In B.C. 171 he accompanied Eumenes and Athenæus with a fleet to Chalcis, from whence Attalus proceeded with a detachment to the Roman consul P. Licinius Crassus, who was operating in Thessaly against the Macedonians. Attalus was also employed several times on embassies to Rome; and when he was sent thither for the fourth time, in B.c. 167, to congratulate the Romans on their late victory over Perseus of Macedonia, some senators suggested to him that as he had always been a sincere friend of the Romans, the kingdom of Pergamus ought to be divided, and that one half of it ought to be given to him as an independent kingdom. Attalus was not only disposed to enter into this scheme, but appears to have thought of usurping the whole kingdom. However, the remonstrances of a physician, named Stratius, whom Eumenes had sent after him to watch his conduct, prevailed upon him to abandon the plan, as it was evident that Eumenes could not live much longer.

Eumenes died in B.C. 159, and Attalus succeeded to the throne, according to Strabo, only as the guardian of Attalus, a son of Eumenes, who was yet a child; but Polybius mentions no such restriction. The first act after his accession was the restoration of Ariarathes V. Philopator to his kingdom of Cappadocia, from which he had been expelled. In B.C. 156 he was involved in a war with Prusias of Bithynia, who advanced as far as Pergamus, and after being defeated by Prusias, Attalus sent his brother Athenæus to Rome to inform the senate of what had happened. The report was looked upon at first with some suspicion, ATTALUS II., surnamed PHILADELPHUS, until P. Lentulus, on his return from Asia, was the second son of Attalus I. After the confirmed it. Several embassies were now accession of his elder brother, Eumenes II., sent from Rome to prevent Prusias continuhe, as well as his other brothers, occupied a ing his hostilities, but he persisted in spite of private station, although they, and more the threats of the Romans. Attalus then especially Attalus, were actively engaged in called in the aid of his Asiatic allies, Ariarathe armies of Eumenes. Thus we find Atta- thes of Cappadocia and Mithridates of Ponlus, in B.C. 190, opposing Seleucus, the son of tus. The Roman envoys advised Attalus to Antiochus III., who had invaded the king- protect his frontiers, but to abstain from actdom of Pergamus, and even laid siege to Per- ing on the offensive, while they exerted gamus itself, while Eumenes was absent in themselves to induce the towns of Asia to Lycia. Afterwards, in the same year, he abandon the cause of Prusias and join Attacommanded the right wing in the battle near lus. At last, however, a fresh Roman emMount Sipylus against Antiochus III. In bassy appeared in Asia, B.C. 154, which put the year following, while Eumenes was ab- an end to the war, and established peace besent at Rome, Attalus was called upon by the tween the two kings on the following terms: Roman consul, Cn. Manlius Vulso, to join that Prusias should surrender to Attalus him in the war against the Galatians, and twenty ships, pay five hundred talents in the Attalus accordingly met the consul with a space of twenty years, and that each of the thousand foot and two hundred horse, and two kings should remain in the possession of requested his brother Athenæus to follow what he had before the war. Prusias was with other troops. In B.C. 182, just after his also obliged to pay one hundred talents, as return from an embassy to Rome, he served an indemnification for the injuries he had his brother Eumenes in a war against Phar- inflicted upon several towns. In B.C. 152 naces, and when Roman ambassadors arrived Attalus sent an auxiliary army to Alexander in Asia, to bring about a peace between the Balas, and assisted him in usurping the belligerents, Attalus was sent by his brother throne of Syria; and as he had probably

the Romans. The Romans, however, did not remain in the undisturbed possession of the bequest; for, soon after the death of Attalus, Aristonicus claimed the kingdom. (Polybius, xxxiii. 16; Strabo, xiii. 624; Diodorus Siculus, xxxiv. Excerpta, p. 601, ed. Wesseling; Justin, xxxvi. 14; Livy, Epit. lib. 58; Plutarch, Tib. Gracchus, 14; Appian, De Bello Mithrid. 62, De Bellis Civil. v. 4; Velleius Paterculus, ii. 4; Varro, De Re Rustica, Preface; Columella, i. 1; Pliny, Hist. Nat. xviii. 5. On the family of the Attali, and their merits in regard to the arts and literature, see Manso, Ueber die Attalen, ihr staatskluges Benehmen und ihre andern Verdienste, Breslau, 1815, 4to.; Wegener, De Aula Attalica literarum artiumque fautrice, Copen

