afterwards showed much skill in the treatment of wounds from this source, and finally published a work that gave his own large experience in this branch of surgery.

"Hôtel Dieu, Nov. 19, 1832.- Case of Pistol-shot.-A young man, having determined to destroy himself, procured a pistol, and having loaded it, placed it directly in the centre of the forehead and discharged it. He was found lying on the floor, a round hole in the forehead through the skull, and the adjacent parts much torn. What was remarkable was that the consciousness of the patient was not lost, he answering distinctly questions put to him. In this state he remained two days, being for the greater portion of the time aware of what was going on, though, while he saw, heard, and spoke distinctly, the sense of smell was entirely lost. Yesterday, after conversing with his friends for some time, he was taken senseless, and shortly died. This morning the body was examined by M. Dupuytren. The ball was found to have penetrated both tables of the skull, and then, although in the first place directed upwards, had taken an opposite course, and after wounding the cerebrum, lodged exactly in the centre of the ethmoid bone, which fully accounted for the loss of the sense of smell. The optic nerves were uninjured."

In addition to this striking array of eminent surgeons, a large part of whom were quite as distinguished for their knowledge of medicine, there were many, such as Louis, Bouillaud, Chomel, Fouquier, Gendrin, and numerous other professors, who practised and taught almost entirely as physicians, and in this department were enjoying well-earned reputations. Chief among these was Louis, the famous pathologist; and to him Dr. Warren resorted at once on his arrival in Paris, and his instructions he continued to follow till the end of his stay. He admired his method of treatment and his able inductions; he respected his vast attainments, while his personal character and example excited in him an enthusiasm which steadily increased, and which he found to emanate from none other. An experience of six months led Dr. Warren to write, under date of April 13, 1833:

"The greatest pathologist in the world at the present day is, probably, Louis. His manner of examining diseases and his philosophical method of teaching have a most wonderful result in showing what and how little we know of internal pathology, and point out the only true way to arrive at satisfactory results. This is by numbering cases. The effect of following Louis properly has been such on the mind of those of my acquaintance who have been with him, that this alone would determine me to make great sacrifices in order to spend five or six months under his instructions, as I think the principles that he establishes with regard to medicine can with great advantage be carried into the study of surgery.

"With Louis knowledge comes slowly, and requires much reading, as it is supposed in his observations that every one who follows him is well acquainted with the subject. On this account he is not a good person for beginners in medicine to attend; and in fact his students are mostly English or Americans who have taken their degrees of M.D., though this may not add much to their enlightenment, as the subject is an entire novelty to many, and several of the diseases he examines have never been diagnosed in our country."

Louis possessed an eminently handsome and striking person, while the dignity of his meanor was rendered more winning by a certain blandness of manner which swayed every act and movement. The charm of his presence alone was felt by all who came into his company. Tall and upright, his somewhat pale face bore the traces of profound study and reflection, though the affable smile by which it was often lightened revealed his really genial and sympathetic nature. Generous and unselfish, tender-hearted and assiduous in his devotion to the interests of others, he deserved the praise that all were quick to bestow upon him. Full of every kindly endeavor for the good of his race, his grand and allembracing philanthropy knew no limits. In a letter to Dr. James Jackson, Jr.,' he expressed a sentiment which

1 For this much lamented young physician, the Lycidas of his profession, “dead ere his prime, and hath not left his peer," Louis cherished a sincere attachment, and

was the key-note to his whole life and to the motives that influenced him from the outstart. "It is our duty upon earth," he wrote, "to use our faculties in the best possible manner and for the advantage of the greatest number."

