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Occafion, that among the objects nearest his heart was that of esta

blishing a very powerful republic in Lombardy: fuch a state as might be a check on the enemies of France, and even stronger, perhaps, than might be agreeable to that fpirit of domination and tyranny which prevailed among fo great a portion of the French nation. In a folemn fpeech, pronounced at Milan, he fard, that Lombardy, and Liguria, fhould form only one republic. Time has not yet unfolded his fentiments and views on that great fubject. That a republic fhould be formed in Italy, fitted to reft, immoveable, on its own bafis, and to counterpoife and check the unprincipled defigns, and capricious fallies of other powers, is an event greatly to be defired by every government, and by none that would be of long duration, more than by the rulers of France itself.

After Italy was re-conquered, by the quick paffage of the Aip, the battle of Maringo, and the furrender of all the ftrong places in Lombardy, Piedmont, ani Genoa, to the French general, Berthier, as well as the first conful, returned to Paris, and Maflena was fucceeded in the command of the army by general Brune.

The French, in the arrange, ments made with the Auftrians, for a fufpenfion of arms, had acquiefced in the neutrality of Tufcany. And, perhaps, if that fufpenfion had been followed by a pacification, as propofed by the chief conful, in the moment of victory, it would not have been violated. But when negociation for peace was found not to be fuccefsful, the French government became defi

rous of repoffeffing the duchy; and, on pretence of frequent outrages and depredations committed, as was alleged in the adjoining diftricts by Tulcan brigands, or robbers. It was thus that they thought proper, on the prefent occafion, to ftyle an armed corps, which the inhabitants had formed for maintaining the internal order and tranquillity of the country. General Sommeriva, in the end of September, was fent with only a small efcort to difarm and difperfe the national guard of the Tufcans. This requi-,' fition not being readily complied with, general Brune fent a detachment, under general Dupont, to take poffeffion of the Tufcan territory. Dupont, on the fifteenth of October, entered Florence without, oppofition. Soon after this, brigadier general Clement perfuaded the Auftrian troops, at Leghorn, to furrender that town to him, on his affenting to, a convention for the continuance of the Tufcan govern, ment, and the fecurity of privileges and of property. This agreement was not fcrupuloufly obferved, though the British merchants, were fortunate in preferving the greater part of their effects, by means of the fhips in the harbour. Strong parties were now fent out against the armed Tufcans at Arezzo, and other places; and, as fome refiftance was made by the latter, they were not fubdued and difperfed without bloodthed. About the fame time, a heavy contribution was impofed on the fmall helplets fiate of Lucca.

The French authority and power, throughout Italy, was at this time fo great, that the municipality of Cefenatico, a fea-port on the Adriatic coaft, prefumed to arrest [03]

an

an English officer, who carried dispatches to them from the British admiral in the Mediterranean. The municipality do not appear to have had any other motive for this deed, than the ufual propenfity of paltry and overawed states to pay court to the prevailing power, by marks of zealous fervility. Lord Keith determined to take fevere vengeance for this breach of the law of nations; and captain Ricket carried his orders into prompt execution. A proclamation was iffed, lamenting that the innocent fhould fuffer with, and for, the guilty, but ftating at the fame time the neceffity of fanctioning and fupporting a law fo indifpenfably neceffary in all the intercourfes of peace or war, and which the magiftrates of Cefenatico had fo unneceffarily and wantonly violated. And, a fhort time after the publication of this, all the veffels within the Mole were funk or burned. The two piers were confumed, and the harbour was rendered ufelefs.

to the house of Austria, in Italy.The ecclefiaftic, honoured with the pontificate, was cardinal di Chiaramonte, a man of good seule, and mild and unaffuming manners. As it was cuftomary for the new pontiff to affume the name of the pope who had promoted him to the dignity of cardinal, Chiaramonte took that of Pius VII. The emperor, on his election, prefented him with a fum of money, as an earnest of his regard and protection; but, did not at first restore any part of the papal dominions. It is not impoffible, that after the battle of Maringo, when he became apprehen◄ five of the lofs of his power and influence in Italy, he refolved to have the credit of delivering up to the pope the greater part of the ecclefiaftical eftate, rather than that it fhould fall into either the poffeffion or difpofal of other hands. court of Vienna, it was faid, had been for fome time fufpicious of an understanding between the king of Naples and the Ruffians. The king, it was fufpected, was to accommodate the court of St. Petersburgh with the long object of its ambi

