SECTION III. Though young in years, in glory thou eclipsed CLARKE. 1. Dissimula'tion, s. a dissembling, hy-[15. Defa'me, v. to calumniate, to speak pocrisy. 2. Disgui'se, s. concealment. 5. Indefati'gable, a. unwearied. evil of. 16. Machina'tions, s. artifices, schemes. 17. Apparent, a. evident, plain, visible 6. Popularity, s. favour with the peo- 25. Sui'cide, s. self-murder. ple. 8. Postpo'ne, v. to put off. 9. Spe'cious, a. plausible. Cul'pable, a. blame-worthy. 1. TIBERIUS was fifty-six years old when he took upon U. C. him the government of the Roman empire. He 762. had lived in a state of profound dissimulation under A. D. Augustus, and was not yet hardy enough to show 10. himself in his real character. In the beginning of his reign nothing appeared but prudence, generosity, and clemency'. 2. But the successes of his nephew, German'icus, son of his late brother Dru'sus, over the Germans, first brought his natural disposition to light, and discovered the malignity of his mind without disguise. 3. He was hardly settled on his throne, when he received intelligence that the legions in Panno'nia', hearing of the death of Augustus, and desirous of novelty, had revolted; but these were soon quieted, and Percen'nius, their leader, slain3. 4. A commotion in Germany was attended with 1 He began his reign, however, with the murder of Agrippa Posthumus, the grandson of Augustus. 2 Panno'nia, an extensive country of Europe; comprising Carnio'la, Croatia, Sclavo'nia, Bos'nia, part of Aus'tria, Ser'via, and Hungary; but its boundaries were different at different periods. 3 Percen'nius was a private soldier, who possessed considerable eloquence, and was of a turbulent, seditious disposition. (Sueton.) An eclipse of the moon happening during the sedition, the soldiers were terrified, and returned to their duty. (Tacitus, An. 1.) much more important consequences. The legions in that part of the empire were conducted by German'icus, a youth of most admirable qualities, who had been at the late emperor's request adopted as his successor to the empire. These forces had taken the opportunity of his absence to revolt, and now began to affirm that the whole Roman empire was in their power, and that its principal grandeur was owing to the success of their arms; when German'icus returned, therefore, they unanimously resolved to choose him emperor. 5. This general was the darling of the soldiers, and almost idolized, so that he might with very little difficulty, have raised himself to the highest dignity in the state; but his duty prevailed over his ambition; he rejected their offers with the utmost indignation, and used the most indefatigable endeavours to quell the sedition. This he effected, though with extreme hazard, by cutting off many of the principal revolters, and then by leading the troops against the Germans, who were considered as the common enemies of the empire 1. 6. Tibe'rius was as much pleased with the loyalty of German'icus, as he was distressed at his superior popularity; his success also, immediately after, against the Germans, still more excited the emperor's envy and private disgust. He overthrew the enemy in several battles, subduing many wild and extensive countries. 7. These victories, however, only served to inflame the emperor's jealousy and every virtue in the general now became a 1 It has frequently been remarked, that no wars are so bloody as civil wars, in which brother fights against brother. Some of the legions still continuing obstinate in sedition, German'icus sent those which had returned to their duty to put them to the sword; these, rushing unawares into the tents of the rebels, massacred them without mercy. Nothing was to be heard but dreadful outcries and groans from all parts of the camp; nothing to be seen but streams of blood and heaps of dead bodies; comrades were butchered by comrades, and friends by friends, in the some tents where they used to eat and sleep together. (Tacitus, An. 1. i. c. 40.) new cause of offence. Tiberius's making use of every pretence to draw German'icus from the legions; but he was obliged to postpone his purpose on account of a domestic insurrection made in Italy by one Cle'mens, whom he put to death by a private execution in a secret apartment of the palace'. 8. This dislike began to appear by 9. Having thus got rid of his domestic enemy, he turned his thoughts to the most specious means of bringing home German'icus from the legions in Germany. He began by procuring him a triumph for his late victories, and then. writing to him to return, in order to enjoy those honours which the senate had decreed; adding, that he had reaped enough of glory in a country to which he had been sent nine times, and been each time victorious; concluding, that so great a number of triumphs was sufficient; and the most signal vengeance which could be inflicted on this turbulent people was to permit them to continue their intestine divisions. 