CLEANTHES--HAUY-WINCKELMAN-ARNIGIO-VALENTINE LO -OPIE-PARINI-- PRIDEAUX-SAUNDERS-LINNÆUS THE difficulties which Heyne | devoted himself to the study of had to encounter in his pursuit philosophy. A treatise of this of knowledge commenced with writer was one of the works his life itself, his very birth edited by Heyne while at throwing him out of the sphere Dresden; and he used to relate of those excitements by which that his fortitude, amid the even the desire of knowledge difficulties that he had to is generally kindled. Yet this struggle with at the time, was is a disadvantage which, great not a little strengthened and as it is, aspiring minds have upheld by the precepts of severe often overcome. Of the ancient virtue and determined endurauthors, not to mention the ance which he found in the well-known case of ESOP, pages of the old philosopher. PUBLIUS SYRUS and TERENCE Epictetus' own conduct was were both originally slaves. strikingly in conformity with EPICTETUS, the celebrated Stoic the lessons he taught,-at least philosopher, was born in the if we may believe one of the same condition, and spent many stories which are told of him. years of his life in servitude. It is said that, before he had Having been at last fortunate obtained his liberty, his master, enough to obtain his freedom, who was a very brutal man, he retired to a small hut, and, chose one day to amuse himself when he was barely able to by twisting the leg of the slave. procure the necessaries of life, You will break it for me,' remarked Epictetus; and immediately after it happened as he had said. 'I told you so,' added the philosopher, with all the indifference in the world. He lived at Rome in a house without a door, and with no furniture, except a table, a small bedstead, and a wretched coverlet, and this even at a time when he enjoyed the greatest familiarity with the Emperor Adrian. One day he was extravagant enough to purchase for himself a lamp made of iron; but he was punished for this deviation from his usual habits by a thief soon after finding his way into the house, and running off with it. 'He shall be cheated,' said Epictetus, if he come back to-morrow, for he shall find only an earthen one.' PROTAGORAS, too, another of the Greek philosophers, had been a common porter before he applied to study. He lived at Abdera, in Thrace, the same town in which resided the famous Democritus, commonly called the Laughing Philosopher, who one day met him carrying into the city a very heavy load of wood on his back, and was a good deal surprised on perceiving that the pieces were piled on one another exactly in the way best adapted to make the burden rest easily on the shoulders. In order to discover whether this geometrical arrangement was the effect of skill or chance, he requested the young man to unbind the load, and make it up again in the same manner. This Protagoras immediately did with great dexterity; upon which Democritus, convinced that his talents were of a superior order, admitted him forthwith among his disciples, and spared no pains in instructing him in the different branches both of natural and moral philosophy. And, to mention no more instances, CLEANTHES, another of the Stoics, was brought up to the profession of a pugilist, and used to exhibit himself in that character at the public games; till, longing to study philosophy, he betook himself for that purpose to Athens, where he arrived with only three drachms (about three shillings and sixpence) in his pocket. In these circumstances he was obliged, for his support, to employ himself in drawing water, carrying burdens, and other such humble and laborious occupations. He contrived, however, to proceed with his studies at the same time, bringing his fee of an obolus, or penny, every day to his master Zeno with great punctuality. On the death of Zeno, he succeeded him in his school, but still continued his menial labours as usual. 'I draw water,' he was wont to say, 'and do any other sort of work which presents itself, that I may give myself up to philosophy without being a burden to any one.' He was so poor, indeed, that the wind having blown aside his mantle one day when he happened to be present at one of the public shows, his fellow-citizens perceived that he had no tunic or under garment, and gave him one. He was always treated, notwithstanding his poverty, with the greatest respect at Athens. each other. All preceding inquirers had been very much perplexed by this circumstance, in their attempts to establish a theory of crystallized bodies; and various principles had been successively adopted and rejected as the foundations of a scientific arrangement of them. At length the attention of Haüy was directed to the subject, by having accidentally picked up an uncommonly beautiful specimen of calcareous spar, which In modern times we have many examples, also, of persons whom the love of knowledge has found in the lowest obscurity, and who have possessed themselves of the high-presented the figure of a sixest acquirements in science or literature, in spite of every disadvantage of birth. Heyne, as we have mentioned, was the son of a poor weaver. So was the Abbé HAUY, who died in Paris several years ago, celebrated for his writings and discoveries in crystallography, a science, indeed, of which he may be almost considered as the founder. It is the science which treats of those curious regular figures which so many solid bodies are found to possess