The

It is not eafy, amidst fo many complicated views and fhifting fcenes, to account for the restoration, fome fea-port in the Meditertion of Rome, with the greater part of the Roman territories to the pope. The conclave for the election of a fucceffor to Pius VI. was held under the auspices of the emperor at Venice. It was generally fuppofed, that, in this ftep, the court of Vienna had it in contemplation, to ftipulate for fome ceftions on the part of the Romish fee

ranean, and to be indemnified by a portion of the ecclefiaftical territories. Be all this as it may, the Auftrians having delivered up to his holiness the greater part of the ecclefiaftical ftate, Pius VII. took poffeffion of the fee of Rome in July, and began to exercise the functions of fovereignty, with great dignity and moderation.

CHAP.

CHA P. XIII.

Combined Campaign of Italy and Germany.—The French Army, under Mo-, reau, crosses the Rhine at different Points.-The different Divifions affemble at Schaffhaufen.-General Kray deceived by the fkilful Manœuvres of Moreau.-Actions at Stockach and Mofskirk; and Biberach and Memmingen.-The Auftrian Army retire to Ulm, whither they are followedby the French.-Plan of Moreau, for favouring the Operations of the Army in Italy, gradually unfolded; which is, to retire from Ulm and the left Banks of the Danube to the Lake of Conftance.—The Change in Italy induces him to change the Plan of his Operations in Germany.-He refolves to act on the Offenfive.-Croffes the Danube.-A Series of Actions.—General Kray leaves Ulm, which is blockaded by a Divifion of the French Army, under the Orders of General Richenpanfe.—Contributions in Bavaria. Munich taken.-Armiflice-Negociation for Peace.-Broken off. The Emperor joins the Auftrian Army.-A Prolongation of the Armistice.— Expiration of the Truce, and Renewal of the War.—Armistice concluded at Steyer on the Twenty-fifth of December.

HE combined campaign of Italy

inforcements to the French army in

THE combined campaign on, in Italy.

the interview already mentioned between Buonaparte and Moreau,fhews how finely military oprations may be managed in concert, at a distance, and on a great scale, and with as much precision as the evolutions of the two wings of the fame army. To this extraordinary campaign, there is nothing fuperior, if at all commemorable, in hiftory.

The great outline of the concerted plan, as far as it concerned the conduct of Moreau, was, by a feries of feints, not less than attacks, to occupy the attention of general Kray, to ftrike terror into the heart of Germany, to alarm the Auftrians for the fafety of the capital, and, at the fame time, to maintain a communication, and send seasonable re

The French army, on the twenty fifth of April, croffed the Rhine in four great divifions, under the refpective commands of general St. Sufanne, general St. Cyr, general Moreau, and general Lecourbe.— The divifion, under general St. Sufanne, advanced to Offenburgh, while general St. Cyr, who had croffed the Rhine at Old Brilac, advanced to Fribourg. The manœuvres of St. Cyr feemed to indicate an intention to form a junction with St., Sufanne; and, of course, that the plan of Moreau was, to penetrate through the Black Mountains, by the valley of Kintfing, towards Donawelchingen. The movement of general St. Sufanne, however, was only a feint, for he [04] received

received orders, on the twenty-feventh, to return from Offenburgh to Kehl, and, marching up from thence along the banks of the Rhine by forced marches, he arrived at Fribourg on the thirtieth of April. General St. Cyr, who had reached Fribourg without lofing a man, purfued, meanwhile, that courfe of march, which was neceflary to form the junction of the whole army, between Shwetlingen and Schaffhaufen, near the Lake of Conftance. The divifion, under the immediate command of Moreau, croffed the Rhine, at Bafle, and proceeded, without any confiderable oppofition, to the point where the various divifions were to meet. General Lecourbe, with the divifion under his command, croffed the Rhine between Schaffhaufen and Stein, and, after fome fighting and making a good number of prifoners, the whole army, with the exception of the corps under general St. Sufanne, was affembled at, and in the environs of, Schaffhaufen. In the courfe of tele various marches, the French took fifteen hundred prifoners, and fix pieces of cannon. The divifion, under Lecourbe, likewife took, by capitulation, the caftle of Hohenweil, in which there were eighty pieces of cannon. The great magazines of the Auftrians were at Kampten, a town in Upper Suabia. The French general directing his march towards this point, with a view to cut off general Kray from his principal depot, or, at leaft, in the mean time, to effect the main object of occupying the whole of his force and attention in Germany, drove all the Auftrian advanced pofts before him, and advanced to attack the imperialifts at Stockach.

