cause the quantity of produce expended in cultivation and carriage, exceeds the quantity which that expenditure could bring to market. But if you diminish the quantity expended in bringing a given quantity to market, then you may obtain a net surplus produce from such inferior soils, and consequently allow cultivation to be extended over tracts which could not otherwise be tilled. On the same principle, lowering the expense of carriage would enable you to apply additional labour and capital to all the soils already under cultivation. But it is not necessary to go into any illustrative examples to explain this, it being a wellknown principle that every improvement which allows us to cultivate land of a quality which could not previously be cultivated, also enables us to cultivate in a higher degree lands already under tillage.'” Now we apprehend nothing can be more demonstrable in political and rural economy, than the truth of this reasoning; yet it will require more resolution than prevails among the occupying farmers of Great Britain, to believe that any measure which could reduce the present price of corn, can be advantageous to their interests, ultimately. It is a very common, though a very mistaken maxim in rural economy, that high prices are advantageous to the operative farmer. With an average crop and moderate prices, the farmer in all cases derives greater profits, ultimately, than by high prices with a diminished crop, and the consequent diminution of consumption. It would not be difficult to demonstrate this by incontrovertible evidence from the best writers, if it were at all necessary for the support of our argument. But with the view of looking fairly at both sides the question, we shall give another extract from the valuable evidence of Colonel Torrens. process there will probably be no period during which any land can actually be thrown out of cultivation, the increasing population requiring all the food that horses would cease to consume. With respect to the demand for labour, that demand consists of the quantity of food and raw materials which can be cheaply obtained, and as by the supposition the displacing of horses will leave at liberty more food and more material, the demand for labour will ultimately be greatly increased instead of being diminished. It has been supposed (I know not how accurately) that there are employed on the common roads in Great Britain one million of horses, and it is calculated that one horse consumes the food of eight men. If steam carriages, therefore, could be brought to such perfection as entirely to supersede draught horses on common roads, there would be food and demand for eight millions of persons additional. But when we take into consideration, that lowering the expense of carriage would enable us to extend cultivation over soils which cannot now be profitably tilled, and would have the further. effect of enabling us to apply with a profit, additional portions of labour and capital to the soils already under tillage, I think it not unfair to conclude that, were elementary power on the common roads to completely supersede draught horses, the population, wealth, and power of Great Britain would at least be doubled." If these estimates, given by Colonel Torrens with regard to the number of horses employed in draught,be even near the truth, and we take the amount of food they consume (or in other terms, the amount of land necessary to produce that food,) at one-fourth less than his estimate, or as equivalent to the sustenance of six millions of persons, the subject still is one of vast moment at a period like the present, when thousands of our hardy peasantry are annually compelled to ex The witness being asked by the patriate themselves from their native Committee "If horses were displaced from common roads by using steam-carriages, would not the demand for oats, beaus, and for pasture, be diminished, and land thereby be thrown out of cultivation, and labour out of employment? If steam-carriages were very suddenly brought into use, and horses thereby displaced, I think the effect stated in the question would be produced for a time; but practically, steam-carriages can be introduced only very gradually, and the beneficial effect upon the profits of trade by bringing agricultural produce to market more cheaply, will tend to increase profits, to encourage industry, and to enlarge the demand for labour; so that by this gradual land, in order to procure subsistence. It is no longer a question of merely local policy, in which parochial overseers and district magistrates have, very difficult and painful duties to perform; the subject is daily assuming a far more serious aspect from the overwhelming numbers of unemployed poor among the rural population. The subject, in short, has already engaged, and must continue to engage in a very increasing ratio the serious attention of the Legislature, with a view to devise some adequate remedy, or at least some palliative for so formidable an evil. Provided the substitution of 1832.] On the substitution of Steam-Power for Horse-Labour. steam-power for horse-power offered no advantages as to saving expense in the transit of goods, it would be well worthy of parliamentary support, as a . means of economising our national resources, and providing for the first object in the whole circle of political economy-the subsistence of the people. The double evil of the present state of things is, that while the middling classes in the provincial districts are