It ton, the Temple church, London, is not specified. The round part and a small church at Little Map- of the present building materially lested, Essex. All these, with one differs from this description. that was at Temple Bruer, and one consists of a semicircular wall, which at Aslackly, Lincolnshire, are ge- attaches to a large mass of buildings nerally attributed to the knights on the east, and a little within the Templars, during their power and wall is a circular colonnade, conprosperity in England. This sin- sisting of sixteen columns and piers, gular religious order of "knights- with an open space for four other errant" obtained their organization towards the east.§ The circular and fame in the vicinity of the part of the building is of Roman archurch of the Holy-Sepulchre at chitecture, and its roof, which is Jerusalem. mostly of cedar, gradually dimi nishes from its base upwards, and terminates with a round aperture. This shape is rather singular, as it differs from the usual form and construction of domes, or cupolas. The other parts of the building consist of several chapels, oratories, passages, towers, &c. and on the south side is displayed several examples of pointed arched doors and windows, with corresponding clustered columns. Sandys, Le Bruyn, and Maundrell, who have all visited this place, are so extremely vague and unsatisfac. tory in their respective accounts, (I cannot apply the term of history, or description,) that they prove more tantalizing than gratifying to our curiosity. It is the general opinion of writers, that this sacred structure was built by Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great; but, unfortunately, none of these writers have identified the part then built, or described its size, character, or style of architecture. Besides, we are informed that Charlemagne (A. D. 813.) rebuilt this venerated edifice. "The east end," observes Mr. Essex, "I take to be of his building, containing the semicircular tribune; but the intermediate part, between it and the sepulchre, is more modern, and might be rebuilt when the church was restored, in the year 1049, after it was defaced by the Saracens towards the end of the tenth century."+ Bede, speaking of this structure, describes it as a large round church, with three walls and twelve pillars; but the precise disposition of these walls and pillars This sacred structure was revered, by the holy knights, above all earthly objects; their enthusiasm had endowed its every stone with marvellous qualities; and they foolishly The Templars had numerous other places of residence in England, where they established preceptories, &c. In Strype's edition of Stow, 1720, vol. I. p. 270, it is said that they had temples at London, Cambridge, Bristol, Canterbury, Dover, Warwick, &c. † Archæologia, VI. p. 169. Resurrectionis Dominica rotunda ecclesia tribus cincta parietibus, duodecim columnis sustentatur. (De Locis Sanctis, Cap. 2:) § See the ground plan in Sandy's Travels. I have also been favoured with a view of a model of this church, now in the possession of the learned author of Munimenta Antiqua. foolishly fancied it a secure passport to heaven, if they lost their lives in defence of the building. As it was their province to protect Christian pilgrims against the Saracens, and as they were originally instituted and stationed at the church of the holy Sepulchre, it seems extremely probable that they would imitate that structure, when they were afterwards distributed in companies over Europe, and when they had occasion to erect a new church. This appears actually to have been the case with those that settled in England; for we have already seen that they had circular churches at several places,* and some of those were dedicated to the holy Sepulchre, Sanctum Sepulchrum. Perhaps the most ancient of these is that at Cambridge. Architectural Nomenclature. In Britton's architectural antiquities, part VI. there is a history of Malmsbury abbey church, and the author gives the following table of terms, &c. to characterize the various styles which prevail in ancient English buildings. In this essay, and in the subsequent parts of the present work, I shall find it necessary to employ some precise terms, calculated to characterize the various styles of that ancient architecture, which peculiarly belongs to Great Britain, and of which we are endeavouring to investigate the history and ascertain the principles. The usual common-place terms of Saxon and Gothic, are not only extremely vague, but, from indiscriminate application, are completely nugatory. It is time this was remedied; and it is rather a reproach to antiquarian literature, that such improper and imperfect words should have so long continued in general use. Though almost every writer, on this subject, reprobates the latter term as applied to architecture, yet all continue to use it, as if it were criminal to correct inaccuracy, or oppose an absurd custom, that would be " more honourable in the breach, than in the observance." Though I am not disposed to employ an imperious dictatorial tone, to enforce the necessity of the following arrangement and classification, yet I am persuaded that every one who feels the necessity of rendering language unequivocal, of being definite and pre cise "The German writer of Voyage en Sicile & dans la Grande Grèce addressé a l'Abbé Winckelman,Lausanne, 8vo. 1773,' gives this description of a church of St. Sepulchre at Brindisi, the ancient Brundusium. On donne l'Eglise du St. Sepulcre pour un temple antique; c'etoit une rotonde; cet edifice n'est point du bon tems de l'architecture: sa forme n'est pas parfaitement circulaire & il n'y a point de portique a l'entrée, et il decrit un demi circle différent, qui ne fait point corps avec le reste du batiment; ce qui lui donne une irregularité désagreable. L'on reconnoit aussi le mauvais goût du tems de la decadence des arts aux ornemens de l'ancienne porte qui est murée aujourd'hui. Cet edifice est vouté & soutenu entierement par des colonnes de marbre.' "This person, who was over head and ears in Roman and Grecian antiquities, would not have thought it worth his while to have taken notice of an ancient Christian temple, as this is no doubt, had he not mistaken it for a Pagan one. The description answers exactly to our church of the holy Sepulchre at Cambridge." British Museum, Cole's MSS. vol. II. p. 46. cise in his own writings, and who hopes to avoid all mistakes in construing the terms employed by others, will admit the propriety of the plan now suggested, or give it a better modification. I would recommend that each decisive variety of style, in ancient buildings, be designated by one of the following phrases, agreeably to the era of its prevalence; and to be more precise in these, it may be necessary to specify five divisions, or eras of time; each of which is marked by a distinct style of architecture in the public buildings erected during the respective periods. Sketch of a Nomenclature of Ancient Architecture, intended to affix precise terms to each peculiar style in English buildings. First style. Anglo-Saxon. This will embrace all buildings that were erected between the times of the conversion of the Saxons, and the Norman conquest, from A. D. 597, to A. D. 1066. Second style-Anglo-Norman, by which will be meant that style which prevailed from 1066 to 1189, including the reigns of Williams I. and II. Henry I. Stephen, and Henry II. Third style-English, from 1189, to 1272, embracing the reigns of Richard I. John, and Henry III. Fourth style. Decorated English, from 1272, to 1461, including the reigns of Edwards I. II. and III. Richard II. and Henrys IV. V. and VI. Fifth style.