He

Louis was endowed with an intellect of the highest order, and his powers of generalization were such as ordinarily are possessed by none but the ablest men. was the most careful, impartial, and honest observer that his profession has yet known. To such a spirit the dark territories of pathology in his day offered an illimitable field for exploration. Keen, clear-headed, and far-reaching, he was capable of weaving great numbers of facts into one definite result and rule of conduct. He saw the need of a fundamental knowledge of structure, and was ambitious, above all things, to enlarge the scientific rational basis of his profession, and to reveal new connections and facts hitherto hidden. Eager for the truth, and aware that of all dangers a fallacious certainty is the greatest, he was always seeking for more light. He was quick to detect error in any guise, however plausible, and dreaded only that darkness which is the offspring of bigotry and ignorance. Lavish of self, he was considerate of others. His life was a continual lesson of courtesy and

an affection which seemed only to increase as the years passed on, and deepened his sense of the loss experienced by both himself and the whole medical fraternity. "Louis is on the most intimate terms with Jackson, and treats him like a son," wrote Dr. Warren shortly after he had begun his studies in Paris. Years after Dr. Jackson's death, Louis, when speaking of it to an American physician, exclaimed: "Ah! pauvre jeune homme, pauvre jeune homme! Il fut un honneur du genre humain; si modest, si bon, si prudent, si affectionné et si obéissant; et cependant, quoique si jeune, possédait tout le jugement, la sagesse, et la connaissance d'un age mûr."

It was to Louis, "who was regarded by the subject of this memoir as a second father, not with more admiration than filial respect and affection," and to Dr. Boott, "whose bright mind and pure and elevated virtues inspired the most ardent and sincere love in his young friend," that Dr. James Jackson dedicated that sad memorial of his son, surely one of the most deeply affecting tributes ever offered by a sincere and manly soul as a solace to blighted hopes and to parental affection that had been wounded even unto death.

toleration. Conscientious, persevering, judicious, he disdained the noisy din of controversy, while the loud clang of anger and jealousy, the sharp thrusts of spite and malice, only excited his contempt. Buoyed up by noble aims and a conscious beneficence, none envied him his progress towards that sure reward of which he enjoyed a pleasing foretaste in the love and reverence of all who knew him.

Such was the man to whom Dr. Warren betook himself before he had been a week in Paris, and whose steps he continued to follow with unswerving allegiance and steadily increasing confidence for three years. From no other of his Parisian teachers, it is safe to say, did he derive more permanent profit or greater encouragement in his studies. He yielded at once to the contagion of his enthusiasm and to the inspiration of an example which drew him ever onwards. From him he derived much of that maturity of thought, that compactness and solidity of idea, that self-confidence, born of well-defined truth and patient research, which distinguished him, and enabled him to impress on others a sense of the merits daily and almost unconsciously absorbed from his instructor. From him he learned, above all things, to hesitate at no labor and spare no effort till he too became a master of his art. Strong in his strength and urged by every worthy motive, he moved resolutely on, pressing from better up to best, and well aware of the truth so clearly set forth by one who at that very time and in that very city, with more than manly toil, was forcing a path to fame through darkness and tears, through poverty and despair :

"Le travail constant est le loi de la vie, et j'éprouve le besoin pour arriver à une réputation de toujours faire mieux."

CHAPTER VII.

LIFE IN PARIS. AMERICANS IN EUROPE.

TERS AND ADVICE.

· PATERNAL LETPARISIAN SUNDAYS. LE RESTAU

RANT FLICOTEAU. - LES TROIS FRÈRES PROVENÇAux.

DR. WARREN had much reason to be grateful for the associates that surrounded him during the whole of his three years' absence, and in whose company so large a part of his time was necessarily spent. The coterie of young doctors in the midst of whom he at once found himself on his arrival in Paris, were many of them from the United States, and not a few from his native city. With some changes this continued to the end of his foreign life. Mostly these fellow-students were very agreeable to him; and though they could not quite satisfy his craving for home and kindred, they did much to allay it for the time. The cordiality of their welcome put him forthwith on the easy footing of friendship, while united interests drew him and them ever more nearly together. Being gentlemanly in their manners, sentiments, and culture, he was quickly en rapport with them. They fairly represented the best blood and talent of their own land. Animated by worthy motives, their influence upon each other was strong, healthy, and inspiriting, and gave infinite promise of future good. They were no mean examples of the results that had already accrued from the institutions of the New World,—of its youthful vigor and growing aspirations. They would have been regarded as a credit to any country by all whose minds had not been warped by jealousy, blinded by prejudice, or contracted by long running in deeply worn and narrow ruts. Dr.