or destination to anything is applicable: life-blood (necessary to life); eye-salve, Anglosaxon eágsealf (for the eye); fire-wood (for fuel); bird-lime; gun-powder; when the reference is often not proximate, as in ice-boat (used to break a passage through ice); hour-hand (for showing the hour on a chronometer) and the like.

Sometimes the determining word indicates the condition in which or the circumstance under which an object appears or acts: rainbow, Anglosaxon rênboga; sleep-walker, and Romance somnambulist, French somnambule. An abstract determining word may thus seem to receive the character of an adjective: rear-mouse, Anglosaxon hrêremûs (agitatio? and mus).

Familiar compounds of this class often present such general or remote references that they bear eloquent testimony to the assurance with which the tongue commits a series of ideas, in the closest compression, to the most general understanding. Compare for instance homesickness, the pain excited by removal from home or by the often unconscious longing for it; godfather, godmother; godchild; godson; goddaughter, even Anglosaxon godfäder, godmodor, godbearn, names for the persons lifting and being lifted out of baptism, in which the name of God refers, indefinitely to the holy act and the reference made thereby to the Supreme being. Every-day names for business relations, without more, hardly give an intimation of their meaning; and who could recognise in fire-office the office where objects are insured for the case of risk from fire? Occasionally the license of compounds proceeds stepwise visibly further. Thus, for instance, we readily recognise in game-cock the cock used for fighting; thence is developed a game-egg in the second degree, wherein, by help of the former we perceive the egg from which a game cock is hatched.

In fact substantives connected by prepositions become expressions for an object Here belong man-of-war, whence the new compound man-of-war-bird = frigate-bird; father-in-law; brother-in-law &c.; love-in-idleness; will-o'the-wisp, Will-with-thewisp (wisp =); also Jack-a-lantern; Jack-of-all-trades (clever at any business); Jack-a-lent, a simpleton (properly a doll in lent). John-a-dreams. The giving of names, as in the last examples, is not unfamiliar to the popular fancy.

b) Compounding from an adjective and a substantive.

Here the two parts of speech stand in general in the compound substantive only in the direct relation to each other. The number of compounds of this sort is very large: ill-will; evil-eye; oldwife, comp. Anglosaxon ealdacvên = matrona; mid-day, Anglosaxon middäg; mid-winter, Anglosaxon mid-vinter; neighbour, Anglosaxon neáhbûr; red-coat, figuratively, a soldier; broad-ax, Anglosaxon brâdeax; blindnettle, Anglosaxon blindnetel; blindworm, comp. Highdutch Blindschleiche; blackberry, Anglosaxon bläcberige; blackthorn; blacksmith; blue-stocking; freeman, Anglosaxon frîmann, freómann; freemason (franc-maçon); freestone; wild-goose; small-pox; small-beer; sweetmeat, Anglosaxon svêtmete; quick-beam and, strikingly, quicken

tree, Anglosaxon cvicbeám, juniperus, and evictreó, tremulus; quicksilver, Anglosaxon cvicseolfer; quick-grass and quitch-grass; goodman; good-friday; gray-hound and greyhound, Anglosaxon græeghund, grêghund; highland; highway; half-penny, Anglosaxon healfpenning; half-brother; half-wit (blockhead); half-scholar, compare Old-norse half-brodir, hâlfviti, mente captus; holy-day, Anglosaxon hâligdäg; commonwealth; common-sense. Half and wholly Romance forms are: gentleman, French gentilhomme; grandam; grandfather; grand-seignior; grisamber (reversing the French collocation of the words); verjuice, French verjus vert jus.

Romance words have also been received with an adjective after them: republic, French république; rosemary, mutilated from rosmarinus, French romarin; vinegar, French vinaigre, imitated in alegar = sour ale; portcullis, Old-French porte colise, also substantive coleïce (coulisse), from the adject. coulis; bankrupt, French banqueroute. A hybrid imitation is knight-errant.

The combination is often to be met with in proper names, as in names of places: Newport; Newcastle; Newlands; Leominster (Leófmynster); Longmeadow; Longwood; Smalridge; Gloucester (Gleávceastre, splendidum castrum); and names of persons: Broadspear; Strongbow; Longespee; Fortescue (strongshield) &c.

An indirect relation seldom takes place between adjective and substantive. This is the case in merry-making and merrymake (festival), where an objective relation hovers before the mind's-eye. A direct relation is also not to be assumed in self-murder; selfmurderer, Anglosaxon sylfmyrðra, sëlfevala and selfbana; self-abhorrence; self-applause; self-charity; self-esteem; comp. Anglosaxon selflîcung, unless self is to be reduced to the meaning of remaining in self (si-liba according to Grimm).

In falling-sickness, according to the Prompt. Parvul. falling down, we must not seek the substantive falling, but the participial form. Comp. fulland-evyl (HALLIWELL).

c) Compounding of Verb and substantive.

Here two sorts of compounding are to be distinguished.