borne down by the weight of parochial rates, the individuals who receive such rates contribute little or no available labour in return. If, therefore, both the dictates of humanity and the law of the land oblige us to furnish subsistence to the poor, it is not only sound policy but our duty to devise means of providing employment for the poor. If any additional arguments were necessary to show the misery and degradation to which a very large proportion of the peasantry of a country may be reduced from want of employment, we need only direct our view to the present wretched condition of Ireland; and it requires no great gift of prophecy to foresee that the English peasant is rapidly approaching the same vortex of misery, in spite of the legal claims he possesses on the parochial funds, and the gratuitous aid of benevolent individuals. Indeed, no single axiom in political economy is more demonstrable, than the pernicious effects entailed on society through the system of giving subsistence to the able-bodied poor without procuring an equivalent in the form of labour. To a question put by the Committee to Col. Torrens-" whether the reduction of draught horses on common roads would not throw out of cultivation certain poor soils supposed to be only capable of raising oats?" The Hon. Member expressed " a doubt if there be any land which is worth cultivating with profit, that would not raise some other agricultural produce than oats, in order to supply the increasing population with food." In this view of the question I entirely concur; for it is well known that a fair remunerating crop of potatoes, with alternate crops of artificial grasses, may be in most cases procured from the poorer soils appropriated to the growth of oats. In numerous cases, pulse and esculent roots, both for human food and cattle, might be grown on light soils now appropriated to the subsistence of horses. If we take into account the enormous extent of land still under pasture in Great Britain, the greater portion of which would afford a profit as tillage land, and consider how much of such pasture is rejected by horses, we shall have a better idea of the waste of land when devoted to horse-keep in this country. Whether in the form of pasture, meadow, or horse-corn land, an enormous sacrifice of the agricultural resources of the nation are swallowed up in the maintenance of horses, that might immediately be appropriated to feeding stock or raising grain for human subsistence. Inasmuch, therefore, as machinery can be substituted for horses in draught for the conveyance of passengers and goods, so far shall we be enabled to transfer the food of each horse to the maintenance of eight persons; with the additional advantage of saving at least one-half or two-thirds in the transfer of goods from place to place. While, on the other hand, the labour employed in the construction of such steam-carriages will furnish employment for a considerable number of artisans, and promote the consumption of a large quantity of copper, iron, and coal :-commodities which may be truly called the mineral treasures of Great Britain, and which have no value whatever until brought into use by the employment of labour and capital. In whatever form we view this question, it cannot be considered but in the light of ultimate advantage to the community. Every political economist, from the time of Adam Smith to the present hour, concurs in opinion that labour is the fundamental source of national wealth, and we have only to look at the produce of our coal mines to be convinced of the vast accumulation of national wealth among the whole community, where that staple commodity exists. By means of cheap transit we virtually give the metropolis and all the other parts of the kingdom remote from our coal mines, a portion of that wealth which is at present limited to certain districts merely in consequence of the expense of carriage. But we have the additional consolation, that by the dissemination of such mineral riches over all parts of the kingdom, we give increased ac tivity to commerce and enterprise in all such distant parts, without detracting from those advantages already enjoyed by districts contiguous to our coaleries. It would extend the limits of this paper beyond due bounds to enter into all the benefits that this country would derive if the whole kingdom possessed such advantages as those in the immediate vicinity of our great coal basins. Even in the article of manure alone, the benefits would be almost incalculable, if coal could be obtained in abundance in the southern counties for lime-burning. therefore close my present remarks by a few observations on the advantages that would necessarily accrue to Agriculture, if Steam Carriages could be applied on a large scale for the conveyance of raw produce and manure. I shall It is well known that in many clay districts enterprising farmers consider chalk so valuable for amending the staple of the soil, as to employ a team for the conveyance of chalk from a distance of many miles, at an expense of one day's work, of four horses and a man, or at a cost of 20 to 25 shillings per waggon load. Now if steam-power were substituted for such purpose in lieu of horses, can there be a doubt that it would be attended with the most decided advantages? Or, in stead of the dreadful wear and tear of horses and harness in drawing chalk, stone, bricks, &c. from the quarry, would it not save an incredible deal of labour, if the proprietor of a chalk-pit were to