by this dune-water pressure. In any case, this dune water is a vast

reservoir of fresh water.

The quantity of rain water percolating through these dunes, and contributing to the ground-water streams, is estimated at 0. 30 meter (1.191 inches) per annum. From a range of dunes 21⁄2 miles in width the quantity of water thus percolating is estimated at 240,000,000 gallons per kilometer (0.62137 mile) in length of dunes. This quantity, however, can not be drawn off, as a certain amount must be permitted to flow inward and outward to counteract the pressure of the salt water from the sea and the land.

For the Amsterdam waterworks the water is collected in open canals, which are never excavated below sea level. For The Hague waterworks it is collected in stoneware pipes, in a bed of shells, laid at a depth of 13 feet below sea level. In Haarlem, on the other hand, the water will be collected in wells of 50 to 66 feet below sea level (these works are not yet completed).

The water contains much iron in solution, and for this reason, as well as for other reasons, it is filtered at the three places mentioned before being pumped into the mains. When the water is collected in wells or in pipes, it must be aërated before being filtered.

The question of securing a permanent supply of fresh water from below sea level is not, it appears to me, infallibly settled. Cases which have come within my personal cognizance would seem to cast a doubt upon this low supply. I have known wells 10 to 40 meters (32.8 feet to 131.2 feet) to supply perfectly fresh water for a time; but after a certain period of pumping, the water became so salt as to render it unfit for use. Whether these cases are exceptions, remains to be proven by time, the deep drainage system having been in operation only a comparatively short period.

LEIPSIC COMMERCIAL HIGH SCHOOL.*

The merchants of this country for some time past have recognized the value and necessity of giving young men who intend to follow the commercial industries information in connection therewith. The business men of this city, under the auspices of the Leipsic Chamber of Commerce, with the advice and consent of the Royal Ministry of the Interior and the academical senate of the University of Leipsic, will open on the 23d of April, 1898, a commercial high school, the first of its kind in Germany. There are, of course, many expenses in connection with the establishment of this institution, which will be paid by the Leipsic Chamber of Commerce. The Royal Ministry

* See CONSULAR REPORTS No. 212 (May, 1898), p. 103.

of the Interior and the council of the city of Leipsic have, however, promised to contribute something toward defraying the running expenses for the first two years at least.

The establishment of such schools will be found to be most beneficial to commercial careers, and their methods and teachings can not fail to impress upon the minds of the students the great value of these institutions as a means for increasing one's business knowledge, and also for the perpetuation and upbuilding of a country's commerce and industries.

This subject is well worthy of thoughtful and careful consideration, not only by our boards of education, but by the boards of trade of our large cities.

The following is a brief plan of the Leipsic Commercial High School:

The management is placed in the hands of twelve men, who are chosen to serve for a period of two years. This body is called the commercial high school senate, and is composed of one representative of the Royal Government, one of the city of Leipsic, the president and two members of the Leipsic Chamber of Commerce, three professors of the University of Leipsic who are appointed by the academical senate thereof, two professors of the commercial high school, appointed by the president thereof, and the director of studies. The president of the chamber of commerce is chairman of the commercial high school until further notice.

The director of studies is appointed by the commercial high school senate for a period of two years. His duties are chiefly confined to the supervision of the daily school work. He is required, before the beginning of every school term, to communicate with the different professors whose lectures are included in the term's work to remedy any conflict that may appear in the working schedule.

Admission is granted to students who can give a certificate setting forth that they have attended German schools for nine years, to teachers who have passed their second examination, to merchants who have their one year's voluntary military service papers, or who have finished their apprenticeship, if they can show in a satisfactory way to the board the necessary mental knowledge. In case foreigners ask for admission, the committee will decide whether or not they possess the proper educational qualifications. No person can be a student at the commercial high school and at the University of Leipsic at the same time; upon application for a visiting card, however, permission will be granted students of either institution to attend lectures in the other.

The course of study covers the science of law and political economy (as far as they are necessary and valuable for general education

and for the commercial profession), commercial history, commercial geography, knowledge of goods, technology, and foreign languages. Commercial arithmetic, bookkeeping, correspondence, and stenography will also be taught. Those who desire to educate themselves as commercial-school teachers will have an opportunity of attending pedagogical lectures at the seminarium, which is connected with the public commercial school.

The school term begins on the 23d of April and lasts until the end of July. The second term commences the 1st of October and finishes on the 1st of March. Just before the second term―i. e., the last week in September-the time is spent in visiting factories and mills to study the actual workings thereof.

Two years' time is required for the whole course.

The tuition fee is $10 per annum, which entitles the student to attend all the lectures of the course. For subjects other than prescribed in the regular course, such as foreign languages, an additional fee will be charged, which, however, will be very small.

The establishment of a State examination commission and the publication of detailed regulations concerning the examinations is reserved. Misconduct is punishable by fines as high as 50 marks ($11.90), and, in case of gross misconduct, by dismissal.

The following will be the faculty for the first two years:

Science of general political economy, Prof. Dr. Büchner; commercial and trade politics, Prof. Dr. Büchner; industrial politics, Dr. Pohle; commercial, maritime, and banking laws, Prof. Dr. Friedberg; introduction into the studies of statistics, Prof. Hasse; German colonial politics, Prof. Hasse; geography and colonial politics of East German Africa, Dr. Hassert; general and chemical technology, Dr. Rassaw; elementary insurance mathematics, with practical exercises, Dr. Hausdorff; countries and cities of central Europe, Prof. Dr. Ratzel; general history of modern times, Prof. Dr. Marks; introduction into the knowledge of plastic arts, Prof. Dr. Schmarsow; history of the German literature of the generation of Klopstock and Lessing, Prof. Witkowsky; commercial and political arithmetic, Mr. Lambert; bookkeeping, Mr. Lambert; correspondence and office work, Dr. Döll; mechanical technology, textile industry with excursions, Dr. Pritzch.