-Highly decorated, or florid English, from 1461 to 1509, including the reigns of Edwards IV. and V. Richard III. and Henry VII. From this era we lose sight of all style and congruity; and the public. buildings erected during the reigns of Henry VIII. Elizabeth, and James I. may be characterised by the terms of Debased English, or Anglo-Italian. Account of the Ruins of Carthage, and of Udena in Barbary, by John Jackson, Esq. F. A. S. in a Letter to John Wilkinson, M. D. F. R. S. and F. A. S. Read Dec. 15, 1803. Tonnisholm Hall, Nov. 25, 1803. Sir, The scite of ancient Carthage appears to have been a most excellent situation for commerce, no part of the world could afford better accommodation for shipping; here is a lake about ten miles long, and five broad at the widest part, in a direct line between the ruins of Carthage, and the city of Tunis, and communicating with the sea, by a navigable canal at the Goletta, near Carthage. On examining this lake, I found that it had once been about eighteen feet in depth, with an hard bottom, except a part of the east side, lying near the sea between the Goletta and the Tunis. Here are the remains of houses for about three miles, their breadth at the broadest part does not appear to have been above a mile. I took a great deal of pains to satisfy my curiosity respecting these houses; having a boat belonging to a ship of war, nɔ other being permitted to navigate on this lake at low water. Some of the tops of them were not above a foot under the surface of the water; at the Goletta there is generally a rise and fall of the tide, about three feet; but the canal between the sea and the lake lake being very narrow, it does not raise the water in the lake so much. My people frequently got out of the boats, and walked on the tops of the houses, but were sometimes in dan ger, often meeting with places be yond their depth; one of them having shot at a flamingo, and broke its wing, pursued it over these houses, where the boats could not go, and had nearly lost his life by falling into some deep holes. Many parts of this lake are now scarcely navigable, and particularly towards Tunis, since the Moors will not take the trouble to clear away the immense quantity of mud and filth, that is continually washing into it, from the city of Tunis, and which has been accumulating for many centu ries. The ruins of ancient Carthage are about twelve miles north west from Tunis, in a pleasant situation, and reckoned very healthy, commanding an extensive prospect over the gulph of Tunis, as well as the interior of the country, but there are no fresh running streams of water near them; to remedy this inconvenience, the Carthaginians, at the time of their prosperity, were at immense labour and expence in conducting a considerable stream of fresh water from the mountain Zuan, about forty-five miles southeast from Carthage. This stream is still very remarkable for its good quality in dying scarlet, and the Tunisians are now obliged to carry all their articles that are to dyed of that colour, to Zuan. The length of this aqueduct is above seventy miles, and by means of it the Carthaginians conducted the stream through mountains and over valleys; considerable remains of it are still to be seen: near Udena there is a range of above one thousand arches, where it had been conveyed across a valley: some of the arches in the middle of the valley are above one hundred feet high. I have every reason to believe this aqueduct, but more particularly this great range of arches near Udena, had been repair. ed by the Romans, every arch being regularly numbered in Roman cha racters. In building this aqueduct, they have made use of a strong cement, which seems to be as durable as the stones themselves, though they are harder than our limestone of a yellowish colour. In the conduit where the waters have run, there is a cement of about four inches thick, which in some places has fallen down in flakes one hundred feet in length, yet still adheres together. The conduit is about six feet high within, and four feet broad, yet two people cannot conveniently walk abreast within it, by reason of its being arched to a point at top. At Uriana, a village four miles north-west from Tunis, many arches of the aqueduct are of a considerable height, but not in so perfect a state as at Udena, the Bey of Tunis having taken away many of the stones to build his palace at Manuba. Where the stream has been conveyed through a mountain, at every sixty yards, there is a round hole about four feet in diame ter, and very neatly walled with hewn stone, and the wall is continued about four feet above the surface of the earth, to prevent any thing falling in; the stones are very neatly rounded at top. There is no difficulty in tracing the remains of this aqueduct, all the way from Zuan to Carthage, following the course of it through moontains and over valleys. In magni tude it far exceeds any thing I have yet seen in Asia or Europe, of either ancient or modern architecture; it' won the Temple church.. Lontion, is not specified The round part of the presem building materials differs from the description. }+ consists of a semicircular wall which attaches in a large mass of buildings on the cast, and a little within the wall is a circular colonnade. con– ssing of steen cum aut pers with an open space for Tou: othe The circular towards the east part of the building is of oman at cuncture and its To which most of ceflar, gradually tim kis the general option of wines from its base upwards. auri *ers. Hart the sarred structure was tormmates with a round aperture. mill b drena tie notum Cm The strap is rather singillar. stamine tie Creat; br. m differs from the usual form aut com Tatte. Tome 1 tires wrties tave strution of thomes. or cuppias The otre parts of fie building consent of |