L. S.

never forgiven the defeat he had suffered | it was made on the advice of some friends of from Prusias, he assisted Nicomedes, the son of Prusias, at first secretly, and afterwards openly, against his father, and thus became the main instrument in bringing about the downfall of his old enemy, in B.C. 149. The part he had taken in this affair between father and son, drew upon him an attack from Diegylis, a Thracian prince, and son-in-law of Prusias, whom, however, he soon conquered. Shortly after he assisted the Romans in their wars against the impostor Philip of Macedonia, and against the Achæans, the latter of which terminated in the destruction of Corinth, B.C. 146. During the remaining years of his life he abandoned himself to indolence, and was completely guided by Philopomen, one of his friends. Like his predecessors, he encouraged the arts and learn-hagen, 1836, 8vo.) ing in his dominions, and he founded the towns of Attalia in Pamphylia and Philadelphia in Lydia. He died in B.C. 138, according to Lucian, at the age of eighty-two, and was succeeded by Attalus, the son of his predecessor and brother. (Polybius, iii. 5, xxii. 22, xxv. 4, 6, xxx. 1, &c., xxxi. 9, xxxii. 3, 5, 25, &c., xxxiii. 1, 6, 10, &c.; Livy, xxxv. 23, xxxvii. 18, 43, xxxviii. 12, xlii. 16, 55, 58, 65, xlv. 19, 20; Strabo, xiii. p. 624, xiv. p. 667; Lucian, Macrob. 12; Diodorus Siculus, xxxi. Excerpta, p. 589, ed. Wesseling; xxxiii. Excerpta, p. 595, ed. Wesseling, &c.; Appian, De Bello Mithrid. 4, | &c.; Justin, xxxv. 1; Plutarch, An Seni sit gerenda Respubl. 16; De Fratrum Amore, 18; Pliny, Hist. Nat. vii. 39, viii. 74, xxxv. 36, § 19; Athenæus, viii. 346, xiv. 634; Stephanus Byzant. under Þiλadéλpia; Pausanias, vii. 16, § 8.)

ATTALUS III., surnamed PHILOME'TOR, was a son of King Eumenes II. and Stratonice, the daughter of Ariarathes of Cappadocia. When yet a boy, he spent some time at Rome, and on the death of his uncle, Attalus II., in B.C. 138, he succeeded to the throne of Pergamus. No sooner was the government in his hands than he set about murdering his nearest relatives and friends. After the perpetration of these crimes, for which there was not the slighest excuse, he sunk into a state of remorse and gloomy melancholy; he allowed his hair and beard to grow, and withdrew from all society. Unconcerned about the affairs of his kingdom, he devoted himself to sculpture and gardening: one of his favourite occupations was to prepare poisons. He wrote a work on gardening, which is lost, but it is mentioned by Varro, Columella, and Pliny. He died in B.C. 133, in consequence of a fever which he took by exposing himself to the heat of the sun, in erecting a statue of his mother. He bequeathed, in his will, the kingdom of Pergamus to the Romans; but the suspicion is not without some probability that this bequest was not an act of his free will, and that

ATTALUS (ÁTTαλos), a sophist or rhetorician, son of POLEMON, also a sophist, lived in the reign of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius. His name occurs in a Greek inscription on the reverse of three different medals of that period, "Attalus, the sophist, to his own cities, Smyrna and Laodicea." It appears from this that he belonged to one of these places by birth, to the other by adoption. Which of the two was his birth-place is disputed; it was probably Laodicea. He appears to have settled at Smyrna. He had a daughter, Callisto, married to Rusinianus, a man high in municipal office in the city of Phocæa. Hermocrates, the sophist, was the son of Callisto, and grandson of Attalus. The Attalus, whose etymology of the word μñλa (small cattle, as sheep or goats), is quoted in the "Etymologicum Magnum," is perhaps the sophist. (Fabricius, Biblioth. Græc. vi. p. 124, ed. Harles; Tristan de St. Amand, Commentaires Historiques, tom. i. p. 647; Ezechiel Spanheim, De Præstantia et Usu Numismatum Antiquorum Dissertatio Undecima, c. 35; Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, book ii. c. 25, with the notes of Olearius.) J.C.M.

AT-TAMI'MI', an Arabic physician, whose complete designation was Abu 'Abdullah Mohammed Ibn Ahmed Ibn Sa'id At-tamímí Al-makdesí. He was (as his name implies) a native of Jerusalem, where his grandfather Sa'íd had been a physician before him. He was instructed in the art of medicine by a Christian, and seems to have given much attention to pharmacy and materia medica, especially to the discovery of a theriaca, or universal antidote, on which subject he wrote several works. He went to Egypt about A.H. 360 (A.D. 970-1) and entered the service of Ya'kúb Ibn Kalís, who was vizir to Al-'azíz, the second of the Fatimide Khalifs, A.H. 365-386 (A.D. 976-996). Here he continued to prosecute his studies, and wrote several other medical works: he was still alive in Egypt in A.H. 370 (A.D. 980-1). Abú-'l-faraj mentions him among the most