1) The first sort comprises those words in which the verb, as the determining word, contains an activity for which the object contained in the fundamental word is adapted, designed or determining, whether it practise the activity itself or it is executed by another. Here belong: hangman; neesewort; rattle-snake; pismire; brimstone, Swedish bernsten, Old-English byrnston (SKELTON), also brendstone (HALLIWELL); draw-bridge; tread-mill; bakehouse, Anglosaxon bächûs (yet there is also a substantive bäc); wash-tub; wash-stand, Anglosaxon väschûs, väscärn (there is certainly also the substantive väsc); hvetstone, Anglosaxon hvetstân. Many words which might be referred hither remain doubtful, the determining word being also to be interpreted as a substantive, as: drink-money; work-day; show-bread &c. English in compounding generally prefers, the abstract substantives in ing: eating-house; burning-glass; wedding-day; writing-book, Anglos. vrîtbôc; writing-school &c.

2) A second sort of compound substantives arises from the prefixing

of a verb, to which a following substantive commonly stands as its object in a relation of dependency. The verb is perhaps always to be regarded as imperative; the compound frequently denotes persons, but things also. The bias, or the aptnes and destination of a person or thing to anything is expressed of by an imperative sentence in the form of a summons thereto, in which derision is sometimes mingled. Anglosaxon offered no support here; the Romance tongue was rich in forms of this sort. Many Romance compounds have also passed into English, which multiplied similar forms.

Among the names of persons of this sort are also proper names: Brakespear; Drinkwater; Shakestaff; Shakespeare (Shakspere); mumblenews (tale-bearer); lack-brain; lack-love (SHAKSP.); pinch-penny (miser); pickthank; pick-pocket; find-fault (caviller); want-wit; turnkey; telltale; toss-pot (drunkard); spendthrift; smellfeast (parasite); smell-smock (mulierarius" NOMENCLATOR 1585); carry-tale (tale-bearer) (SHAKSPEARE); cut-purse; cut-throat; killcourtesy, a clown (SHAKSPEARE); chaff-wax (officier of the lord chancellor, who fits the wax for sealing writs) &c. Even Chaucer has letgame (hinderer of pleasure); trede-foule (cock, treader of hens).

Names of things are also often of Romance origin: breakfast, comp. Anglosaxon fastenbryce; breakwater (mole); catchpenny; kerchief, Old-French cuevre-chief; curfew, Old-French cuevre-feu; portmanteau. In pastime, French passe-temps, time may be regarded as a vocative.

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Allied to the above mentioned forms are compounds arising from sentences of various sorts, especially imperative sentences, which grow into one whole and become representatives of a notion. To be taken imperatively are: pissabed, French pisse-en-lit, dandelion; runaway, also runagate (the latter whereof also mingles with renegade); slugabed; also turnsole, wherein the preposition is absent, as in the French tournesol, Ital. tornasole; further farewell; holdback; holdfast; chanticleer, Old-French chantecler; gobetween; come-off; go-by evasion; hangby (a dependent); Dolittle, Standfast as proper names; forget-me-not; kiss-me-quick; kiss-meat-the-garden-gate; touch-me-not; thorough-go-nimble, thin bur (Dial. of Crav. 2. 201.), also provincially, a flux. Much more of this sort is in use in the lower layers of society and in dialects. Thus the Old-English poet formed imperative proper names: Sire Sewel, and Sey-wel, And Here-wel the hende, Sire Werch-well-withthyn-hand, A wight man of strengthe (PIERS PLOUGHM.); similar are such proper names as: Godlovemilady, Goodbehere, in which the conjunctive conditions an optative sentence. Assertive sentences with the indicative are rare, as in the sportsman's: hunts-up (resveil or morning-song COTGRAVE) the hunt is up; love-lies-bleeding. Also jeofail, the law term for an oversight (the Old-French I err) belongs to this series.

Elliptic manners of expression (without the verb) seldom serve to denote persons or things. Here belongs, for instance, penny-a

liner, by which is contemptuously designated the literary man who writes for public papers at a penny the line.

The Compound Adjective.

The compound adjective consists either of two adjectives or of a substantive and an adjective. The compounding of a verb with an adjective is hardly regarded.

a) Compounding of two adjectives.

1) The one adjective may here stand in a direct relation to the other. This is the case if the compound denotes two qualities additionally, the one of which does not appear as determining the other, but as equally entitled or perhaps mixed with it. Here also Romance forms with the connecting vowel o occur: oblong-ovate (Botanical); concavo-concave; concavo-convex; red-short (breaking short when red-hot); whity-brown; bitter-sweet (as a substantive, the name of a plant); anglo-saxon. Examples of this sort are not frequent; for in compounds like anglo-american; anglo-danish; anglonorman the first element, as the more particularly determining, commonly preponderates. Here however may be referred numerals in the additional relation, as thirteen, fourteen &c., twentytwo &c.

