Scheerer, reduced the town and citadel of Brescia, and forced the French to abandon the Oglio. On the twentieth; general Kaim fevere ly beat the rear guard of the eneny's right, at Cremona, and took four hundred prifoners. In this action, the Ruffians, for the first time, were engaged with the French. The French had fcarcely fuffered a firft defeat, when the hatred felt, and the revenge referved for them broke forth with Italian heat. In a moment, the infurrection fpred itself on the two banks of the Po. The French, difperfed about the country, fell under the blows of thofe Italians, who were a few days before fo obedient, or were obliged to take refuge in the towns in which they had garrifons. Even fome towns, and among others Mifandola, were taken from them by the armed pealants, fupported by fome light imperial troops. The fparks of this fire palled, as it were, over the heads of the French, and lighted up the Brefcian, the Bergamefe, and Piedmont. The people affembled in feveral places, and where it did not burft it threatened. The fear of feeing a numerous population arriving behind him, and the impoflibility of making head at once against this and the Auftrians, contributed nut a little to determine Scheerer to retire, that he might concentrate his force, fecure the fortified places of Piedmont, and receive thofe reinforcements fooner, which were on their way from France, and from Switzerland. But the reveries, and retreat of this commander, though the former do not appear to have been owing to any thing that could be much, if at all, blamed in his conduct, and the latter, in his circumstances, was manifeftly prudent, heightened the deteftation in which he had been held in Paris: where the people, according to the natural exaggera tion of their impetuous minds, did not fcruple to fay, that, during his adminiftration, he had intentionally prepared the ruin of the French atmy. A court martial was talked of. The cries of the army, and of the jacobin councils, compelled the directory to ftrip Scheerer of his command, which was given to Moreau, who was not in their favour, and who was invested with the command on the banks of the Adda; where the French army was reinforc ed by fome troops from Piedmont, from Genoa, and from the interior of France, which, in part, made up for the facrifices of men it had been obliged to make, in forming the garrifons of Mantua, Pefchiera, Brefcia, and Pizzighetone. The positions taken by the French were thefe: the left wing of the French army, commanded by Serrurier, defended the upper Adda from Lecco, on the lake of Como, to Trezzo, where it joined to the centre, where Moreau took his fiation, compofed of the divifions of generals Victor and Grenier. All the place comprized between Trezzo and Caffano was occupied by thefe two divifions. At their right, and behind Caffano, was placed the main body of their ca valry. The bridge-head of Caffano was ftrongly entrenched, and protected by the artillery of the cattle. It was protected likewife by the canal between the Adda and Milan, lined with riflemen, and defended by a great number of batteries raised along the banks of the river. The right of the French army, guarded by general Delmas, had its prine ipal force at Lodi and Pizzighe tone. On the twenty-third, the allies continued their.march without impediment, and encamped on the banks of the Adda, taking their pofitions along that river, and leaying those occupied by the French. Their head-quarters were placed at Treviglio. General Kaims' divifron held Pizzighetone in check, oblerved the Lower Adda, and advance parties beyond the Po, to Placentia and Parma. One of thefe parties was fent into the latter place to carry off the Pope, whom the French were conducting into France. But the Auftrians, who were not informed of this circumftance, before it was too late, did not arrive at Parma till twenty-four hours after the unfortunate Pius the fixth, had been torn from thence. * river, and took up a pofition at Brivio, an important point, fituated at the end of the road leading to Milan, from the lake of Como, on the centre of the allied army; to reach the oppofite banks of the Adda, was not to ealy. It was ftrongly guarded, its courfe rapid and finuous, and its banks fteep. This paflage could be effected only by a concurrence of boldness, activity, and good fortune. This con currence marshal Suwarrow hoped to find and obtain in the marquis de Chafieller, his quarter-master general. The marquis having fent an officer of pontooneers, on the night of the twenty-fixth, to reconnoitre the banks of the river oppofite Trezzo; and having received a report that it was impoffible to throw over a bridge at that place, repaired to the fpot himfelf. He employed fome hundreds of the troops almost all night, in carrying the pontoons and planks necessary to the conftruction of a bridge, to the edge of the water. At half after five the next morning the bridge was completed. All the light troops belonging to the centre of the allied army, having made hafte to pass the bridge, fell upon that part of the divifion which had occupied Trezzo, drove it from thence and repulfed it to Pozzo. A battle enfued between Pozzo and Brivio, the French were driven out of the village, and fome hundreds made prifoners. General Melas threw a flying bridge, which he had in readinefs, over the The line occupied by the