the mutilation of Honorius. His disinclina- | enced by more than suspicion of what Attation to send Gothic troops into Africa, how-lus might do; nor is it clear that Attalus ever much at variance with the dictates had involved himself so far in his commuof self-interest, showed his regard for what nications with Demosthenes, as to be justly he deemed the interest and honour of the liable to punishment. His death was made empire; and his deposition was, in fact, the subject of reproach against Alexander, caused by his unwillingness to subserve the both by Cleitus and Hermolaus; and it is purposes and ambition of Alaric. (Zosimus, observable that Hermolaus, according to vi. 6-12; Sozomen, Eccles. Hist. ix. 8, 9; Quintus Curtius, speaks of Parmenion as Socrates, Eccles. Hist. vii. 10; Olympiodorus, the agent of Alexander in the affair: but apud Phot. Biblioth. Cod. 80'; Philostorgius, Diodorus and others are silent as to ParEccles. Hist. xii. 3, 4, 5, with Godefroy's menion's participation in the death of his Notes; Paulus Diaconus, xiv.; Orosius, vii. son-in-law. (Diodorus Siculus, xvi. 93, xvii. 42; Procopius, Vandalic War, i. 2; Gibbon, 2, 3, 5; Justin, ix. 5, 6, xii. 6; Quintus CurDecline and Fall, &c., c. xxxi; Tillemont, tius, vi. 9, viii. 1, 7, 8.) J. C. M. Histoire des Empereurs.) J. C. M. ATTALUS ("ATTαλos), a MACEDONIAN officer of rank, in the reign of Philip II., of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great. Attalus married the daughter of Parmenion, one of Philip's best officers; and when Philip, toward the close of his life, repudiated Olympias, he married Cleopatra, niece of Attalus. On occasion of these nuptials Attalus, being drunk, insulted Alexander, by inviting the Macedonians, who were present at the marriage-feast, to ask of the gods a "legitimate" successor to the throne. Alexander kindled at the insinuation, and asking Attalus whether he thought him a bastard, threw his wine-cup at his head. Attalus threw his in return; and a brawl ensued, in which Alexander had nearly fallen by the hand of his own father. The retreat of Alexander and his mother into Illyricum and Epirus left Attalus predominant at the court of Philip, where his abuse of his influence led to the king's death. A quarrel between two persons of the name of Pausanias, one of whom was the friend of Attalus, led Attalus to commit a gross outrage on the other. The injured man complained to Philip, but, not being able to obtain justice from him, determined on his assassination, which he effected B.C. 336.

At the time of Philip's murder Attalus appears to have been in Asia Minor, whither he had been sent with Parmenion and Amyntas, to prepare for the campaign against the Persians, and where he had made himself, by acts of kindness and by his friendly deportment, acceptable to the army. The accession of Alexander led Attalus to engage in some intrigues with the Athenians, then influenced by Demosthenes; but changing his mind, he sought to recover the king's favour, and, to effect this, gave up to him a letter which he had received from Demosthenes. Alexander, however, sent Hecatæus into Asia, with orders, if possible, to bring Attalus a prisoner; but if not, to put him privately to death. Hecatæus preferred the latter course, and Attalus was put to death, apparently soon after Alexander's accession. It is doubtful whether Alexander, when he gave his commission to Hecatæus, was influ

A'TTALUS, the MARTYR, one of those Christians who were put to death at Lyon during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, A.D. 177. He was a native of Pergamus in Asia, and a Roman citizen, well instructed in Christianity, and a man of eminence in the church of Lyon, of which he was regarded as "a pillar and foundation." He and Alexander, one of his fellow-martyrs, were exposed to wild beasts; but, as these did not destroy them, they were subjected to various tortures, and then put to death. Attalus, while under torture, was asked what was the name of God: to which he answered, "God has not a name like a man;" or, as Rufinus gives it, "Those who are many are distinguished by names: he who is one needs no name.' (Epistle of the Churches of Vienne and Lyon, in Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, v. 1; Rufinus, version of the above letter, in the Acta Sanctorum, June 2.) J. C. M.

ATTALUS ("ATTαλos), the name of three kings of PERGAMUS, one of the kingdoms which were formed after the breaking up of the great Macedonian Empire. Previous to the time of the first Attalus, Pergamus had been governed by dynasts or tyrants, whose descendant Attalus I. assumed the title of king, and transmitted it to his successors.

ATTALUS I. succeeded his cousin Eumenes I., in B.C. 241. He was a son of Attalus, a younger brother of Philetarus, the founder of the principality of Pergamus, by Antiochis. At the time of his accession the Galatians, or Gauls, were overrunning Asia Minor, plundering and ravaging the country, and they served either as mercenaries in the armies of the princes of Asia Minor, or made war upon one another. Attalus I. was the first of the Asiatic princes who succeeded in defeating one of their hosts in Mysia in a great battle. This victory, which was gained by the aid of Gallic mercenaries, took place soon after the accession of Attalus, and on this occasion he assumed the title of king, and dedicated a sculptured representation of the defeat of the Gauls on the Acropolis of Athens. By this victory Attalus extended his kingdom, which was afterwards increased by his taking advantage of the disputes among the members of the royal family of