country outside the boundaries of the permanent reservation as established by the treaty of 1868.

2d. To relinquish all right and claim to so much of that said reservation as lies west of the 103d meridian of longitude.

3d. To grant right of way over the permanent reservation to that part thereof which lies west of the 103d meridian of longitude, for wagon and other roads, from convenient and accessible points on the Missouri river, not exceeding three in number.

4th. To receive all such supplies as are provided for by said act and said treaty of 1868, at such points and places on their said reservations and in the vicinity of the Missouri river, as the President may designate.

5th. To enter into such agreement or arrangement with the President of the United States as shall be calculated and designed to enable said Indians to become selfsupporting."

The commission was successful and the treaty was signed at Red Cloud Agency, on September 26th, 1876, by Sioux, Cheyennes and Arapahoes. The signers were: Red Cloud, Young-Man-afraid-of-his-Horse; Red-Dog; Little-Wound; American Horse; Afraid-of-the-Bear; Three Bears; Fire-Hunter; Quick-Bear; Red-Leaf; FiveEyes; White-Cow; Good-Bull; Lone-Horse; Two-Lance; Veasel-Bear; Bad-Wound; High-Bear; He-takes-theevening-Soldier; Slow-Bull; High-Wolf and Big-Thunder.

The treaty was ratified and approved by the President on February the 28th, 1877. No special sum seems to have been appropriated in payment for the ceded lands, but the Government bound itself to provide all necessary aid to assist said Indians in the work of civilization, and the stipulations of the treaty of 1868 were reiterated. The Government also agreed to furnish the Indians stipulated rations and supplies until they should become self-supporting.

The territory ceded is bounded by the north and south forks of the Cheyenne river and the 103d meridian of longitude west of Greenwich, England. The Indians agreed to permit the building and establishing of wagon roads, not exceeding three in number, from the Missouri river, said routes to be designated by the President of the United States.

BOOK V.

CHAPTER I.

GOLD MINING IN THE BLACK HILLS.

Where does the gold and silver come from? is a question very often asked and difficult of reply, aside from the fact of their creation by the Omnipotent Creator.

It is as difficult to say where the gold comes from as it is to prove where it goes to, as at both ends of its course it is in the smallest possible particles. A question, too, is often asked: Why is it that gold and silver are called precious metals, and are more valued than iron, copper and other metals, far more useful than gold and silver? This reason has been given by an ancient writer: "After mankind had lost faith in the one true God and became idolaters, the sun and moon as the great givers of life were adored as gods. The color of the gold was somewhat similar to the color of the sun's rays, and some called it the tears wept by the sun,' and the color of silver resembled the pale light of the moon, and hence they are respectively sacred to the gods of the sun and moon. And as the reverence for the burning orb of the sun, master of all the manifestation of nature, was tenfold greater than the veneration for the smaller, weak and variable goddess of the night, so was the demand for the metal sacred to the sun ten times as great as the metal sacred to the moon."

During the celebrated law suit between the Sitting-Bull and Richmond Mining Companies, which was before the court at Deadwood in 1883 and 1884, Professor Riotte gave the following testimony: "In regard to rock formation I make two, probably three, differences: they are either

igneous, or sedimentary in their origin; but it is possible to speak of a third as metamorphic, the original character of which has been completely changed by subsequent action. Quartzite veins are by far the most common forms of mineral deposits in the United States. Quartzite is formed from sedimentary deposits and metamorphized became subsequently impregnated with minerals from springs down in the earth.”

He goes on to say that one theory of the mineralization or metallization of mineral veins is that during the vein age, mineral springs burst forth from the interior of the earth on the line of least resistance, carrying metal in solution as they escaped the heat and pressure in approaching the surface. All rock deposited from the sea water contains some gold or silver. In fact all sea water contains an appreciable amount of gold and silver, hence all schisted rock laid down in the beds of old oceans contains more or less gold and silver.

When rain falls on the earth like distilled water from the clouds, it settles in basins and valleys and sinks down in the ground and through the sedimentary rocks, gradually getting greater pressure on it. Under pressure water will go through every known class of rock and will dissolve every known substance, compound as well as elementary in shape. It thus becomes impregnated, and as one drop follows another, it keeps on its course till it finds a crack or crevice and returns to the surface as a spring. This water becomes a great solvent of minerals, of lime, silica, gold, silver, and other things. If the water fell through a mass of limerock it would be charged heavily with lime, and if it then rises on a fissure it will dissolve quartzite, or quartz, or silica; and when it begins to rise on a fissure or an actual opening, it deposits what it has taken up and kept in solution for two reasons: it gradually loses its pressure as it rises to the surface, and secondly, something else is dissolved by the water. Silica for instance will displace lead, silver and gold.

A crack may be made by an earthquake, and water pass

ing through it and gradually falling down, will come out as a hot spring, and the fissure actually stands open and waits to be filled by the stuff that is dissolved by the water and deposited on its sides as it loses its pressure. And this material so deposited, gold, silver, lead, copper and iron throws the mountain asunder. This material is obtained from the rocks through which the water percolates after having fallen in the shape of rain. Veins are thus formed by the power of crystallization from year to year and age to age.

Mr. Fox and Mr. Beignerel refer the origin of many metallic veins to electro-chemical agencies, which are operating at the present day, and transfer the contents of veins even from the solid rock in which they are disseminated, into fissures in the same. The former of these gentlemen has shown conclusively that the materials of metallic veins, arranged as they are in the earth, are capable of exerting a feeble electro-magnetic influence, i. e., they constitute galvanic circuits, whereby numerous decompositions and recompositions, and a transfer of one element to a considerable distance, may be effected.

He was inclined to experiment on this subject by the analogy which he perceived between the arrangements of mineral veins and volcanic combinations, and he thinks if such an agency be admitted in the earth, it shows why metallic veins having a nearly east and west direction are richer in ore than others; since electro-magnetic currents would more readily pass in an east and west direction than in a north and south one, in consequence of the magnetism of the earth. Mr. Neckar and Dr. Buckland suggest that some mineral veins may have been filled by the sublimation of their contents into fissures and cavities of the superincumbent rocks, by means of intensely heated mineral matter beneath.

Mr. Z. L. White wrote in 1881 to the New York Tribune: The mines of the Black Hills yield both gold and silver, though the silver deposits were not discovered till some time after active mining for gold had made the region