French on the Adda, though they were only 25,000 ftrong, was of more than fifty miles. Marthal Suwarrow, unable to turn this line, and unwilling to be impeded by it, refolved to force it on the twenty-feventh, and to make attacks, at the fame time, on its centre and left points, on which it was beft defended. In the night, between the twenty-fixth and twenty-leventh, general Wuckalowich made himself mafter of a flying bridge, which the enemy had been negligent enough to deftroy but imperfectly. Having quickly repaired it, he marched four battalions and two fquadrons acrofs the The aged and infirm father of the catholic church, as he paffed to Valence, through Dauphiny, was every where received, by multitudes of people, with fentiments and expreffions of fympathy, refpect, and veneration. They tell on their knees and demanded his bleffing: which he beftowed with great goodness and grace in a very affecting manner. After an indifpofition of feveral days, he expired at Valence, on the nineteenth of Auguft, in his eighty-fecond year. He was elected pope, February 5 1775. Uniacked line thrown into the grave to confume his body." was Adda, Adda, paffed it with his two divifions, and rejoined, on the fame night, marshal Suwarrow, at Gorgonzello. The enemy who retired towards Milan were purfued: but the obfcurity of the night, and the fatigue of the allied troops, favoured their retreat. On the morrow, general Melas's divifions, lefs fatigued than thofe of the Ruffian marthal's, marched towards Milan, where they arrived without any obftacle. The imperial troops were received, in that populous capital of Lombardy, with the fame demonftrations of joy they had lavifhed on the French three years before. On the fame night, marshal Suwarrow arrived at Milan with his whole ftaff. General Wuckaffowich, by furprizing the paffage of the Adda at Brivio, and pofting himfelf at that place, had cut off the line of communication between the centre and the left of the French. This divifion, commanded by Serrurier, was on the point of being furrounded, on the twenty-eighth, by a body of Auftrians and Ruffians under Wuckaflowich, battered in every direction with his artillery, and charged with his cavalry: when the general, whofe force was now reduced to three thousand men, demanded to capitulate, which was granted to him. The conditions were, that the whole troops, thould lay down their arms and be made prifoners of war. The generals and officers, however were permitted to return to France, on their parole, not to ferve again until exchanged. This laft condition was a mark of refpect fhewn to the bravery of old general Serrurier, and to the probity of his conduct.* The battle of the twenty-feventh, and the actions to which it led, on the upper Adda, coft the republicans five thousand men made prifoners, befides four thoufand wounded or killed. The lofs of the allies, on thefe different heads, amounted at leaft to two thoufand five hundred men, and thirty-two pieces of cannon on the field of battle, and a much greater number at Milan. Thus it appears that the imperialifts fought for the fafety of Verona under its walls, on the twentyfixth and even thirtieth of March, and that eight-and-twenty days after, they were established in Milan, having, in the interval, invefied two fortreffes, forced the paffage of a river lined with entrenchments, obtained two brilliant victories, killed or wounded more than fifteen thousand men, made a like number of prifoners, and taken more than one hundred pieces of cannon. After the battle of the Adda, Mureau, compelled to yield the Milanefe to the conquerors, found himfelf in a very embarrafling fituation. He had with him fcarcely fifteen thousand; and what remained of his forces, on his right and left, hardly amounted to ten thoufand more. With this fmall number, he had at once to preferve his communication with Switzerland, to defend the approaches of Turin, to cover the fortified places of east This old gentleman, preferving, under the republican standard, that sense of honour which had raifed him to the rank of lieutenant under the old government, kept himself fo pure, in the midst of the extortions committed by the other generals, that he was called the VIRGIN OF THE ARMY. ern ern Piedmont, to fecure the prefervation of the paffes of the Appenines, to leave to the army of, Naples the means of effecting its retreat, and to fupprefs the infurrections, which were breaking out againft him on all fides. To en- Marfhal Suwarrow, after enterdeavour to face fo many duties, ing Milan, contented himself with calls, and dangers, he made his right fending out fome light troops in purfall back from the Adda to the Po; fuit of the retreating enemy. As his centre from Milan to Pavia; foon as the different directions they and his left to Novara. He quitted had taken were known, after leav this latter town, where he had his ing four thousand men, under genehead-quarters, and repaired to Tu- ral Latterman, to blockade the cafrin, to put it in a ftate of defence: tle of Milan, he put his army in not the city, for which his whole motion on the first of May, and, on army would hardly have fufficed to the fourth, eftablished his headform a garrifon, but the citadel, quarters at Pavia, General Kray, which required a much smaller one. who had remained on the Mincio, Having made the arrangements ne- with twenty thousand