keep a steam carriage in constant work for a given period in carting chalk from the quarry to the road-side, or to the lands adjacent, as may be found desirable, by the parties interested? Again, what an immense saving in outlay and keep for horses might be effected by substituting steam tug-carriages for conveying agricultural produce to market, on every great line of road leading to market towns; more especially in districts where fuel is abundant? By the use of iron rail-roads, and diminished friction, an enormous increase of power is attained in locomotive engines, yet by the distribution of the load from one carriage to several carriages, so as to prevent the wheels cutting the road, together with the use of broad tire wheels (as recommended by the Committee) for the IN 1817 I sent you a short account of the parish of Fotherby, co. Lincoln, which is inserted in your vol. LXXXVII. ii. p. 207. I now communicate a few additional notes. The church is situated nearly in the centre of the parish, and is dedicated to St. Mary. It consists of a tower, nave, and chancel; but the upper part of the tower was taken down many years ago, and covered with a penthouse roof, like the nave. It still contains three bells: the first, or least bell, is two feet three inches in diame-ter; the second, two feet five inches; and the third, or largest, two feet eight inches, with this inscription: "All men that hear my doleful sound, Repent before you are in the ground. 1608." In the chancel, on the south side of the altar, is a piscina.* On a tablet against the north wall of the nave is this inscription: "Sacred to the memory of Mrs. Charlotte Mitchell, relict of Mr. John Mitchell, of Boston, merchant, and daughter of the Rev. Robert Uvedale, D.D. Rector of Langton, near Spilsby, and Vicar of Swineshead, by Diana his wife, daughter of Bennet Langton, of Langton, esquire. She died at Louth, August 29, 1826, aged 51, and is buried here. This tablet was erected by her affectionate brothers, the Rev. Robert Uvedale, M.A. Vicar of this parish and of Hogsthorpe, and the Rev. Washbourne Uvedale, B.A. Vicar of Kirinond and of Markby, in this county." : ARMS Sable, a fess between three mascles Or; impaling, Argent, a cross moline Gules. On a slab in the chancel is a short inscription in memory of Mr. Daniel Allenby, who died in 1790; and of his wife, who died in 1791. In the churchyard are three altar-tombs, in memory of Mr. George Richmond, who died in *The original use of piscina in churches is satisfactorily explained in Gent. Mag, vol. LXVII. ii, 649. 1832.] Trinity Church, Little 1759, aged 77; of Mr. Joseph Shaw, who died in 1829, aged 52; and of Charles Marshall Clarke, M.D. late of Louth, who died in 1830, aged 75. The Register commences in 1568. From a "Topographical Description of the Manor of Fotherby. appertaining to John Kenrick, esq., surveyed by Samuel Holmes, anno 1721," it appears that the parish comprised 1269A. 1R. 30P., upwards of 1100 A. of which were common. In 1764, an Act of Parliament was obtained for the inclosure of Fotherby. Erasmus Saunders, D.D. and Samuel Roycroft, esq. were then Lords of the Manor, which now belongs to John Maddison, esq. Yours, &c. R. U. NEW CHURCHES.-No. XXXIII. TRINITY CHURCH, LITTLE-QUEEN-ST. HOLBORN.-Architect, Bedford. propped it up with two flying buttresses, somewhat stouter than a man's arm. An octangular story, and a spire succeed; the latter is pierced near the summit, and the light in consequence showing through the structure, gives it an appearance of flimsiness which no ancient building ever possessed. The flanks of the church not being intended to be seen, are built as plainly as possible; the wall is merely made into five divisions, by pilaster buttresses; in each division is a window of two lights, the points of the sweeps being ornamented with balls, as the eastern one. In the western division is another lintelled entrance. The west front is in the same unornamented style. On the south side is a vestry, communicating with the church by a pointed doorway. THE INTERIOR is divided into a nave and ailes by four pillars, each composed of an union of THE front of this building, which eight ogee mouldings, in pairs; the exranges with the houses on the western terior points of union of each pair being side of the street, is represented in our worked into a fillet. The regular clusengraving, (see Plate I.) and is the ter of four columns was doubtless too only portion of the structure which is common-place to suit the architect's not concealed by the adjacent houses. taste; he has therefore, instead of a This front is made into five divisions; form so often repeated, chosen the prein the centre is a large window of four sent design, which, while it differs lights with circular tracery in the style from all genuine and ancient examples, of the fourteenth century, the points in itself possesses no beauty; but not of the several sweeps being ornamented being satisfied with this, these new with balls, a favourite decoration of fashioned pillars are ornamented with the carpenter's gothic school. The suc- hoops at intervals, which girdles, ceeding divisions have porches with by way of distinction, are very appointed entrances, and decorated with propriately painted black. I have small arched ornaments; over them is yet to learn the architect's authority a sort of lancet window. The outer di- either for the columns themselves or visions of the front are merely blank their ornamental bands. On the caps walls, to