ON THE

29903

SAND-WASTES OF FRANCE.

COMPILED BY

JOHN CROUMBIE BROWN, LL.D.,

Formerly Government Botanist at the Cape of Good Hope, and Professor
of Botany in the South African College, Capetown, Fellow of the
Royal Geographical Society, Fellow of the Linnean Society, and
Honorary Vice-President of the African Institute of Paris, etc.

EDINBURGH:

OLIVER & BOYD, TWEEDDALE COURT.

LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.

1878.

KIRKCALDY CRAWFORD & WALKER, PRINTERS.

[All rights of Translation and Reproduction are reserved.]

CONTENTS AND ARGUMENT.

INDEX TO AUTHORITIES CITED,

PREFACE,

States circumstances in which the volume is published.

CHAPTER I.-Appearances Presented by Plantations on Drift-

Sand,

Cites the appearance presented by plantations seen from the bell

tower of the Cathedral at Antwerp (p. 1); and by vineyards in

Médoc and the vicinity of Bourdeaux (p. 2); by Landes adjacent

(p. 3); by Arcachon (p. 4), and the pignadas in the vicinity (p. 5).

CHAPTER II.-Appearances Presented by Landes adjacent to the

Pine Plantations on Gascony,

There are given Mangin's description of the Landes (p. 9), and of

the Dunes (p. 13), of Dartmoor (p. 17), as corresponding to scenes

in Brittany (p. 18); of the swampy land of Montoir resembling

the Fen country of England (p. 21); and there follow notices

of what has been done to reclaim the adjacent sand-wastes (p. 24).

CHAPTER III.-Legislation. in Regard to the Planting of the

Landes with Trees,

There are given excerpts from the laws issued on 13th Messidor an

IX (2nd July, 1801); on 3rd Jour complémentaire, an IX (p. 27);

12th July, 1808, 14th December, 1810 (p. 28); 5th February,

1817 (p. 29); and 29th April, 1862 (p. 30).

CHAPTER IV.-Literature Relative to the Arrest and Cultivation

of Drift-Sands in France,

Works in French are specified (p. 32); works in German (p. 33);

and works published in Hungary, America, and England are

referred to (p. 34).

PAGE.

V

vii

1

27

32

CHAPTER V.-Culture of the Maritime Pine on the Landes of

Gascony,

The preparation of the ground is described (p. 36); the zone ad-

jacent to the sea is described (p. 37); clayonnages (p. 39); sowing

and planting (p. 40); account given by M. Bagneris (p. 42); and

by M. Boitel (p. 45); thinning (p. 46); pruning (p. 48).

CHAPTER VI.-Exploitation of the Pine Plantations of Gascony,

Account of the exploitation of resin, by Bagneris (p. 51); of the

manufacture of charcoal, by Boitel (p. 57), and that of charcoal

dust (p. 63); products exhibited in English museums (p. 66).

CHAPTER VII.-Sylviculture on the Landes of La Sologne,

Account of the Landes of La Sologne (p. 70); of their soil (p. 72);

woods (p. 74); culture of pine woods (p. 75); reclaiming land by

plantation (p. 80).

CHAPTER VIII.-Inland Sand-Wastes, and Sand-Wastes on the

Coast, -

Differences seen in sand-wastes (p. 81); Wessely's account of sand-

wastes on the coast (p. 82); account of the impermeable alios by

M. Faye (p. 84); capillary attraction of sand (p. 86); absorption

and retention of moisture (p. 88); absorption of vegetable nutri-

ment (p. 90); peat lands in sand-wastes (p. 92); composition of

sand (p. 92); sand-wastes of the tertiary formation (p. 96);

woods on such sands (p. 97).

CHAPTER IX.-Natural History and General Culture of the

Scotch Fir in France,

Description of the Scotch fir by MM. Lorentz and Parade (p. 100);

account of arboretum at Barres by the founder, M. Vilmorin

(p. 103); his observation on the Scotch fir (pinus sylvestris)

(p. 107); the . Riga pine (p. 115); pine of Smolensk (p. 117);

Wilna pine (p. 117); pine of Tschernigoff (p. 118); pine of

Volhynia (p. 118); varieties of the Riga pine (p. 119); Scotch

fir (p. 122); intermediate varieties (p. 123); instructions given

in School of Forestry at Nancy in regard to the exploitation of

the Scotch fir (p. 131); in regard to its economic uses (p. 137);

and the collecting and preservation of its seed (p. 138), and

sowing (p. 141).

CHAPTER X.-Natural History and General Culture of the

Maritime Pine in France,

36

51

69

81

100

-

143

-

SECTION I.-Commendations bestowed on the Maritime Pine,

Commendation by M. Boitel (p. 143); by M. Samanos (p. 145);

and by MM. Delamarre, Crinon, and others (p. 147).

SECTION II.-General Culture and Exploitation of the Maritime

Pine,

Instructions given at the School of Forestry at Nancy relative to

its natural history (p. 149); its economic uses and mode of

gemmage (p. 151); sowing (p. 152); exploitation (p. 154).

CHAPTER XI.-Diseases and Injurious Influences to which the

Maritime Pine is subject,

143

148

157

SECTION I.-Choking by an Over-growth of Local Vegetation,

SECTION II.-Destructive Ravages by Birds, and Squirrels, and

157

Insects,

157

Mode of destruction (p. 157); accounts of lignivorous insects by

M. Perris (p. 159); destruction of the chenille processionaire

(p. 161).

SECTION III.-Destructive Consequences following the Effects of

Charcoal Burning,

163

Evils pointed out by Professor Bagneris (p. 163), and accounted for

by M. Boitel (p. 163).

SECTION IV.-Destructive Ravages occasioned by the Mole,

167

Natural history of the mole by M. Boitel (p. 167); destruction of

moles (p. 169).

SECTION V.-Destructive Ravages by Forest Fires,

170

Prevention of forest fires mentioned by M. Samanos (p. 170); by

M. Bartro (p. 171); by M. Boitel (p. 171).

INDEX TO AUTHORITIES CITED.

-

Andresen, 86. Bagneris, 42, 51, 163.

Bartro, 171.

Baude, 1. Boitel, 37,

Chambray (Marquis),

Crinon, 148. Dela-

41, 45, 46, 51, 57, 63, 71, 74–79, 143, 157, 163, 167, 171.
159. Clavé, 91, 98, 99. Cotta, 100. Courreges, 39, 40.
marre, 147. Edinburgh Review, 34. Faye, 84. Forchhammer, 86. Grouven,
90. Haddington (Earl), 109. Hartig, 100, 138. Hauer, 93. Heyer, 88.
Janin, 20. Javil, 66, 84. Kedzie, 34. Kerner, 89, 95. Laurent, 87.
Lorentz, 100, 132. Mangin, 9, 13, 16, 21, 24, 70, 98. Marchand, 88.
86, 96. Mayer, 89. Nanquette, 135. Parade, 100, 139, 149.
Samanos, 51, 145, 170. Schuebler, 88, 89, 93, 94.
103-130, 157. Weld, 1, 2, 3, 5. Wessely, 82, 88,

Thurmann, 87.

Marsh, 34,
Perris, 159.
Vilmorin,

92, 99.