Lectures in foreign languages and exercises in commercial correspondence in foreign languages will be arranged as they may be needed.

LEIPSIC, March 25, 1898.

B. H. WARNER, Jr.,
Consul.

TRADE-MARKS IN HUNGARY.

I inclose translation of the rules concerning the registration of trade-marks now in force in Hungary, a request for information on the subject having been received from a firm in Massachusetts.

By the ten years' "commercial compact" with Austria concluded ir. 1887, renewed by a "provisorium" for the year 1898, trade-marks registered in Hungary are protected in Austria. But by the inclosed rules and by the convention with the United States concluded in 1871, registration must take place in both countries.

The movement in Hungary against the renewal of the "commercial compact" for the full term 1897-1907 is attracting much attention at present.

BUDAPEST, April 14, 1898.

FRANK DYER CHESTER,

Consul.

BUDAPEST CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY.

INSTRUCTIONS PRESCRIBING THE METHOD TO BE FOLLOWED IN THE REGULATION OF TRADE-MARKS AND THE RENEWAL OF REGISTRATIONS.

(On the basis of Law II of 1890, and Law XLI of 1895, and of Executive Ordinance No. 25552 issued under date of April 30, 1890, by the Royal Hungarian Minister of Commerce.)

I. Parties may apply for the registration, renewal, transfer, or repeal of trademarks at the trade-mark registration bureau, either in writing or in person.

In the former case, the petition must bear a 50-kroner revenue stamp, and in addition each and every trade-mark must be accompanied by two 15-kroner stamps; in the latter case a 50-kroner stamp for the taking of the protocol is also required. II. The following documents and data must be produced at the first registration of any trade-mark:

(1) A certificate as to the occupation of the petitioner (license, firm-registration decree, or tax receipt).

(2) The name of the article to be protected by the trade-mark.

(3) Five copies of the original trade-mark.

(4) The stereotype of the trade-mark, which must be just 25 millimeters (0.985 inches) high and not more than 20 centimeters (7.87 inches) long and 13 centimeters (5.12 inches) wide. (Only stereotypes with square base are accepted. Round or oval-shaped stereotypes are unsuitable).

(5) A fee of 5 florins ($2.01) for the registration of trade-mark.

(6) In case of stamps, etc., directly placed on metal, glass, and such materials, three specimens of the same. (Each of these specimens must have an eyelet, so that the mark given in the register can be attached by a string. The specimen must show the picture of the trade-mark in its natural size, and must be so designed as to leave around the picture a margin of only 2 centimeters=0.79 inch).

(7) In case of trade-marks containing the liknesses of their Majesties or of members of the royal family, or decorations (including exhibition medals), or the coat of arms of the country or of any public authority, a certificate of the right of using the same.

III. The following trade-marks are exempt from registration:

(1) Those containing merely the likenesses of their Majesties or of some member of the royal family.

(2) Those consisting only of the coat of arms of the Government or of public offices, or numbers, or letters.

(3) Those in general use in trade for marking the same goods.

(4) Those containing representations that are immoral, offensive, or contrary to the public order, or marks of any kind which do not answer the real purposes of the business, or are not genuine, and would mislead the public using the articles so marked.

IV. If the registration of a trade-mark is refused, the party will receive a written notice to that effect, against which, through the channel of the chamber of commerce, he may appeal within thirty days to the Ministry of Commerce.

V. In accordance with section 16 of the trade-mark law, the registration of trademarks must be renewed every ten years from the date of the first registration.

At the time of renewal, the original certificate of registration must be produced to the registration bureau. In case it is impracticable to produce the same, the date and number of the original registration must be given.

At the renewal, however, the stamp taxes mentioned in Section I have to be paid, and all the formalities mentioned in Sections I and VII must be observed.

VI. The above instructions apply to owners of foreign trade-marks, with the addition that they are obliged to register their trade-mark both at the Budapest and at the Vienna chambers of commerce.

They are further obliged to prove, by a certificate of registration or a legalized copy of the same, that their trade-mark is registered in their own country.

In order that this registration may be quickly and promptly effected, and that no time may be lost in correspondence, it is desirable that foreigners should appoint a local representative to attend to the registration.

TRADE ROUTES IN PERSIA.

I inclose a report on the trade routes connecting Persia with the outer world, taken from the British Board of Trade Journal.

The trade routes which connect Persia with the outer world may be roughly classified into northern, northwestern, and northeastern routes, which are more or less monopolized by Russia, and the southern and southwestern, used by England and by British India. The purely Russian lines are those from Tiflis, in the Caucasus, and from Astara, a small port on the southern shore of the Caspian, to Tabriz, and thence via Kasvin to the capital; the caravan routes from Enzeli, Resht, and Meshed-i-sar, on the Caspian, direct to Teheran; the route from Gez, on the southeastern shore of the Caspian, via Asterabad, and the still more important one from Askabad, on the transCaspian line, of which the two last named lead direct to Meshed, the capital of the rich Persian province of Khorassan.

But, although Russia may predominate in the north, the bulk of the foreign trade of Persia is carried on in the south via the ports of the Persian Gulf, and here the British trader is in the ascendant.