in their natural state, or which they may be made to assume artificially, by dissolving or fusing them and then allowing their particles to return to a state of solidity, which latter process is called their crystallization. Now it happens that the same substance is not found to have always the same figure externally when in a crystallized state, but is susceptible of several different forms, some of which do not appear at first to have any resemblance to sided prism, and had been detached from a group of similar crystals. By trying to split this specimen in various directions with the blade of a knife, and dividing it only where he found a natural joint, he at last reduced it to the form of a rhomboid, or oblongated cube, which it retained in spite of all subsequent sections. Now this is exactly the form in which another calcareous spar, called Iceland Spar, is commonly found; whence Hauy was led to suspect that, by the application of the process he had employed, all crystallized substances of the same species might be reduced to the same primitive form. This idea he pursued with exceeding ingenuity; till, by means not only of his unparalleled dexterity in the dissection of crystals, but of a most masterly combination of algebraical and geometrical reasoning, he rested his theory upon grounds which would almost lead to the con clusion that the principle is of universal application, and that it is only necessary to strip them of their external coatings to discover the same radical figure in all crystals of the same species. But to proceed: the celebrated WINCKELMAN, a distinguished writer on classic antiquities and the fine arts, was the son of a shoemaker. | His father, after vainly endeavouring for some time, at the expense of many sacrifices, to give him a learned education, was at last obliged, from age and ill health, to retire to an hospital, where he was, in his turn, supported for several years in part by the hard labours of his son, who, aided by the kindness of his professors, contrived to keep himself at college, chiefly by teaching some of his younger or less advanced fellow-students. BARTHOLOMEW ARNIGIO, an Italian poet of the sixteenth century, of considerable genius and learning, followed his father's trade of a blacksmith till he was eighteen years old, when he began of his own accord to apply to his studies; and, by availing himself of the aid sometimes of one friend, and sometimes of another, prepared himself at last for entering the University of Padua. VALENTINE JAMERAY DUVAL, a very able antiquary of the last century, and who at the time of his death held the office of Keeper of the Imperial Medals at Vienna, as well as that of one of the preceptors to the prince, afterwards the Emperor Joseph II., was the son of a poor peasant of Champagne, and lost his father when he was ten years of age. He was then taken into the service of a farmer in the village; but, being soon after turned off for some petty fault, he resolved to leave his native place altogether, that he might not be a burden to his mother. So he set out on his travels, without knowing in what direction he was proceeding, in the beginning of a dreadful winter, and for some time begged in vain even for a crust of bread and shelter against the inclemency of the elements, till, worn out with hunger, fatigue, and a tormenting headache, he was at last taken in by a poor shepherd, who permitted him to lie down in the place where he shut up his sheep. Here he was attacked by smallpox, and lay ill nearly a month; but, having at last recovered, chiefly through the kind attentions of the village clergyman, he proceeded on his wanderings a second time, thinking that by getting farther to the east he should be nearer the sun, and therefore suffer less from the cold. Having arrived in this way at the foot of the Vosges mountains, nearly a hundred and fifty miles from his native village, he remained there for two years in the service of a farmer, who gave him his flocks to keep. Chancing then to make his appearance at the hut of a hermit, the recluse was C so much struck by the intelligence of his answers, that he proposed he should take up his abode with him, and share his labours-an offer which Duval gladly accepted. Here he had an opportunity of reading a few books, chiefly of a devotional description; and, after some time, was sent with a letter of recommendation from his master to another hermitage, or religious house, near Luneville, the inmates of which set him to take charge of their little herd of cattle, consisting only of five or six cows, while one of them took the trouble of teaching him to write. He had a few books at command, which he perused with great eagerness. He sometimes, too, procured a little money by the produce of his skill and activity in the chase, and this he always bestowed in the purchase of books. One day, while pursuing his occupation, he was lucky enough to find a gold seal, which had been dropped by an English traveller of the name of Forster. Upon this gentleman coming to claim his property, Duval jestingly told him that he should not have the seal unless he could describe the armorial bearings on it in correct heraldic phrase. Surprised at any appearance of an acquaintance with such subjects in the poor cow-herd, Forster, who was a lawyer, entered into conversation with him, and was so much struck by his information and intelli nce, that he both supplied him with a number of books |