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parchment, saddles and harness, oat straw for the Abbot's chamber, watching the flocks at Fountains Fell, boots, shoes, and leggings, materials for ink, sea coal, salt, yarn, dyeing, locks, getting plaster, shearing cloth, rakes, etc., to one carrying vessels of bragot,1 for fowls against Lent, for goat's flesh, for 10 lb. of bronze for a magna olla, for seeking stolen oxen, for a pair of clavichords," for little oil-barrels, for green tartaryn1 for a vestment, for bolting-cloths, to the poor on Maundy Thursday, for mending a silver sprinkler, for a felt hat for the bursar, budge,1 and other things for the Abbot mentioned above, repairs of a clock, hemp seed, a myrtle [?] for the Abbot, 24 rakes, canvas for woolsacks, a pair of beads for the Abbot, knives and gloves for the servants at Christmas, curing the Abbot's horse, dishes and bowls, soap, charcoal and seacoal, lepes1 and skeps, razors and sharpening thereof, a deerskin for the Abbot's boots, oat straw for his camera, quicksets for hedges, gold thread and silk for vestments, mole-catching and mole-skins, and spreading of mole-hills, a present of 78. 8d. to a doctor of Rievaulx and his servant, contribution of 10s. to an Oxford student, to a son of John Paslew as a christening present, with expenses, 20s. 9d.; paper for a map of the world, 7 quires for accounts, pulvis pestilencio, medicines for the brethren, making faggots and hedges, watching a pinfold, solatia to friends at Ripon, cabbage and plants, album ferrum (tin plate) for lanterns, the Corpus Christi play, special provision for guests, as fresh fish for the Lord William Scrope, swans and other birds for the Earl of Northumberland, for repairing an aumbry at the church and a new lock, collecting plants, probably self-sown or other quicksets, required for a hedge by the side of a ditch, a reredos for Crosthwaite. In the changing of a "saltsaler" a sum of 14s. 8d. was paid. Tanners' bark was excorticated at Wheldrake. They paid 208. to the Vicar of Arncliffe for tithe of Arnclifcote. find a payment for 3s. 6d. for pitch and rosin pro navibus, and the Abbey may have had some ferry-boats or other small vessels of their own on the rivers, though no other mention of such craft occurs in these accounts or in Swynton's book.

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1 For this and other unfamiliar words see the Glossary.

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Under Pannus lineus we find linen and buckram for the Abbot, and linen for the barber, for the Infirmary, the Refectory, and the Abbot's store-room. Under Pannus laneus, a scapular of say for the Abbot, white cloth for the Cistercian habits of the novices, kersey for the Abbot, russet for the servants, an almuce for the Abbot, and much white and black cloth for monastic habits. Swynton mentions cloths called kanyete, meld, albus, and grisius.

Charges for Reparaciones extend over five pages in 1457-8. In 1456-7 the leaves that would have contained them are lost. In 1458-9 they are incomplete. We find entries of 101⁄2 and of 3 acres of meadows pro tectura tenementorum, as if coarse grass was used for thatch (see p. 53n, and Glossary under Tectura); numerous repairs of houses, sheds, walls, fisheries, etc.; making a fence between the lands of the abbots of Fountains and of Sawley in Craven; a similar fencing off at Milby appears in the Memorandum book; making water-gates or drains, hedging and ditching; repairing the supports of the banks of the Nidd; hedging round coney-garths; mending the great clock; building new houses, etc.; embanking by the Nidd and in Borrowdale, cutting brushwood and making fences; binding books; mending the windows of the church and other windows; payments or return presents to the Prior of Newminster in 1457-8 for a mantle and for fish and "seal-fish," which things come strangely among reparaciones; Swynton records a payment of 88. for two ells of black cloth (a very high price), given to the Prior of Newminster for bringing seal-fish to the Abbot of Fountains in 1455. Under repairs we further find the mending of a causey and the clearing out of "Fontans dicke " at Wheldrake, the repairing of the crown and chest of St. Anne, etc. The repairs in 1458-9 are of much the same kind; they include those of smoke-houses at five places, the plastering of a new house, getting stone, repairing a pavement at York, making a dovecot at Rainton, fixing the mill axle and repairing the mill and the miller's house, as also the causey again, at Wheldrake, making a parva domus for 3s. 6d., repairing the cowhouse at Dacre, and a tenement in the Horsefair at Ripon, etc.

Under Stipendia Operariorum, remaining only in 1457-8, we find a part payment of 13s. 4d. for making a clock, and payments for getting garthwood, stone, and quicksets; also for sawing and work in the wheelwright's shop and about the monastery, in glazing and plumbing, in carpenter's and smith's work, work about the stable and dovecot at Marton, cleansing the ditch at Rowell, etc.

Under Cariagia come payments for carriage of timber, wool, two horse-loads of salmon from Baldersby (on the Wharfe) to the monastery, lead, salt from the sea to the monastery, tithe corn, tithe hay, plaster, planks, tar, wine, seacoal from Rale, co. of Durham, marl, moss, sand, leather, malt, etc.

