Questions for Examination. 1. What was the state of the empire at this period? 2. Was this peace lasting, and by whom was it broken? 3. Was the contest likely to be vigorous? 4. In what way did the two emperors prepare for the conflict? 5. What was the result? 6. Was this truce religiously observed ? 7. Did Constantine fulfil his engagement? 8. What was Constantine's resolution on becoming sole monarch, and what steps did he take? 9. By whom was it attended, and what was the result? 10. Was he happy in his domestic relations ? 11. What is the most plausible account? 12. Was Crispus aware of her love? 13. How was it received? 14. How did Constantine act on the occasion ? 15. What reparation was made for this injustice? 16. Was the removal of the seat of the empire beneficial to the state? 17. Were his reasons for doing so well grounded? 18. What was the consequence? 19. What was his original intention, and what induced him to alter it? 20. Was it a convenient spot? 21. Describe its situation. 22. What alteration did he make, and to whom was it dedicated? 23. What was the immediate effect of this transfer? 24. Were they vigorously opposed? 25. Of what error is Constantine accused besides ? 26. What was the consequence of this division? 27. Relate the particulars of his death? Dr. Goldsmith having concluded his History too abruptly, it has been thought advisable to cancel his last Chapter, and substitute the following brief notice of the events which occurred from the death of Constantine to the final extinction of the Empire of the West. CHAPTER XXV. SECT. I. FROM THE DEATH OF CONSTANTINE TO THE RE-UNION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE UNDER THEODOSIUS THE GREAT. 9. Protract'ed, part. lengthened out. Cuiras'siers, s. cavalry wearing cuirasses or breast-plates. Oriental, a. eastern. 19. Emer'gencies, s. difficulties. 13. Pre'fectures, s. provinces governed 21. Apos'tate, s. one who abandons his by a prefect or lieutenant. 16. Compe'titors, s. hostile rivals. religion. 124. Ag'gravated, part. increased. 1. THE character of the prince who removed the seat of empire and made a complete revolution in the civil and religious institutions of his country, is naturally one on which the opinions of historians are divided, according to their sentiments respecting the great changes that he effected. The heathen writers describe him as a monster of tyranny; the Christian fathers are anxious to conceal his faults and exaggerate his virtues, as if the nature of Christianity was in some degree affected by the character of its first and greatest patron. The truth is, that the character of Constantine, like that of other great conquerors, varied with the circumstances of his life. While engaged in the contest for empire, while employed in making unparalleled political changes, he displayed the fortitude. of a hero, and wisdom of a legislator; but when complete success reduced him to inactivity, when his vigorous mind was no longer stimulated by fear or hope, prosperity roused all his bad passions by affording an opportunity for their indulgence; and the virtues which had ensured victory disappeared when there was no longer any stimulus to rouse them into action. The fourteen years of profound peace that preceded the emperor's death, form a period of great external splendour, but of real and rapid decay; the court was distinguished at once by avarice and prodigality; the money raised by heavy taxes, unknown in former ages, was lavished on unworthy favourites or wasted in idle exhibitions of magnificence. 2. A mind relaxed by prosperity is peculiarly open to suspicion; the ears of the monarch were greedily lent to every tale brought to him by malignant spies and informers; such encouragement increased the number of those wretches; every street and almost every house in the capital, contained some one ever on the watch to pick up any unguarded expression which might be distorted into treason or sedition. It was not likely that a monarch who had consented to the murder of his own son, on the most groundless charges, would be more merciful to those who had no natural claims upon his forbearance; execution followed execution with fearful rapidity, until the bonds of society were broken, and every man dreaded his neighbour, lest by misinterpreting a word or look, he should expose him to the indiscriminate cruelty of the sovereign. 3. The example of their father's tyranny produced an effect on the minds of his sons, which no education, however excellent or judicious, could remove. Pious Christian pastors, learned philosophers, and venerable sages of the law, were employed to instruct the three princes, Constanti'ne, Constan'tius, and Con'stans; but the effects of their labours never appeared in the lives of their pupils. 4. For some reasons which it is now impossible to discover, the great Constantine had raised two of his nephews to the rank of princes, and placed them on an equality with his own children. Before the emperor's body was consigned to the tomb, this impolitic arrangement brought destruction on the entire Flavian Family. A forged scroll was produced by the bishop of Nicome dia, purporting to be Constantine's last will, in which he accused his brothers of having given him poison, and besought his sons to avenge his death. 5. Constan'tius eagerly embraced such an opportunity of destroying the objects of his jealousy; his two uncles, seven of his cousins, the patrician Opta'tus, who had married the late emperor's sister, and the prefect Abla'vius, whose chief crime was enormous wealth, were subjected to a mock trial, and delivered to the executioner. Of so numerous a family Gallus and Julian alone were spared; they owed their safety to their concealment, until the rage of the assassins had abated. 6. After this massacre, the three brothers, similar in name, and more alike in crime, proceeded to divide their father's dominions : Constantine took for his share the new capital and the central provinces. Thrace and the East were assigned to Constan'tius: Con'stans received Italy, Africa, and the western Illyricum. 7. The weakness produced by this division encouraged the enemies of the Romans, whom the dread of Constantine's power had hitherto kept quiet, to take up arms. Of these the most formidable was Sa'por, king of Persia, a monarch whose reign, by a strange fatality, commenced before his birth. Hormis'das, king of Persia, died, leaving his wife pregnant; the uncertainty of the event threatened the country with the horrors of civil war, which was averted by the prudence of the Magi. These priests proclaimed that it had been revealed to them that the queen had conceived a son, and they actually went through a strange form of coronation, in which the queen was crowned as her son's representative. Superstition made this curious farce effective; Sapor on his birth was received as a king sent from Heaven, and though his minority was not undisturbed by rival pretenders, he was rescued from all dangers by the enthusiastic love of his subjects. 8. The abilities of Sapor showed that he merited a throne; he had scarcely arrived at maturity when he led an army against Tha'ir, king of Arabia, who had harassed Persia during his minority; the expedition was completely successful. Tha'ir was slain, and the kingdom subdued. The young conqueror did not abuse his victory; he treated the vanquished with such clemency, that the Arabs gave him the title of Doulacnaf or protector of the nation. 9. On the death of Constantine, Sa'por invaded the eastern provinces of the Roman empire; he was A.D. vigorously opposed by Constan'tius, and the war 338. was protracted during several years with varying fortune. At the battle of Sin'gara, the Romans surprised the Persian camp, but were in their turn driven from it with great slaughter by the troops which Sapor had rallied. The eldest son of the Persian king was, however, brought off as a prisoner by the Romans, and the barbarous Constan ́tius ordered him to be scourged, tortured, and publicly executed. 10. Though Sapor had been victorious in the field, he failed in his chief design of seizing the Roman fortresses in Mesopotamia; during twelve years he repeatedly besieged Ni'sibis, which had been long the great eastern bulwark of the empire, but was invariably baffled by the strength of the place, and the valour of the garrison. At length both parties became wearied of a struggle which exhausted their resources, and new enemies appearing, they resolved to conclude a peace. Sa'por returned home to repel an invasion of the Scythians; Constan'tius, by the death of his two brothers, found himself involved in a civil war which required his undivided attention. 11. Constan'tine had scarcely been seated on his throne, when he attempted to wrest from Con'stans some of the provinces which had been assigned as his portion. He rashly led his army over the Julian Alps, and devastated |