10. German'icus was met on his return, many miles from the city, by a vast multitude, who received him with marks of adoration rather than respect; the gracefulness of his person; his triumphal chariot, in which were carried his five children; and the recovered standards of the army of Va'rus, threw the people into a frenzy of joy and admiration. 11. German'icus was now appointed to a new dignity. He departed from Rome on an expedition to the east, carrying with him his wife Agrippi'na, and his children. 12. But Tibe'rius, to restrain his power, had sent Cne'ius Pi'so governor into Sy'ria. This Pi'so was a person of furious 1 This Clemens was a slave of the late Agrippa Posthumus, and as he resembled that prince both in age and features, he took upon him his name, and brought over great numbers to support his cause. He was at length seized by stratagem, and executed as above related. (Tacitus, i. 2.) 2 Varus had been surprised by the Germans, defeated, and his whole army cut to pieces. Augustus was so grieved at this disgrace and loss, that for a long time he wore mourning, and frequently was heard to cry out in an agony of grief, "Restore me my legions, Varus." and headstrong temper; and, in every respect fit to execute those fatal purposes for which he was designed. 13. His instructions were, to oppose German'icus upon every occasion; to excite hatred against him; and even to procure his death, if an opportunity should offer. He accordingly took every opportunity of abusing German'icus; and taxed him with diminishing the Roman glory, by his peculiar protection of the Athe'nians. 14. German'icus disregarded his invectives; being more intent on executing the business of his commission, than on counteracting the private designs of Pi'so. 15. Pi'so, however, and his wife Planci'na, who is recorded as a woman of an implacable and cruel disposition, continued to defame him. German'icus opposed only patience and condescension to all their invectives; and with that gentleness which was peculiar to him, repaid their resentments by courtesy. 16. He was not ignorant of their motives; and was rather willing to evade than oppose their enmity. He therefore took a voyage into Egypt, under pretence of viewing the celebrated antiquities of that country; but in reality, to avoid the machinations of Pi'so, and those of his wife, which were still more dangerous. 17. Upon his return he fell sick; and whether from a mind previously alarmed or from more apparent marks of treachery, he sent to let Pi'so know, that he broke off all further connections. Growing daily worse, his death appeared to be inevitable. 18. Finding his end approaching, he addressed his friends, who stood around his bed, to the following effect: "Had my death been natural, I might have reason to complain of being thus snatched away from all the endearments of life, at so early an age; but my complaints are aggravated, in falling the victim of Pi'so's and Planci'na's treachery. Let the emperor, therefore, I conjure you, know the manner of my death, and the tortures I suffer. Those who loved me when living, those even who envied my fortune, will feel some regret, when they hear of a soldier who had so often escaped the rage of the enemy, falling a sacrifice to the treachery of a woman. Plead then my cause before the people; you will be heard with pity; and if my murderers should pretend to have acted by command, they will either receive no credit or no pardon." 19. As he spoke these words, he stretched forth his hand, which his weeping friends tenderly pressing, most earnestly vowed that they would lose their lives rather than their revenge. The dying prince then turning to his wife, conjured her, by her regard to his memory, and by all the bonds of nuptial love, to submit to the necessity of the times, and to evade the resentment of her more powerful enemies, by not opposing it'. 20. Nothing could exceed the distress of the whole empire, upon hearing of the death of German'icus, and the people of Rome seemed to set no bounds to it. 21. In this universal confusion, Pi'so seemed marked for destruction. He and his wife stood charged with the death of German'icus, by giving him a slow poison. Indeed, even the emperor himself, with his mother Liv'ia, incurred a share of the general suspicion. 22. This was soon after greatly increased by the arrival of Agrippi'na, the widow of German'icus, a woman of invincible courage, and in high esteem for her virtue. She appeared bearing the urn containing the ashes of her husband, and attended by all her children, to the tomb of Augustus. 23. When she approached the city, she was met by the senate and people of Rome, both with acclamations and expressions of sorrow. The veteran soldiers who had served under German'icus gave the sincerest testimonies of their conThe multitude, while the ashes were depositing, cern. 1 German'icus died in the 34th year of his age, and was universally mourned for, not only by the Roman people, but by the princes in alliance with Rome; and even by the proud monarch of Parthia (Suet. 1. 4. c. 5.) |