Far more commonly the first adjective operates as a determining word of the second: manifold, Anglosaxon manegfeald; redhot; red-mad (quite mad [Durham Dial.]) imitations of the preceding; half-red; roman-catholic; full-hot; dead-ripe (completely ripe HALLIWELL S. V.); daring-hardy (as else fool-hardy, Old-French fol hardi; fool-bold, wherein fool may likewise be regarded as an adjective), lukewarm, Cymric llug, Cornish lug, stifling. Here also may be reckoned the adjectives compounded with all (al), although in them the Anglosaxon particle äl is primarily to be presumed, but which even in Anglosaxon is interchanged with the adjective eal, omnis, totus, in Anglosaxon: almighty, Anglosaxon älmeahtig; all-eloquent; all-present; all-powerful; all-wise &c. Comp. omnipotent. Yet from these we must distinguish the cases in which all appears as an object: all-bearing omniparous; all-making = omnific; to which magnific, vivific, grandific, grandiloquent attach themselves as Romance and Latin forms.

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Apart from the compounds of adjectives with ly and some, like lowly; weakly; cleanly; goodly &c.; longsome; wearisome; wholesome; gladsome &c.; in dialects even threesome treble &c. we find most frequently adjectives compounded with the participles, with which the adjective sometimes receives wholly the character of the adverb: new-made; new-born; long-spun; fresh-blown; full-fed; dearloved; dead-drunk; dead-struck; dear-bought; high-born; high-finished; high-grown; hard-gotten &c.; fresh-looking; long-stretching; deep-musing; high-flying; hard-working &c. Comp. multivagant, altiloquent and other Latinized forms.

2) In an indirect relation stand compound adjectives the second of which is derived from a substantive, which must be originally thought in a direct relation with the first, although the existence

of a compound with the substantive does not follow from it. Compare the Latin tardipes, from tardus pes. In a few cases certainly compound substantives subsist along with derivative adjectives of this sort: even-hand even-handed; hot-spur - hot-spurred; red-coat red-coated. Latin forms of this sort passed into French, and are also to be met with in English, even in imitative forms, as magnanimous; multiform; multinodate; multilocular; longevous; longimanous; longirostral &c. Numerous English forms give to the derived adjective the form of a participle of the perfect, although this often does not exist in Anglosaxon: Anglosaxon clanheort (clean-hearted); anhende (onehanded); gläseneág (glasseyed); yet participial forms also occur: anéged (luscus) along with âneage; anecged (oneedged) along with ânecge &c. Comp. old-fashioned; open-hearted; mild-spirited; narrow-minded; long-legged; long-fanged; loud-voiced (L. BYRON); red-haired; blunt-witted; full-eyed; fullwinged; wide-branched; deep-vaulted; dark-eyed; sure-footed; highminded; hard-fisted; hot-blooded; hot-brained &c. Numeral adjectives especially are thus compounded: one-eyed; two-handed; two-seeded; three-edged; three-leafed; three-cornered; four-footed Anglosaxon feóverfête; comp. quadruped; seven-hilled &c. This is likewise not rare in Anglosaxon: ânhyrned; prîbeddòd; prîfyrhed (trisulcus); prîheáfded; prîhyrned &c. A few English compounds preserve the Anglosaxon form without the participial form, as barefoot, alongside of barefooted, Anglosaxon bärfôt. As an imitation of such forms, of the same sound as substantives, may be regarded: Three-footstool SHAKSPEARE); Three-man-beetle (1.); whereas the apparently adjective use of substantives, as in half-blood, is founded upon the license of loose composition in English.

b) Compounding of a substantive and an adjective. 1) We may regard a substantive and adjective as standing in a direct relation, when their being placed together rests upon a comparison of the quality expressed by the adjective with a characteristic quality of the object denoted by the substantive. Compare blood-red, that is, red as blood is red, Anglosaxou blôdreád; bloodwarm; blood-hot; armgaunt (SHAKSPEARE); armgret (CHAUCER); milk-white, Anglosaxon meolchvît; nut-brown; sea-green; snail-slow (SHAKSPEARE); snow-white, Anglosaxon snâhvît; stone-cold; stonedead; stone-blind; stone-still; key-cold; coal-black; clay-cold; grassgreen, Anglosaxon gräsgrêne; heaven-bright, Anglosaxon heofonbeorht; honey-swete (CHAUCER); hell-hated (SHAKSP.); arm-shaped; pencilshaped; cone-shaped &c. This compounding is extended to adjectives in the form of the participle of the perfect, derived from substantives, and in which the comparison touches the object expressed by the substantive lying at their root: oar-footed, that is, having feet like an oar; cock-headed; coal-eyed; lily-livered = white livered, cowardly (SHAKSP.) &c. With these may be compared remnants of Romance forms like vermiform.

Occasionally the comparison does not go to the characteristic quality of an object generally, but to its constitution, so far as the aforesaid quality belongs to it: maidpale (SHAKSP.), not: pale