mask the flanks of the build- of these pillars rests the vaulted ceiling; each of these portions has an ing, which is divided in breadth into entrance, which is lintelled instead of three, and in length into five compartbeing arched. The finish of the eleva- ments, all groined with slender mouldtion is a parapet, ornamented with ings, and bearing a very remote resema continuous series of small arches, blance to the groined roofs of pointed and the central division rises to a architecture. At the east end is a gable; two tall unsightly pinnacles small chancel, the present being the are also added in a poor attempt at first of Mr. Bedford's numerous buildornament. Above the gable in the ings in which such an appendage is to centre is placed the steeple, consisting be found; in this respect the favourite of a turret and spire, of small dimen-meeting-house character of modern sions. The turret, which rises from churches has been departed from. the apex of the gable, being placed over The chancel is separated from the the opening of a large window, has church by three arches of equal an awkward appearance; but, as if height with the roof, the openings the architect had anticipated an appa- of different forms; the centre berent instability from this cause, he has ing less acutely pointed than the GENT. MAG. January, 1832. C " lateral ones, which latter are of the sharpest form that can be imagined. The piers are octangular, with mean caps. The whole is a very poor attempt at effect; the ensemble is awkward, and the detail mean. The entrances internally are lintelled, and covered with horizontal cornices-a de sign to be met with in every "gothic cottage." A gallery occupies the western end of the church and the side ailes; the front is plain, and painted with a dingy tint; in the western portion is an organ in an oak case, ornamented in the pointed style; on each side are small galleries for charity children. The altar-screen is pannelled and inscribed with the decalogue, &c. The pulpit and desk are alike, and placed at a short distance from the chancel; the form of each is octagonal with arched pannels. The same sort of panneling is also applied to the pews, and is in a better taste than the generality of the ornamental portions. The font is octagon and pannelled, and situated beneath the western gallery. This church is situate in the parish of St. Giles-in-the-Fields; it will accommodate in pews 809, which added to 1171 for whom free seats are provided, makes the total accommodation 1980. The amount of the contract was 88317. 78. The first stone was laid on the 21st Aug. 1829, and the Church was consecrated on the 9th Feb. 1831. E. I. C. Mr. URBAN, Jan. 3. CIRCUMSTANCES which it is unnecessary to detail, have occasioned me to make some enquiries respecting THOMAS MORGAN, Author of the "Moral Philosopher;" of whom I believe no distinct biographical Memoir exists : yet he at one time powerfully excited the attention of the literary world as a staunch and bitter polemic, and as a physician obtained some not undeserved celebrity. If you think the few memorials of him I have been able to collect, deserving of preservation in the Gentleman's Magazine, they are much at your service. Thomas Morgan was a native of Wales, but in what part of the Principality born, is not ascertained. He must have migrated from Wales at a very early period of his life, for we are told that "he was in early life a poor lad in a farmer's house near Bridgewater, Somerset. The pregnancy of his genius was conspicuous, and the Rev. John Moore, who kept an Academy in that town, offered him tuition gratis, if friends could be found to discharge his board and other necessary expenses." That these friends were found may be inferred, from the fact, that in 1717 he was ordained at Marlborough, in Wiltshire, as a Presbyterian Minister, and here for a few years he exercised his Ministry with credit to himself, and to the satisfaction of his hearers. At Marlborough he married Mary, the eldest daughter of Mr. Nathaniel Merriman, one of the principal supporters of the Dissenting interest in that town and neighbourhood, then the residence of many very opulent and respectable Presbyterians. Soon after the year 1720, Thomas Morgan began to entertain and to promulgate opinions on theological subjects, not at all in accordance with those of his congregation, and he published several controversial tracts on subjects of Theology, in which freedom of opinion and asperity of language were conspicuous. At length his congregation became so much dissatisfied as to wish not to retain his services, and he was dismissed from the ministry. He now directed his studies to Medicine, and having obtained a diploma, constituting him M.D. he settled at Bristol in hopes of acquiring practice; but not succeeding in that city, he removed to London, and occupied a house in Union-court, Broad-street. His success as a Physician was not great, yet it may be collected from two medical works, which he published, viz. "The Philosophical Principles of Medicine," which went through three editions, and "the Mechanical Practice of Physick" which passed through two editions, that his views were rational, and his practice energetic. He recommended opium as one of the most effectual means of allaying what are popularly called "Afterpains," and his suggestion is still almost universally adopted: he likewise urged the propriety of giving aperients, while the patient was under a Monthly Repository for 1818, p. 735. |