The mafterly manoeuvres of Mo

reau had completely deceived general Kray, refpecting the plan of attack meditated by the French. In an official account, published in the Vienna Court Gazette, of the third of May, we find the general announcing the paflage of the Rhine, on the twenty-fifth, and that, in confequence of having foreseen this manœuvre, he had fent a great body of troops to prevent the French from following up their plan of extending themselves in the neighbourhood of Raftadt. He confidered the feint made, by general Sufanne's divifion, as the main àttack, and concentrated all his forces at Donaweefchingen, at the moment `when, under cover of that feint, Moreau was enabled, as just obferved, to cross the Rhine at a point, which enabled him completely to turn the pofition of the Auftrian army.

The confequences of Moreau's plan were immediate. General Kray was compelled to decamp precipitately from Donawcelchingen, in order to oppofe the progrefs of the French army, leaving in their hands, in abandoning his pofition. at Donaweefchingen, a great part of what is called the angle of Suabia. The Auftrian magazines and ftores were either conveyed away in hafte, left behind, or destroyed, The left wing of the French, under general Sufanne, on the third of May, entered Donaweefchingen, which had been evacuated by the Auftrians, and prefled upon their rear, ftretching out his flanks, at the fame time, to the main body of Moreau's army, endeavoured to eftablith themfelves in the lines of Stockach, in order to oppose the lines of the enemy. On the third of May, a part of the French army

attacked

attacked the poft at Stockach. The force that defended it, under the orders of prince Jofeph of Lorraine, being too weak, was foon overpowered, and obliged to retreat, with confiderable lofs. The poft, at Engen, was commanded by general Kray in perfon. He was attacked, on the fourth, by Moreau, who, in repeated charges, loft a great number of men. In the courfe of these conflicts, a body of the Auftrian army, under the archduke Ferdinand, in their retreat from Donaweefchingen, were attacked, in their rear, by general Sufanne's divifion, and nearly cut off The archduke, on this occafion, difplayed that perfonal bravery, which diftinguishes the princes of his houfe. By great exertions of judgement, and prefence of mind, as well as valour, he was enabled to join the main army. General Kray maintained his poft, and prevented the, enemy from making any great impreffion, and kept the field during the night. But, at day-break, he thought it prudent to commence a retreat; which he had continued to. the length of about fifteen miles, when he was again attacked, on the fifth, by the indefatigable Moreau; one of whofe leading maxims it appears to have been, to hang on and harafs the enemy, at every turn, and in every fortune, and to give him no refpite either for the execution, or even the formation, of new defigns. Being ably affifted by Lecourbe, he made fome impreffion on the Auftrian battalions, notwithstanding their intrepid exertions: but, though fuperior in numbers, he did not think it proper to renew the combat on the following day. His lofs was fuppofed to have been greater than that of general

Kray. The lofs on both fides muft, by all accounts, have been great. Mr. Wickham, the British narrator of thefe engagements, affirmed, in his difpatches to our court," that few prifoners were made on either file" while Moréau afferted, that, in the two engagements, the French made no lefs than about ten thoufand prifoners. The exaggeration in both thefe accounts is obvious." We have not been able, from any ftatements we have yet received, to a certain the truth, or any thing near it, on this fubject.

In this laft action, denominated the battle of Mofskirk, the Bavarian fubfidiaries fought with fuch fpirit, as excited the praife of their, fellow combatants. The Swifs regiment of Roverea alfo particularly diftinguished itfelf."

Mr. Wickham reported, that, in the battle of Mofskirk, the French were repulfed. The Auftrians, however, on the day thereafter, fixth of May, retreated acrofs the Danube, here a fmall fiream, to the ground between Sigmaringen and Reitlingen, a diftance of at least fifteen miles farther.

The Auftrians, in their retreat from Mofskirk, were purfued by a divifion of the French, under general Ney, who took fifteen hundred. prioners. A very ferious engagement was the confequence of an opportunity afforded to the French of attacking the Auftrian advanced pofts, on the ninth of May, at Biberach. The refult of this battle was, that the Auftrians were forced to retreat with the lofs of above one thoufand killed on the fpot, and above two thou and prifoners. Another bloody engagement took place, on the eleventh, near Memmingen. On the termination of this battle,

general

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