men, to beceflary for this purpofe, and ftifled fiege Pefchiera and Mantua, made fone little infurrections, which dif- himfelf mafier of the latter on the turbed his communication with fifth. The grand duke Conftantine, France, by the vallies of Piedmont, fon of the emperor of Ruffia, who he rejoined his army. Too weak was at that time on his way to join to be enabled to protect equally the army of marthal Suwarrow, was well Turin, Tortona, and Alexan- prefent, as he pafled, at the taking dria, he determined to leave Pied- poffeffion of this fortrefs, which, mont to its fate, to difpute the reft though fmall, is advantageously fitu of Italy inch by inch, and by gain- ated. On the fame day, the fifth, ing time to fave the campaign. On general Latterman invefted, in the feventh of May, he chofe a po- form, the cafle of Milan, and ge fition, by which his right refied on neral Kaim that of Pizzighetone, Alexandria, and the Tanaro; and This laft place, furrendered on the his left on Valentia and the Po. ninth, after an explotion of a fmall By this pofition, on one fide, he fup- magazine of powder. The garrifon, orted Tortona, and on the other, confifting of fix hundred men, were by the courfe of the Po, gave fome made priteners of war. protection to Turin. He preferved, at the fame time, if not the fhorteft, at leaft his most important communications with France, as well as with the Genocfe territory, and confequently with the army of Naples. And, what he had principally in view, he hoped thereby to fix the attention of the allies in the centre of Italy, to oblige them to wafte the campaign in a war of pofts and fieges, and thus to retard, or even prevent, any project of invafion they might form against France, and give the republic time to collect new armies. From the time that marshal Su warrow perceived the defenfive plan adopted by Moreau, he reduced his own to three principal points: to interrupt, as much as poffible, Moreau's communications with Switzerland and France; to cut off that which he, bad with Tufcany and with the army of Naples; and to oblige him to quit the advantageous advantageous pofition which he had taken. General Wuckaffowich, taking poffeffion of the whole of the left bank of the Upper Po, abandoned by the French, pushed his advanced pofts as far as Chiavaflo. A ftrong detachment of his corps, under the command of prince Charles of Rohan, entered the valJey of Aafti, and took poffeffion of Jorea. The centre of the Ruffian army, under general Rofenberg, occupied the Lummeline, prefenting a front against the French army. The left wing traverfed the duchy of Parma, and occupied Bobbio. The right pushed its advanced pofts as far as Vaghera. On the rear of the army, colonel Stranch gained more and more ground in the Valtelline, and took the important poft of Morbegno. Prince victor of Rohan, with two thousand men, aided by the inhabitants of the country, after taking poffeffion of Como, purfued the enemy, who had retreated to Chiavenna. Another corps, fent from Milan, proceeded as far as Arona, on the lake Maggione. Such is the condenfed picture of the multiplied operations which the allied army undertook at the beginning of May: operations which divided it into a great number of corps, and thus, very much reducing the principal body of the army, afforded Moreau the hope of being able to maintain his ground. The allies were acting on a line almost circular round the bafon, formed by the Alps and Appenines, and interfected by the Po. Of the great variety of objects which this campaign, in Italy, embraced, and the multiplicity of actions going on, at the fame time, in different places, it is utterly impoffible, in any other than a hiftory profeffedly 6 and folely military, to give a detailed account. All that can be done in the political hiftory of Europe, on our fcale, is to keep an eye on the principal bodies of the contending armies; to record the most ftriking circumftances, and the prin cipal events of the campaign; and to mark the most critical periods, and the final iffue of the whole. Conformably to the plan already mentioned, marfhal Suwarrow determined to attack, at the fame time, both Moreau's flanks. On the fourteenth of May, the allied army pafled the Scrivia, and encamped at St. Juliano, thus taking a pofition on the right flank of Moreau. Neither this movement, nor another by general Wuckaffowick on the other fide, fhaking the firmnefs of Moreau, marshal Suwarrow, hoping to weary him out by a new movement, gave orders to his army, in the night of the fixteenth, to fall back and to go and pass the Po, near Cafa Tifma, and from thence to proceed towards the Sefia. Moreau, informed of this order, or for fome other reafon, in the night of the fif teenth, threw a bridge of boats over the Bormida, and on the fixteenth, in the morning, paffed that river with ten thoufand men. He overthrew the advanced posts of the allied army, and drove them by Maringo, towards St. Juliano. An action enfued, in which, after seve ral viciffitudes, he was forced to retreat, and at the fall of the night, to draw back all his troops across the Bormida, with a lofs of one thousand two hundred men in killed, wounded, and prifoners. On the twenty-fifth, in the afternoon, the combined army, compofed of three Auftrian, and one Ruffian divifion, more than thirty thoufand ftrong, encamped within a league |