Under Dona (gratuities), sums varying in amount, to a king's messenger, to one bearing letters from the curia Romana, to the herald of the lord of Norfolk, to a gentleman of the lord John Nevill, to a prisoner of the lord of Egremont, to servants of the abbots of Kirkstall and Meaux, to various lawyers and scribes, to the bailiffs for the delivery of John Esby from prison in London, and to the jailors there, to the players belonging to the monastery, to an anchorite of Richmond, to minstrels at Christmas, to a messenger of the abbot of Woburn, to the boy bishops of Ripon and of York, to the lord of Sarum's fool, to a Durham minstrel and to many others, and to fools from Byland and elsewhere, one of these named Adam, another Solomon, to Roger Ward's servant bringing a letter to the Abbot, to the preaching friars in rye, and to other friars in money, to a blind minstrel, to a poor man 8d. on account of a fire, the guild of the Crucifix at Ripon, to divers minstrels by the lord Abbot, to a fabulator ignotus, to two men bringing quicksets, to wandering monks, to men bringing venison, partridges, fruit, etc., to the king's minstrels and their "boys," to a bearer of royal letters, to the novices at their bleeding times, to a royal messenger bringing the privy seal, to one going to the Holy Land, "to two Scots" on various occasions, apparently men seeking work.

Allocaciones and defalcaciones form the subject of a long list of reductions on rents, and are not of very much interest, the reasons not being given as a rule, but we find allowances

for lands destroyed by floods, or diminished by the digging of a quarry, for a wall thrown down, for butter and cheese supplied by tenants beyond their agreements, for rent of Whixley unjustly detained by " Banke " (with whom the Abbey had a lawsuit," in materia Ric. Banke "), for various agreements and other business transactions, etc. There was an allowance of 28. for a bow given by the Abbot, and we learn from Swynton that a bow had a year or two before been bought at Lincoln at the same price.

After these come payments in finibus, brevibus, et amerciamentis, of no great interest; then Expense minuta, never exceeding a few pence, but incurred for a great variety of little things, such as (1456–7) a bellstring for St. Michael's chapel, a felt hat, spurs, and water-budgets for T. Swynton, a candelabrum for the hospice at York (only 4d.), several little things for the Abbot, as oysters, cords, mending a silver spoon, soap, a book, black silk, carrying drink for him to Brimham, paper, gloves, first a pair at 2d. which he probably found not good enough, for he soon after had three more pairs at 4d.; spurs for the bursar, two couples of rabbits, materials for ink, red wax, and vermilion. In 1457-8 similar charges, and, for the Abbot, "Cotum " (qu. cotton ?), white thread, wine and pears, liquorice, riddle-cord, painting his staff, thread for his chamber; also for others, a felt hat for T. Swynton, triaca, a "herenseu," pepper, ginger, door-locks, shoes, and 4d. for looking for a lost fawn. There is only a fragment of the account for 1478-9; its contents are much as above so far as they go.

Expensa d'ni Abbatis are for several journeys on business or pleasure, but the record contains few particulars of special interest. On one occasion 7d. was paid for navigium at Acaster, perhaps only the ferry. Swynton records the same at York, probably the old ferry where Lendal Bridge now is.

Expense Itinerancium are set forth at great length in each year. They were incurred by the principal officers of the monastery, or by persons sent by them, and are mostly of a similar nature to those of the Abbot. Sometimes messengers went to borrow money, or to buy commodities, as wine, salt salmon, and fowls, or to York for groceries. Charges of 5s. 4d.

were incurred by some who went a-hunting at times, and there were expenses of William Wilson at Aberford in the time of his sickness, ls.; and of John Esby visiting Wm. Hartcastell when sick in Nidderdale, 6d. On one occasion John Overend went as far as Wetherby with an "extraneous" monk.

Then come Expense Curiarum, the expenses incurred in holding fifteen different manorial courts; these did not amount to much.

Then payments Clericis et Feodariis, twenty-seven in number, including the Vicar of Crosthwaite, and then Mercedes famulorum, only fifty-five as against 117 in the list at the end of the Memorandum book, so that we may suppose above half of the latter to have been paid only in kind. Under Mercedes Forestariorum thirteen are named, but there are only two in Swynton's list; these two were perhaps in a servile position, not master foresters. Next come payments Conventui in habitu, which seems to mean all members of the house in monastic habit,, amounting to £40 16s. 10d., with some small extras, viz. to the Prior in regardo yearly, 13s. 4d.; to the Subprior, 38 4d.; to the Cantor, 3s. 4d.; to the Succentor, ls. 8d.; to the deacons of the cloister, 3s. 4d.; and to four other officers in habitu, £5 6s. 10d. We have seen above that the Abbot and certain officers received salaries, or at any rate had yearly sums placed at their disposal; the Abbot had £31 38. 4d. All this seems to be far removed from the old monastic idea that proprietas, i.e. a monk's having anything of his own, was a mortal sin.

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In each year there are several entries under the heads Solucio debiti antiqui and Solucio debiti novi. Some of the amounts are considerable, but they explain themselves, and need not be further referred to here. Then come Terræ emptæ, quite small purchases of land; followed by Expensæ pro materia de Crostwat, "ut plenius patet per tutivillum," or, ut plenius patet Tutivill." Tutivillus occurs frequently in these accounts, and the term is explained in the Glossary, where also the different uses of patet are pointed out. Next come some entries under Bladum emptum, which, being reckoned by acres and roods, would seem to refer to standing corn, wheat, rye, and