Elements of Translation

achieve alignment American analysis apply appositive approximation Arabic aspect Back_trans called cause Chapter choices clause coherence cohesion collocations communication communicative intention competence concept condition Consider the following consists constraints construction context convey correspondence cultural decisions denotative dependency Descriptive determine direct effect employ English ensure equivalent Example target language exists expression Figure focus following example French function grammatical individual inference information content integrity intentions interference interpretive intervention knowledge lexical linguistic literal logical matching meaning mode modifier natural necessary needs Notice noun operative Organization original text paragraph patterns person perspective phrase possible pragmatic primary problem produce reader refers relations relationship requires restrictions rhetorical semantic sense sentence shift situation social sometimes source language source text Spanish specific structure substitution syntactic takes translation technique Transliteration transparency types understanding verb verbal expression word writing